| 释义 |
▪ I. overrun, n.|ˈəʊvərʌn|
[over- 22, 5.]
†1. Excess or superiority in running. Obs.
a1225Ancr. R. 398 Asaeles swiftschipe, þet strof wið heortes ouervrn.
2. a. Amount carried over as balance or surplus.
1899Daily News 10 May 2/7 This is inclusive of over-run previous to 30th April.
b. An excess of expenditure over that estimated or budgeted for.
1956Wall St. Jrnl. 10 Oct. 12/3 Some of our government officials get carried away with the thought of spending $156 million plus the over-run beyond the estimate. 1960Times 21 Nov. (Canada Suppl.) p. xiii/2 Among these were cases of capital overruns and operating returns poorer than expected. 1973Nature 23 Mar. 224/3 If there are cost overruns on the first two missions, the third may be scrapped. 1974Times 26 Oct. 15/1 Britain's own advanced gas cooled reactor programme is hopelessly compromised by massive cost overruns brought about by..constructional delays. 1976Sci. Amer. July 122/1 The total cost had been $8 million, an overrun of some 40 percent. 1978Daily Tel. 13 Apr. 21 This sum..is just under half what remains in the contingency reserve for overruns on public expenditure.
c. An excess of production.
1958T. Landau Encycl. Librarianship 230/2 Overrun, copies surplus to the number ordered. 1962J. N. Winburne Dict. Agric. 539/2 Overrun,..the excess amount of lumber actually sawed from logs over the estimated volume or log scale, usually expressed as a percentage of log scale. 1970Toronto Daily Star 24 Sept. 27/1 (Advt.), Our huge purchase includes many carloads of the top lines of merchandise, plus close-outs, over-runs, sample bales.
3. Print. An instance of overrunning: see next 11.
1898J. Southward Mod. Printing I. xxxiv. 210 When there is a long over-run, the matter should be placed upon a small galley, which should be turned, so that the last line rests against its head. 1902T. L. De Vinne Pract. Typogr.: Correct Composition (ed. 2) xvi. 309 Every paragraph containing an alteration that compels one or more overruns should be re-read. 1935B. Perry And gladly Teach vii. 169 When the forms were made up, there was an over-run of three lines. 1977New Yorker 26 Sept. 64/3 The Times..ran a front-page story, with a four-column overrun on a rear page.
4. The proportional increase in bulk that occurs when butter fat is made into butter or an ice-cream mix is made into ice-cream.
1906H. Snyder Dairy Chem. vii. 71 During the process of butter making, the slight loss of fat in the skim milk and buttermilk is more than compensated for by the added water, casein, and salt in the butter. The additional butter made from a pound of butter fat is called the overrun. 1922Mojonnier & Troy Techn. Control Dairy Products xv. 443 Insufficient overrun greatly increases the cost of the ice cream, and yields a product that is immediately detected by its heavy and soggy appearance. 1958Sunday Times 22 June 23/6 Overrun is the aeration or amount any given mix [for ice-cream] will swell in volume when subjected to the freezing process. 1972New York 15 May 4/1 (Advt.), The best coffee ice cream in New York... Sixteen per cent butterfat, 50 per cent overrun; one pint weighs 123/4 ounces.
5. Motion of a vehicle at a speed greater than that being imparted by the engine; freq. in phr. on the overrun. Also attrib., designating a system of braking in a towed vehicle (see quot. 1967).
1928Observer 8 Jan. 21/4 The engine runs smoothly and quietly throughout most of its range. There is a certain drumming noise, rather difficult to define and trace, on the over-run, but it is comparatively trifling. 1959Motor Manual (ed. 36) v. 141 This..is at a maximum when the engine is on the over-run. Ibid. xiii. 273 When the car brakes are applied, or the car slows down against a closed throttle, the caravan tends to overrun, thus causing the bar to move back against the spring, push back the operating lever and thus apply the caravan brakes. This is known as the ‘over-run’ method. 1962Which? Car Suppl. Oct. 131/2 The washers..would only operate properly when the engine was on the overrun, i.e. when the foot was taken off the accelerator. 1967Gloss. Caravan Terms (B.S.I.) 2 Overrun braking, a system of braking in which the caravan brakes are automatically operated by the momentum of the caravan when the towing vehicle is braked. Normally this is achieved by mounting the coupling head on a shaft moving on the drawbar and restrained by a compression spring or a damper. 1969J. G. Giles Gears & Transmissions i. 23 On down gradients heavy vehicles will drive the engine... On these over-run conditions, the transmission torques are reversed. 1977Good Motoring May 3/1 A trailer with over-run brakes can weigh more than the kerb weight of the car, providing a limit of 40 mph is observed.
▪ II. overrun, v.|əʊvəˈrʌn|
Forms: see over and run v.
[over- 4, 5, 9, 10, 16, 17, 22, 13, 23, 27.]
I. To run over (something).
†1.
a. trans. To run over or across (a line or surface); to cross or traverse by running; to pass over quickly. Obs.
c1000Sax. Leechd. III. 240 He [se mona] næfð þære sunnan leoht þa hwile þe he þære sceade ord oferyrnð. 13..Guy Warw. (A.) 6730 He ouer-ernnes dounes & cuntre Þe brod lond, and þe valays. 1597A. M. tr. Guillemeau's Fr. Chirurg. 9/1 The prevet or searchinge iron..should not prætermit & ouerrunne a smalle dilaceratione, without perceavinge and staying therat. a1649Drumm. Poems 5 In vain, love's pilgrim, mountains, dales, and plains I over-run.
b. To flow over, overflow.
c1470Gol. & Gaw. 855 The blude of thair bodeis..As roise ragit on rise, Our ran thair riche vedis. 1596Shakes. Tam. Shr. Ind. ii. 67 Til the teares that she hath shed for thee, Like enuious flouds ore-run her louely face. 1684–90Burnet Th. Earth (J.), A general flood of waters would necessarily over-run the whole earth. 1791T. Newte Tour Eng. & Scot. 160 The Spey occasionally overruns a tract of ground of about fifteen hundred acres. 1856Kane Arct. Expl. II. xxvii. 272 One torrent..overran the icefoot from two to five feet in depth.
†2. To run through or go over (a book, etc.) in reading, (a subject) in writing, speech, or thought; to pass in rapid review, glance through rapidly, pass over lightly (sometimes implying omission).
c1000ælfric Hom. (Th.) I. 104 Nu wille we eft oferyrnan þa ylcan godspellican endebyrdnysse. Ibid. I. 202 We wyllað scortlice oferyrnan ða diᵹelystan word. a1300Cursor M. 268 (Cott.) Cursur o werld man aght it call, For almast it ouer-rennes all. 1538Starkey England i. iii. 71 To put me also in remembrance of such fautys..wych you schal perauenture see me ouerrun and, by neclygence, let pas. 1577T. Vautrollier Luther on Ep. Gal. 255 Of this commaundement I haue largely entreated in an other place, and therefore I will now but lightly ouerrunne it. 1656Stanley Hist. Philos. v. (1701) 223/1 Having first over-run in our Thoughts that our Senses are all entire, and that we behold this waking, not in a dream.
†3.
a. To run over destructively, to overwhelm (as waves); to run over (as a horse or vehicle), run down, trample down, crush. Obs.
c1000ælfric Hom. (Th.) II. 194 Moyses ða astrehte his hand onᵹean ðære sæ, and heo oferarn Pharao. c1330[see override v. 2]. 1546Bale Eng. Votaries ii. (1550) N iv, Peters little ship..was very like..to be ouer rowne and drowned. 1596Spenser State Irel. Wks. (Globe) 645/1 Pasture, that nowe is all trampled and over-runne. 1606Shakes. Tr. & Cr. iii. iii. 163 Like a gallant Horse falne in first ranke, Lye there for pauement..neere Ore-run and trampled on. 1667Lond. Gaz. No. 197/1 Yesterday a Hoy laden with Bay-salt..was unfortunately over-ran by another ship, and lost.
absol.1596Spenser F.Q. iv. viii. 32 Despisd and troden downe of all that over-ran.
†b. fig. To overwhelm, overpower, crush. Obs.
a900tr. Bæda's Hist. v. ix. (1890) 410 Mid þy..ic mine limo on beddstowe strehte & me liht slep oferorn, þa æteaude me min ᵹiu maᵹister. c1460Fortescue Abs. & Lim. Mon. iii. (1885) 115 Ellis all his enymes myght ouerrenne hym. 1586J. Hooker Hist. Irel. in Holinshed II. 27/1 That hauing his aid he might ouer-run his owne father, and shorten his old yeares. c1654Waller Panegyric Ld. Protr. xlv, Tell of towns stormed, of armies overrun. 1667Pepys Diary 31 Oct., It troubles me that we must come to contend with these great persons, which will over-run us.
4. To ride or rove over (a country) as a hostile force and so to harry and destroy; † to harass (a people) by such ravages, to spoil (a city, etc.).
1395Purvey Remonstr. (1851) 62 Thei myghten lightli ovirrenne us cristene, as bi mannis power. c1420Anturs of Arth. 263 (Thornton MS.) How salle we fare,..That riche rewmes ouer rynnes agaynes the ryghte? Ibid. 280 Ȝete salle þe riche Romaynes with ȝow bene ouer-ronnene. 1456Sir G. Haye Law Arms (S.T.S.) 160 [They] may for occasioun of the weris..ourryn the landis..and tak the pure labouraris prisounaris. 1551Robinson tr. More's Utop. i. (1895) 49 Cityes..haue bene ouerrunned. 1631Gouge God's Arrows iii. §95. 363 The Northerne parts were over⁓run and harried by the Scots. 1756F. Brooke Old Maid No. 31. 256 It must be confessed..for fame he [Alexander] over-run whole nations unprovoked. 1841W. Spalding Italy & It. Isl. III. iii. v. 52 The invaders, pouring from the highlands, over-ran Lombardy.
5. Of vermin, weeds, etc.: To spread and swarm injuriously over; also, of ivy or other vegetation: To grow or spread over rapidly, to cover. Chiefly in pa. pple., and const. with.
1669Sturmy Mariner's Mag. b, Briars and Thorns my Grave shall over-run. 1709Steele Tatler No. 11 ⁋5 That Swarm of Lawyers, Attorneys, Serjeants, and Bailiffs, with which the Nation is over-run. 1791Mrs. Radcliffe Rom. Forest i, It was sometimes overrun by luxuriant vegetation. 1820W. Irving Sketch Bk. I. 20, I saw the mouldering ruin of an abbey overrun with ivy. 1887Pall Mall G. 14 Dec. 14/1 To sleep in a small cell overrun with mice.
6. In various fig. and transf. senses (from 4 and 5): To spread over injuriously, infest, infect widely, etc. Now chiefly in pa. pple., const. with.
1538Starkey England ii. i. 165 So many affectys and vycyouse desyrys,..that (except man wyth cure, dylygence and labur, resy[s]te to the same) they ouer-run reson. a1547Surrey æneid ii. 152 The chilling cold did over⁓runne their bones. 1586T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. (1589) 43 Vice alwaies watcheth to over-run us so soone as we let ourselves loose unto idlenes. 1699Bentley Phal. 405 The Latin Names of Offices, and Terms of Law, &c. over-run the old Greek Language. 1711Addison Spect. No. 128 ⁋10 The Wife is over-run with Affectation. 1806–7J. Beresford Miseries Hum. Life (1826) vi. Conclusion, I have..been over-run with cards of invitation without number. 1809Malkin Gil Blas xi. ii. (Rtldg.) 396 Overrun with impatience to inquire what the king had been talking about. 1907A. T. Ritchie Let. 4 July (1924) xii. 273 It [sc. Norway] is like Switzerland, but softer and bigger and not over-run. 1914G. B. Shaw Misalliance p. li, We are over⁓run with Popes.
7. intr. To run over, to overflow (said of a liquid or the containing vessel); to be superabundant or excessive.
c1230,1870[see overrunning ppl. a. 1]. c1430Two Cookery-bks. 36 Þan hang þe croddys..in a fayre cloþe, and lat it ouer⁓renne. a1710E. Smith (J.), Though you have left me, Yet still my soul o'erruns with fondness towards you.
†8. intr. Of time: To run to an end, run out.
c1375Sc. Leg. Saints xviii. (Egipciane) 1136 Quhen be-gonnyn was þe fastine, þe ȝere our-[r]unnyne, & cummyne was þe fyrst sonday. 1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 267 b, Whan the vij yeres were ouerronne & past.
II. To surpass in running, to run beyond, etc.
9. a. trans. To run faster than, outdo in running, = outrun; hence, to overtake or leave behind by or in running; also fig. to surpass. Now chiefly Mech.; spec. to rotate faster than.
a1400Sir Perc. 342 The moste mere he thare see Smertly over-rynnes he. c1450[see over-rede]. c1510Gesta Rom., Addit. Stories (1879) 429 No man sholde haue her to wyfe, but suche as myght ouer renne her, and take her by strength of foot. a1586Sidney Arcadia ii. (1598) 124 Pyrocles..seemed so to ouerrun his age in growth, strength [etc.]. a1618Raleigh in Gutch Coll. Cur. I. 79 The sun over⁓runneth the moon in light. 1653Baxter Meth. Peace Consc. 25 Suffering their zeal to over-run their Christian wisdom and meekness. 1857Dufferin Lett. High Lat. (ed. 3) 150 It would seem..a pity to neglect such an opportunity of overrunning the time that has been lost. 1932J. A. Moyer Gasoline Automobiles (ed. 4) viii. 382 The free-wheeling unit or overrunning clutch G is given this name because in this arrangement the driven member may overrun the driving member. 1955W. H. Crouse Automotive Transmissions v. 123 The inner race drives, the outer race is driven. Also, the outer race can overrun, or turn faster than, the inner race. 1959Motor Manual (ed. 36) xiii. 274 As the caravan over-runs the car, the shaft moves backwards against the spring and operates the brake-actuating lever. 1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. IX. 455/2 The second function [of an over⁓drive] is to permit the output shaft to overrun the transmission shaft.
b. To escape from by running faster than, to run away from; hence, to overrun one's creditors, the constable, q.v.; also fig. to run away from (duty, etc.); to desert, leave undone or unfinished. Now only dial.
1583Stubbes Anat. Abus. ii. (1882) 96 These fugitiues, that ouerrun their flocks in time of infection. 1602F. Herring Anatomyes A iij, Euery Bankerupt who hath ouer⁓runne his Creditors. 1737Whiston Josephus, Antiq. v. i. §26 Impossible it is to over-run his power or the punishment he will bring on men thereby. 1847Halliwell, Over-run, to leave unfinished. West. 1859Geo. Eliot A. Bede iv, I shall overrun these doings before long. 1884Cheshire Gloss., O'er-run,..to go without permission;..‘He's o'er-run his work’.
10. a. To run farther than or beyond (a certain point, a limit, etc.); fig. to exceed. to overrun the scent: see quot. 1886.
1633Bp. Hall Hard Texts, N.T. 44 Ye will rather over⁓run the precept of God. c1640J. Smyth Lives Berkeleys (1883) II. 284 Having, in his first fower years after his marriage, much over ranne his purse. 1703De Foe Reas. agst. War France Misc. 183 Away they go with it, like Hounds on a full Cry, till they over-run it, and then they are at a Halt. 1859Whittier For Autumn Festival 27 The bounty overruns our due. 1867Ball Players' Chron. 14 Nov. 4/3 He fell over Murtha, who was in his way, and overran his base. 1884Cheshire Gloss., O'er⁓run one's country,..to run away from creditors, or to escape being imprisoned, or called to account for any misbehaviour. 1886Elworthy W. Somerset Word-bk. s.v., The hounds are said to over-run the scent, when they continue running past a point where the hare or fox turned off, and thus have lost the scent. 1889E. Dowson Let. 24 Mar. (1967) 54 This appears to be an extra special [letter]: it is overunning [sic] all limits. 1895Funk's Standard Dict., Overrun. In baseball, to continue in a straight course beyond (a base); allowed at first base. 1948News-Palladium (Bluton Harbor, Mich.) 14 Aug. 6/3 Hazel, going down to second, overran the base as Joe Mack rifled the ball to McCoy. 1973Guardian 1 Sept. 3 When he whispered to her she had overrun the schedule. 1974M. S. Ehrich Reincarnation of Peter Proud xiv. 117 Daley stopped the Movieola... ‘I overran it a little..I'll reverse the film.’ 1977Times 7 Feb. 7/2 In the opening three minutes Macdonald put Ross clean through, only for the wing half to overrun the ball after dribbling past the goalkeeper.
b. to overrun oneself: to run beyond one's mark, or beyond one's strength; to run too far; to exhaust or injure oneself with running. Also fig.
1633Sherley in Bradford's Plymouth Plant. (1898) 368 By Mr. Allertons faire propositions and large promises, I have over rune my selfe. 1810Naval Chron. XXIV. 439 He over-ran himself, and fell into the area. 1883Manch. Guardian 22 Oct. 5/6 Probably both men have a little overrun themselves, and may never be at their best again.
c. To extend or project so as to overlie.
c1850Rudim. Navig. (Weale) 147 The butts may overrun each other, in order to make a good shift.
d. intr. To extend beyond the due or desired length, or beyond any prescribed or desired limit; spec. in Broadcasting, to exceed the allotted time.
1864in Webster. 1959Sunday Express 30 Aug. 17/3 Last time Borge overran by 15 minutes—and was kept on the air. 1962A. Nisbett Technique Sound Studio i. 17 The announcer on duty in the continuity studio..must intervene if any contribution under-runs, over-runs, breaks down in the middle, or completely fails to materialize. 1962Rep. Comm. Broadcasting 1960 95 in Parl. Papers 1961–2 (Cmnd. 1753) IX. 259 The BBC bulletin is free to over-run when the service requires it. 1974Listener 14 Feb. 209/1 Arthur Henderson, leader of the Labour rump, lost his head half⁓way through, thinking he was going to over-run, and ended in a gabble.
11. Printing. (trans. or absol.) To carry over words or lines of type into another line or page to provide for the addition of new matter or the removal of matter already composed; to cause to run over.
1683Moxon Mech. Exerc., Printing xxii. ⁋8 If there be a long word or more left out, he cannot expect to Get that in into that Line, wherefore he must now Over-run; that is, he must put so much of the fore-part of the Line into the Line above it, or so much of the hinder part of the Line into the next Line under it, as will make room for what is Left out. Ibid., If he Left out much, he must Over-run many Lines, either backwards or forwards, or both, till he come to a Break. 1896T. L. De Vinne in Moxon's Mech. Exerc., Printing 424 The practice of overrunning matter in the form. 1900Southward Pract. Print. I. 225 A very simple insertion may cause a whole page to be overrun, if the type is large.
III. 12. To run (something) excessively; spec. (see quot. 1899).
1899W. P. Maycock Electr. Wiring i. 48 If ordinary lamps..marked for 100 volts..be put on a circuit at, say, 105 volts, the light given will be increased by about 25 per cent., and the watts absorbed per candle-power diminished. This is called over-running lamps, and their life will..be short. 1926T. T. Baker Wireless Pict. v. 67 It has been found convenient to use a 4·5 volt lamp over-run by a 6, 8, or even 10-volt battery. Ibid. 68 When a lamp is over-run it..becomes highly incandescent instantaneously. 1938G. H. Sewell Amateur Film-Making iii. 35 The Photoflood is essentially a tungsten lamp of normal type which is ‘overrun’ by having a much higher pressure (voltage) of current passed through it than is normal for domestic burning. 1962Which? Oct. 297/1 It is possible that many people over-run their [water-softening] units—that is, they are not aware of the moment when the water starts running hard, and go on using the hard water for a time. |