| 释义 |
▪ I. outer, a. (n.1)|ˈaʊtə(r)|
Forms: 5–6 outter, (6 outar), 5, 7– outer.
[A new comparative formed immediately on out, instead of the inherited form utter from OE. úterra, uttra, which had ceased to show relationship to out; cf. late, latter, later. Occasional examples of outer, outter occur in Chaucer MSS., and the adv. outerly was very common in 14–15th c.; but, though found in the Bible of 1611, outer was not frequent till the 18th c., utter being usual in the sense ‘exterior’ till late in the 17th c.
The superlatives going with outer are outmost and outermost. Equivalent forms found in late ME. or early mod.Eng. (doublets of corresponding forms mentioned under utter) are compar. outermore, outmer, superl. outerest. Like the other comparatives of this kind, outer is not followed by than; we do not say outer than.]
A. adj.
1. a. That is farther out than another (distinguished as inner), exterior; farther removed from the centre or inside; hence, comparatively or relatively far out; that is on the outside, outward, external; of or pertaining to the outside.
c1410–25Chaucer's Troylus iii. 664 (615) (Harl. MS.), I wol in þat outter [Camb. MS. c 1425 vttir] hous allone Be warden of ȝoure wommen euerychon. 1611Bible Matt. viii. 12 But the children of the kingdom shall be cast out into outer darkness [Gr. το ἐξώτερον]. 1677Grew Anatomy Fruits iii. §3 The Foundation or Ground of the Outer and more Bulky Part of the Stone, is the inner Part of the Parenchyma. 1794Mrs. Radcliffe Myst. Udolpho xxvi, We shall reach the outer court presently. 1851Carpenter Man. Phys. (ed. 2) 488 The outer one..is commonly known as the serous layer, and the inner as the mucous. 1874Green Short Hist. vii. §8. 435 In manners and outer seeming they had sunk into mere natives.
b. Printing. In sheet work, designating the forme containing the type pages from which the outer side of the sheet is printed and including the type page for the first page of the printed sheet.
1755J. Smith Printer's Gram. x. 262 They [sc. compositors] lay one extremity thereof against the hind side of the Fifteenth page, if it is an Inner Form; or against the hind side of the Thirteenth page if it is an Outer Form. 1808C. Stower Printer's Gram. vii. 171 A sheet in Folio. Outer Form. Inner Form. 1841, etc. [see inner a. (n.2) 1 e].
c. Phonetics. Denoting an articulation in a part of the mouth nearer the lips than that designated by the term qualified by ‘inner’.
1867[see closure 5 c]. 1888[see inner a. (n.2) 1 g]. 1972Hartmann & Stork Dict. Lang. & Ling. 39/2 The outer closure may occur at the lips, the teeth, the alveolar ridge, the palate, velum, pharynx, or glottis or any intermediate point.
2. a. Said of things and conditions external to man's mind and soul, of the objective or physical as opposed to the subjective or psychical world. Cf. inner 2.
c1386Chaucer Sec. Nun's T. 414 (Ellesm. MS.) Ther lakketh no thyng to thyne outter [so Heng.; Harl. outer; Cambr., etc. vtter] eyen. c1800K. White Poems (1837) 80 To these I 'plained, or turned from outer sight. 1883A. Barratt Phys. Metempiric 178 Metaphysic seems to leave us in the contradiction that outer objects are made by mind, yet that the processes of mind are in some way derived from outer objects.
b. Phr. outer man, the body (after inner man); hence humorously, outward personal appearance, dress (so outer woman). outer world, the material world outside that familiar or known; also, people generally, outside the individual or his immediate circle.
a1845Hood Lamia vi. 80 And say the outer woman is utter woman, And not a whit a snake. 1853Lytton My Novel i. ii, Regarding the object in dispute not only with the eye of the outer man, but the eye of law and order. 1868Gladstone Juv. Mundi viii. (1869) 245 The key to the inquiry is to be found in the Outer world of the Odyssey. 1874Morley Compromise (1886) 119 Though themselves invisible to the outer world, they [convictions] may yet operate with magnetic force..upon other parts of our belief. 1895A. Nutt Voy. Bran I. 278 The under- is as old as the outer-world conception of a land dwelt in by wise, powerful, and immortal beings. 1897Westm. Gaz. 23 Apr. 2/1 A woman must be uncommonly good inside to present such an outer-man to her fellows.
3. Combinations (in which the hyphen is optional): outer clothing, outer deck, outer door, outer kirk (Sc.), outer room, outer vestment; also, Outer Circle, the road running round the perimeter of Regent's Park, London; outer edge (in Skating) = outside edge: see edge n. 7 b; outer form, (a) (see sense 1 b above); (b) Linguistics (see quot. 1972); also outer speech form; Outer House: see quot. 1872; † outer line, boundary line, circumference; outer multiplication Math., the formation of an outer product; outer product Math. [tr. G. äusseres produkt (H. Grassmann Die lineale Ausdehnungslehre (1844) p. xi)], a vector product (rare); more commonly, a related product of two vectors or tensors that yields a tensor of higher rank than either of them; outer space, the region beyond the earth's atmosphere or beyond the solar system; from outer space, a colloq. phr. implying outlandishness and frightfulness as of creatures described in some science fiction; outer suburb, one of the more remote suburbs of a city or town; so outer-suburban adj.; outer ward of a castle: see ward n.2; outerwear, clothing designed to be worn outside other garments; opp. underwear.
1829Picturesque Guide to Regent's Park 29 The *outer circle or Ring consists of a fine level drive, planted with trees on each side; within this is another circle or path⁓way. 1867H. Large Large's Way about London 336/2 Outer Circle, Regent's Park, N.W., from the Marble Arch along Oxford st..through Orchard st, Portman sq, Baker st, Upper Baker st and Clarence gt to the Outer circle. 1938E. Bowen Death of Heart i. i. 28 Cars slid lights all round the Outer Circle. 1974Kelly's Post Office London Directory 667/4 Regent's Park..Outer Circle. Hanover Lodge..Zoological Society's Gardens.
1891E. Kinglake Australian at H. 7 The idea..to elaborate our present under-clothing into *outer-clothing.
1856Kane Arct. Expl. I. xxvii. 355 To strip off the *outer-deck planking of the brig.
1818Scott Hrt. Midl. xviii, The distance of his apartment from the *outer door of the house. 1861J. Ruffini Dr. Antonio xv, To see..on the outer-door steps, plates full of oranges.
1902Murray's Mag. XXVI. 473/2 The *outer edge is a gliding movement, forward or backward, performed on the outer edge of the runner.
1972Hartmann & Stork Dict. Lang. & Ling. 113/2 The grammatical and semantic structure of a particular language is unique to that language (inner form), however susceptible its sound system (*outer form) may be to influences from other languages.
1818Scott Hrt. Midl. xii, This case of Marsport against Lackland has made an unco din in the *Outer House. 1872Wharton Law Lex. (ed. 5), Outer House, the name given to the great hall of the Parliament House in Edinburgh, in which the Lords Ordinary of the Court of Session sit as single judges to hear causes. The term is used colloquially as expressive of the business done there in contradistinction to the Inner House, the name given to the chambers in which the First and Second Divisions of the Court of Session hold their sittings.
1875W. McIlwraith Guide Wigtownshire 54 In the Cathedral and in the *Outer-kirk were various altars.
1530Palsgr. 250/2 *Outarlyne or parte of a cercle, circumference.
1898A. N. Whitehead Treat. Universal Algebra I. iii. 207 Progressive and Regressive Multiplication are called *Outer Multiplication. 1959M. R. Spiegel Schaum's Outl. Theory & Probl. Vector Analysis viii. 169 Inner and outer multiplication of tensors is commutative and associative.
1929H. W. Turnbull Theory of Determinants xi. 183 It involves a determinantal factor (αβγ) which is an *outer product of the symbolic linear sets α, β, γ. 1959M. R. Spiegel Schaum's Outl. Theory & Probl. Vector Analysis viii. 169 The product of two tensors is a tensor whose rank is the sum of the ranks of the given tensors. This product which involves ordinary multiplication of the components of the tensor is called the outer product. 1965J. Abram Tensor Calculus iii. 27 We could have written eqn. (3.14) as aj(bicj - bjci) in which the bracket is an anti-symmetric tensor of order two. It is known as the outer product of the two vectors bi and ci. Only in three dimensions can the outer product be replaced by the vector product. 1970Bedford & Dwivedi Vector Calculus iv. 168 Since the outer product of two vectors is not commutative, we stress again the fact that the order of the two factors in the outer product is important.
1727Swift Art Pol. Lying Wks. 1755 III. i. 121 In their *outer-room there ought always to attend some persons endowed with a great stock of credulity. 1806–7J. Beresford Miseries Hum. Life (1826) iv. xx, The outer-room of a public office.
1879*Outer space [see star-dust 2]. 1901H. G. Wells First Men in Moon iii. 45 After all, to go into outer space is not so much worse, if at all, than a polar expedition. 1935Discovery Apr. 105/1 In America it was proposed to explore Mars or Venus or even the very realms of outer space. 1958Observer 16 Mar. 1/2 The Soviet Union yesterday put forward a plan for banning the military use of outer space. 1961Wodehouse Ice in Bedroom xxiii. 191 Every time I see this little horror from outer space, I want to sock him. 1964Ann. Reg. 1963 31 On 25 July the treaty banning nuclear tests in the atmosphere, in outer space, and under water was initialled. 1972‘H. Calvin’ Take Two Popes xii. 135 If your job says expend somebody, you expend... Do you think I'm an inhuman thing from outer space? 1973Times 4 Dec. 8/4 Pioneer should be able..to send pictures of Jupiter..as it goes past it before flying away into outer space.
1901*Outer speech form [see inner a. 2 b].
1937*Outer suburb [see aspirin]. 1974P. Heywood Planning & Human Need vi. 104 The crisis of the ghetto must be met, at least in part, in the outer suburbs.
1937*Outer-suburban [see creeping ppl. a. 2 b]. 1964P. F. Anson Bishops at Large vi. 202 Ethelbert Lodge..had been both the archiepiscopal curia and outer-suburban country estate of the Landaffs for several years.
1928Daily Express 7 May 4 (Advt.), Seven guineas and three guineas are probably the two most popular prices for *outerwear garments. 1946Daily Tel. 27 Mar. 5/8 From April 1 elastic can be used without restriction in the manufacture of underwear,..outerwear,..and miscellaneous articles. 1963[see leisure n. 6 a and c]. 1971‘E. Lathen’ Ashes to Ashes ix. 91 They wore hairy outerwear and came from socially aware suburbs. 1977Times 24 Dec. 17/1 In the six months to October 31, Forminster, which makes ladies' and children's outerwear clothing, turned in a pre-tax profit of {pstlg}564,000.
B. elliptically as n.
1. In rifle-shooting, that part of the target outside the circles surrounding the bull's eye; hence, a shot that strikes this part.
1862Macm. Mag. Mar. 429 Bewildered with talk going on all around them of outers and centres and bull's eyes. 1884Times 23 July (Farmer), Running through the scoring gamut with an outer, a magpie, and a miss.
2. Electr. Engin. In a three-wire distribution system, either of the two conductors whose potentials are respectively above and below that of the earth or neutral by equal amounts.
1900[see neutral a. and n. B. 4]. 1932R. Rawlinson in E. Molloy Pract. Electr. Engin. V. 1590/2 The potential difference between the outers is still 500 volts, and..they may therefore be used for power supply, while lighting load may be taken on a circuit between either outer and the mid-wire. 1970H. Ferry Electr. Supply I. ii. 35 The cancellation of the two currents flowing in opposite directions in the middle wire..enabled the section to be safely reduced to one-half that of the outers.
3. (a) pl. Outdoor clothing. (b) An outer garment or the outer part of a garment.
1904E. Nesbit Phoenix & Carpet vi. 111 ‘We'd best put on our outers in case—.’ ‘We might rescue a traveller buried in the snow.’ 1971C. Bonington Annapurna South Face xi. 129 It needed a distinct effort of will..to force on frozen boots. I kept the felt inners inside the sleeping-bag, but the outers were too bulky and I used these as a pillow; even so, each morning they were frozen solid. 1971T. Frost in Ibid. xviii. 222, I put on my..proofed nylon outers. 1976Horse & Hound 3 Dec. 18/2 (Advt.), The Husky Riding Waistcoat, with its strong nylon outer, filled with polyester for thermo-insulated warmth, will keep those biting winter winds at bay.
4. Austral. slang. The part of a racecourse outside the enclosure; also transf. Hence in phr. on the outer: penniless; out of favour, excluded.
1924Truth (Sydney) 27 Apr. 6 Outer, on the, to be poor; to be outside. 1926‘J. Doone’ Timely Tips for New Australians Gloss., Outer, a slang word denoting a betting ground overlooking a race-course. 1928A. Wright Good Recovery 157 You told me yourself that you were the cause of my being on the outer. 1953T. A. G. Hungerford Riverslake 174 And you're on the outer for sticking up for him? 1963A. Ross Australia 63 iii. 86 Fine drizzle delayed things for half an hour, then shirts were ripped off again in the Outer, the beer cans were set up, and play proceeded. 1970I. Southall Bread & Honey 54 Warren had always been on the outer, like a stray dog, always getting pushed.
5. An outer container into which one or several objects already enclosed in their own containers are packed for transport or display.
1920J. Stephenson Princ. & Pract. Commerc. Corr. ii. xii. 129 Size and description of outer. 1950J. G. Davis Dict. Dairying 356 Packing of freshly frozen and packaged ice cream into ‘outers’ containing dozens of units..considerably slows the rate of hardening. 1955Sales Appeal Jan.–Feb. 37/2 Display outers, cut-outs and showcards. 1967Times Rev. Industry May 83/3 An instrument..provided with a carrying case was packed in a corrugated outer for transit. 1971Guider Nov. 407 (Advt.), Your Net Profit per [chocolate] bar: 5p. Your Net Profit per outer (18 bars per outer): 90p.
Hence ˈouter v. nonce-wd., to make outer or external.
1890J. H. Stirling Gifford Lect. vi. 104 The inner must be outered: the outer innered.
▪ II. outer, n.2
[f. out v. + -er1.]
†1. One who or that which puts out, utters, or gives vent to; spec. one who utters or circulates false coin. Obs.
1421–2Hoccleve Dialog 175 Vengaunce on yow..ye false moneyours, and on yowre outeris. c1448― Balade Dk. York. 17 Be thow an owter of my nycetee.
2. Pugilism. A knock-out blow.
1898Tit Bits 22 Jan. 309/1 Boxing Instructor (loquitur), Great Scot! that was an ‘outer’ you gave me.
▪ III. outer
colloq. var. out of prep. phr. Cf. outa, outta.
1856[see geewhillikins int.]. 1898J. D. Brayshaw Slum Silhouettes 221 ‘'Ave a cigar,’ an' 'e pulls a 'andful outer 'is skyrocket. 1926Opportunity Mar. 83/2 The devil often assumes an importance entirely unbecoming to one who has been summarily ‘kicked outer heaven’. 1954M. Procter Hell is City ii. iv. 53 If I could get outer 'ere I could be 'ome in less nor an hour.
▪ IV. [outer
(in Latham, etc.), mispr. for ouster.] |