| 释义 |
▪ I. oak|əʊk|
Forms: α. 1 ác (pl. ǽc), 3 ooc, 3–5 ok, (4 oek), 4–6 ook, (5–6 ooke), 4–7 oke, (5 hoke, a noke, 5–6 hooke), 6– oak, (dial. 6 oyke, woke, 6– woak, 7 yoake). β. north. and Sc. 5– ake, 6– aik, (5 a nak(e, ayk, 6 eike, 9 dial. yek, yak.
[Com. Teut.: OE. ác fem. (pl. ǽc, gen. sing. *ǽc, áce, dat. sing. ǽc, ác) = OFris. êk, ODu. eik (MDu. eike, êke, MLG. êk, êke, Flem. eeke, Du. eik masc.), OHG. eih (MHG. eich, Ger. eiche), ON. eik (in Icel. = ‘tree’, Norw. eik, ek Sw. ek ‘oak’, Da. eeg, eg):—OTeut. *aiks, a fem. consonantal stem; ulterior relations obscure.]
1. a. The name of a well-known British and European forest tree, Quercus Robur (under which botanists now distinguish two sub-species, Q. pedunculata and Q. sessiliflora, durmast), noted for its timber, and bearing a fruit or species of mast called the acorn; thence extended to all species of Quercus, trees or shrubs; the common species in N. America being Q. alba, the white oak, and Q. macrocarpa, the bur oak: see b.
α749Charter in Kemble Cod. Dipl. V. 48 Of coferan treowe on ða bradan ac; of ðæræ [MS. ðara] bradan æc on stuteres hylle niðewearde. c1000ælfric Hom. II. 150 Hire hyrdeman..sume ac astah. c1000Sax. Leechd II. 98 Wiþiᵹ rinde, & ᵹeongre ace. c1250Gen. & Ex. 1873 Diep he is dalf under an ooc. 1297R. Glouc. (Rolls) 510 A gret ok he wolde braide adoun, as it a smal ȝerd were. c1374Chaucer Boeth. ii. met. v. 35 (Camb. MS.), To slakyn hyr hungyr at euen with accornes of Okes. 1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) II. 85 Barkschire, þat haþ þat name of a baar ook þat is in þe forest of Wyndesore. 1398― Barth. De P.R. xvii. cxxxiv. (1495) 690 The hoke.. is a tree that bredyth maste. c1420Avow. Arth. xv, As he neghet bi a noke. c1440Promp. Parv. 363/1 Oke, tre, Quercus, ylex. 1506Will of Chamberlen (Somerset Ho.), Vnder the grete hooke. 1539Taverner Erasm. Prov. (1545) 66 If thou wylte begge an ooke of thy frende, aske twenty or an hundreth ookes. 1577B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. (1586) 101 The first place of right belongeth to the oak. 1598Shakes. Merry W. iv. iv. 42 Marry this is our deuise, That Falstaffe at that Oake shall meete with vs. Ibid. v. v. 79 Our Dance of Custome, round about the Oke Of Herne the Hunter, let vs not forget. 1611Cotgr., Charmoye, a groue of Yoakes. 1784Cowper Task i. 313 Lord of the woods, the long-surviving oak. 1842Selby Brit. Forest Trees (L.), Of the various North-American oaks, many are distinguished for the beauty of their foliage [etc.]. 1846J. Baxter Libr. Pract. Agric. II. 168 There are above forty different species of oak introduced into Great Britain. 1855Longfellow Hiaw. xii. 93 On their pathway..Lay an oak, by storms uprooted. 1859W. S. Coleman Woodlands (1866) 5 The majestic Oak, the Monarch of the forest. 1887T. Hardy Woodlanders III. i. 6 Hardly knowing a beech from a woak.
βc1400Mandeville (Roxb.) ix. 35 A tree of ake. 14..Med. Receipts in Rel. Ant. I. 54 Tak everferne that waxes on the ake. 14..Nom. in Wr.-Wülcker 716/7 Hec quercus,..a nak. c1470Henry Wallace v. 821 Wallace retorned besyd a burly ayk. 1513Douglas æneis xii. Prol. 167 Endlang the hedgeis thyk, and on rank akis. c1560A. Scott Poems (S.T.S.) ii. 7 Nor Hercules, that aikkis vprent, And dang the devill of hell. 1562Turner Herbal ii. 109 Quercus..is called..in y⊇ North countre an Eike tre... An acorn or an Eykorn, that is y⊇ corne or fruit of an Eike. 1801Macneill Poems, Waes o' War 63 Auld chesnut, ake, and yew-tree. 1804R. Anderson Cumberld. Ball. 83 O, Matthew! they've cutten the yeks and the eshes, That grew owre anent the kurk waw! 1855Robinson Whitby Gloss., Yak.
b. With defining adjective, applied to other species of Quercus, which are very numerous.
black or dyer's oak, Q. tinctoria = quercitron; blue oak, mountain white oak, Q. Douglassii of California; bur, mossy-cup, or overcup oak, Q. macrocarpa of N. America; chestnut oak, Q. sessiliflora, and in N. America, Q. Prinus and other species having leaves like the chestnut; cork oak, Q. Suber, a native of southern Europe and northern Africa, the bark of which furnishes cork; evergreen or holm oak (also † oak-holm) = ilex; Italian oak, Q. æsculus of southern Europe, having edible acorns; kermes-oak, Q. coccifera, in which the kermes insect lives; live oak, a name given to several N. American species, but especially Q. virens; scarlet oak, Q. coccinea of N. America, so called from the colour of its foliage in autumn; turkey oak, Q. Cerris of southern Europe; the name is also given in America to Q. Catesbæi; weeping oak, Q. lobata of Western U.S.; white oak, Q. alba, a large American tree, sometimes called in England Quebec oak; also applied locally to other species, as, on the Pacific slope, to Q. Garriana and three others. oak of Bashan: see quot. 1892.
1727–41Chambers Cycl. s.v. Kermes..Found adhering to the bark on the stem and branches of a sort of scarlet oak..growing in Spain [etc.]. 1765J. Bartram Jrnl. 25 Dec. in Stork Acc. E. Florida (1766) 5 Many live oak-trees grew upon it. 1766Stork Acc. E. Florida 44 The live oak (so called from being an evergreen) is tougher, and of a better grain than the English oak. Ibid. 45 The chestnut oak, very little known in other parts of America, is very common in Florida. 1785Martyn Rousseau's Bot. xxviii. (1794) 437 Ilex or Evergreen Oak has oblong-ovate leaves..continuing all the year. 1832Planting 115 (U.K.S.) The Turkey oak, Quercus cerris, was introduced into England in 1739. 1841Penny Cycl. XIX. 213/2 The timber of the Turkey oak is beautifully mottled, in consequence of the abundance of its silver grain. 1858Hogg Veg. Kingd. 696 The acorns of Q. esculus, or Italian Oak, have somewhat prickly cups, and are long, slender, and esculent. 1861Hulme tr. Moquin-Tandon ii. iii. v. 150 The Aleppo Gall..is found on the Dyer's Oak, Quercus Infectoria. 1887F. W. Bourdillon tr. Aucassin & Nicolette 122 She took many a lily head, With the bushy kermes-oak shoot. 1892A. M. Clerke Fam. Stud. Homer vi. 152 The species of oak at present dominant both in Greece and the Troad is the ‘oak of Bashan’, Quercus ægilops.
2. In English versions of the Bible, used also to render Heb. ēlāh, and one or two related words, now generally considered, since Gesenius, to mean the terebinth tree.
Five Heb. words have been rendered ‘oak’; of which only two, allōn and allāh, are held to have certainly this meaning. The word ēlāh is in the LXX and Vulg. sometimes rendered τερέβινθος, -µινθος, terebinthus, but in neither case regularly; Wyclif follows the Vulgate; the 16–17th c. versions have regularly ‘oak’; the Revised Version has ‘terebinth’ in Isa. vi. 13 (1611 teil tree), Hos. iv. 13 (1611 elm), but elsewhere retains ‘oak’ with ‘or terebinth’ in the margin.
1382Wyclif 2 Sam. xviii. 9 Whanne the muyle wente yn vndur a thik ook [Vulg. quercum, LXX δρυός, R.V. margin, or terebinth] and a greet, the heed of hym [1388 Absolon] cleuyd to the ook. ― Isa. i. 30 Whan ȝee shul ben as an oek [1388 ook, Vulg. quercus, LXX τερέβινθος], the leues fallende doun. 1535Coverdale Gen. xxxv. 4 He buried them vnder an Oke [LXX τερεβινθον, Vulg. terebinthum, Wyclif theribynte, R.V. marg. or terebinth].
3. a. With qualification, applied to trees or plants in some way resembling the oak: esp. dwarf oak, ground oak, various species of Teucrium; oak of Cappadocia, Ambrosia maritima; oak of Jerusalem or Paradise, Chenopodium Botrys, having leaves jagged like those of an oak; poison oak, name for species of Sumach, esp. Rhus Toxicodendron.
1551Turner Herbal i. G j, Oke of Hierusalem is an herbe all yelow and all full of branches and spred abrode. 1578Lyte Dodoens ii. lxxiii. 243 It is called in English Oke of Hierusalem and of some Oke of Paradise... The Oke of Paradise is hoate and dry in the second degree. 1597Gerarde Herbal 950 Leaues deepely cut or iagged, very much resembling the leafe of an Oke, which hath caused our English women to call it Okes of Ierusalem. Ibid. 951 Oke of Cappadocia is called..in Latine Ambrosia. 1611Cotgr., Ambrosie, Ambrosia; also, the hearbe called Oke of Cappadocia; and another, called Oke of Ierusalem. 1760J. Lee Introd. Bot. App. 320 Oak, Dwarf, Teucrium. Oak of Cappadocia, Ambrosia. Oak of Jerusalem, Chenopodium. 1766J. Bartram Jrnl. 20 Jan. 43 Rising ground producing..bay and water-oak, then ground-oak, chamaerops. 1805A. Wilson in Poems & Lit. Prose (1876) II. 144 Waving reeds and scrubby ground-oak grew Where stores and taverns now arrest the view. 1858Mayne Expos. Lex., Poison-oak,..the sumach. 1883Stevenson Silverado Sq. (1886) 20 An abominable shrub or weed, called poison-oak, whose very neighbourhood is venomous to some. a1887M. S. G. Nichols in Health Manual xv. 188 Domestic Remedies—tea made of tanzy, oak of Jerusalem [etc.].
b. In Australia, applied to trees of the genus Casuarina (‘Native Oak’), species of which are locally distinguished as bull-oak, desert-oak, river-oak, swamp-oak, etc. (cf. she-oak); in New Zealand to species of Alectryon and Knightia.
1802J. Fleming in Hist. Rec. Port Phillip (1879) 22 (Morris) The land is..thin of timber, consisting of gum, oak, Banksia, and thorn. 1838T. L. Mitchell Exped. E. Austral. (1839) I. 38 (ibid.) The dense, umbrageous foliage of the casuarina, or ‘river-oak’ of the colonists. 1862Kendall Poems 56 The wail in the native oak. 1885Hood Land of Fern 53 The sighing of the native oak Which the light wind whispered through. 1892A. Sutherland Geog. Brit. Col. 27 (Morris) A peculiar class of trees, called..Casuarina, is popularly known as oaks, ‘swamp-oaks’, ‘forest-oaks’, ‘she-oaks’, and so forth, although the trees are not the least like oaks. 1896B. Spencer in Rep. Horn Exped. i. 49 We had now come into the region of the ‘Desert Oak’ (Casuarina Decaisneania).
4. a. The wood or timber of the oak. Hence, allusively, in phrases referring to its hardness and enduring qualities. heart of oak: see heart n. 19.
c1400Mandeville (1839) xviii. 190 Makynge Houses and Schippes of Oke. 1480Caxton Chron. Eng. ccxxiii. 220 Grete staues of fyne oke. 1575Richmond Wills (1853) 255, Ij long burds of oyke. 1604Shakes. Oth. iii. iii. 210 To seele her Father's eyes vp, close as Oake. 1664Evelyn Sylva iii. §17 (1670) 26 Men had indeed hearts of Oak. 1693Apol. Clergy Scot. 26 Taught better manners than to venture upon this man of Oak and Horehead. 1801Campbell Ye Mariners of Eng. iii, With thunders from her native oak She quells the floods below. 1849James Woodman ii, The tables, the chairs, the cupboard..were all of old oak. 1860Tennent Story Guns (1864) 224 A far ruder shock..to the confidence traditionally reposed in British oak. 1876Whitby Gloss. s.v., A bit o' brave aud yak. 1888Glasgow Herald 12 Oct. 4/6 A piece of finely selected English oak.
b. Timber of oak as the material of a ship.
a1000Runes xxv. 4 (Gr.) Garsecg fandað, Hwæðer ac hæbbe æðele treowe. 1763–5Churchill Gotham i. 260 The English Oak, which, dead, commands the flood. 1782Cowper Charity 23 When Cook..Steered Britain's oak into a world unknown.
c. Univ. colloq. An oaken door; esp. in phr. to sport one's oak, to shut the outer door of one's rooms as a sign that one is engaged.
1785Grose Dict. Vulg. Tongue s.v., To sport oak; to shut the outward door of a student's room at college. c1803C. K. Sharpe New Oxford Guide ii. in Mem. (1888) I. 18 And sporting of oaks they call shutting of doors. 1810Shelley in Hogg Life (1858) I. 93 Then the oak is such a blessing. 1827Sporting Mag. XXI. 75 Having in the middle of the night nailed up his oak. 1861Hughes Tom Brown at Oxf. i. (1889) 7 A great..outer door, my oak, which I sport when I go out or want to be quiet. 1890Besant Demoniac i. 18 Your oak was sported and you were not at home to anybody.
5. a. The leaves of the oak, esp. as worn in a chaplet or garland.
c1386Chaucer Knt.'s T. 1432 A coroune of a grene ook cerial Vp on hir heed. 1587Golding De Mornay xii. 166 The Garlond of Oke, he giueth..to such as..first..enter the breach. 1607Shakes. Cor. i. iii. 16 To a cruell Warre I sent him, from whence he return'd, his browes bound with Oake. 1772Priestley Inst. Relig. (1782) I. 384 Our custom of wearing oak on the twenty-ninth of May.
b. A shade of brown like that of the oak-leaf when opening.
1888Lady 25 Oct. 378/1 [Gloves] in the new and beautiful shades of brown, chocolate, oak, tans, and black.
6. dial. The suit of clubs in cards. (= Ger. Eicheln, the suit bearing the figures of acorns.)
1847–78Halliwell, Oak,..the club at cards. West. 1886Elworthy W. Som. Word-bk., Oaks, the suit of clubs in cards..‘Oaks be trumps, Mr. Hosegood’.
7. the Oaks: a race for three-year-old fillies, founded in 1779, and run at Epsom on the Friday after the Derby.
So called from an estate near Epsom.
1844W. H. Maxwell Sports & Adv. Scotl. xxxix. (1855) 305 what care I about Oaks or Derbys? 1864Racing Cal. 131 Renewals of the Oaks stakes for 50 sovereigns each. 1870D. P. Blaine Encycl. Rur. Sports §1317 The stakes run for in the Oaks have recently rivalled in amount those of the Derby, and sometimes surpassed them.
8. attrib. and Comb.
a. simple attrib. (often = oaken a.), as oak bough, oak floor, oak forest, oak grove, oak leaf (whence oak-leaved adj.), oak roofing, oak sapling, oak-scroll, oak set, oak table, oak-thicket, oak timber, oak wreath.
b. objective, as oak-cleaving adj.c. instrumental, as oak-beamed, oak-boarded, oak clad, oak-crested, oak-crowned, oak framed, oak-timbered, oak-wainscoted adjs.d. similative, etc., as oak-brown, oak-like, oak-pale, oak-trunked adjs.
1796C. Marshall Garden. vi. (1813) 82 Let *Oak-acorns be thrown into water and those only used which sink quickly.
1759Brown Compl. Farmer 21 Rub it over with oil or *oak-asnes.
1886W. J. Tucker E. Europe 33 A low, *oak-beamed room.
1897Baring-Gould in Mag. Art Sept. 270 The broad oak staircase gave access to a great gallery, *oak-boarded.
1895Daily News 5 Feb. 6/6 Another corduroy dress is *oak-brown.
a1748Thomson Hymn Solitude 43 From Norwood's *oak-clad hill.
1605Shakes. Lear iii. ii. 5 Vaunt-curriors of *Oake-cleauing Thunder⁓bolts.
1897Outing (U.S.) XXIX. 438/1 This *oak-covered tract is a mile in width.
1747Collins Passions 74 The *oak-crown'd Sisters and their chaste-eyed Queen. 1750T. Warton Ode vii. 4 Yonder oak-crown'd airy steep.
1789J. Pilkington View Derbysh. I. 369 For polishing..*oak floors and furniture.
1859W. S. Coleman Woodlands (1866) 8 Covered with *oak-forests.
1953E. Simon Past Masters i. 47 On the walls..two *oak-framed prints. 1977Times 15 Oct. 8/2 The house..had..an oak-framed porch.
1535Coverdale Gen. xiii. 18 So Abram remoued his tent and wente and dwelt in y⊇ *Okegroue of Mamre.
1766J. Bartram Jrnl. 31 Jan. in Stork Acc. E. Florida 56 Cypress-swamps and *oak-hammocks alternately mixed with pine-land.
1389in Eng. Gilds (1870) 117 A garlond of *hoke Lewes. 1768–74Tucker Lt. Nat. (1834) II. 77 The little fly sits boring the oak-leaf. 1855Longfellow Hiaw. xii. 118 As brown and withered as an oak-leaf is in Winter.
1856Miss Pratt Flower. Pl. IV. 275 *Oak-leaved Goosefoot. 1883S. B. Parsons in Harper's Mag. Apr. 726/2 The oak-leaved hydrangea.
1883Stevenson Treas. Isl. iii. xiv, A long thicket of these *oak-like trees.
1922Joyce Ulysses 6 His fair *oakpale hair stirring slightly.
1840Dickens Barn. Rudge i, A certain *oak-pannelled room with a deep bay window.
1888M. E. Braddon Fatal Three i. v, The chief characteristic of the interior was the *oak-panelling.
1815Scott Guy M. xlii, What was called the great *oak-parlour, a long room, panelled with well-varnished wainscot.
1499Promp. Parv. 363/2 (Pynson) *Oke plante, Ornus. 1787Hawkins Life Johnson 491 It was an oak-plant of a tremendous size.
1663Gerbier Counsel 66 *Oake Roofing raysing pieces eight Inches one way.
1853A. Smith Life Drama ii. 21 At the *oak-roots I've seen full many a flower.
1882Garden 14 Oct. 335/1 The *Oak root gall..is formed by Andricus noduli.
1826Scott in Croker Papers (1884) I. xi. 318 A set-to with *oak saplings.
1874G. M. Hopkins Jrnls. & Papers (1959) 245 A beautiful spray-off of the dead *oak-scrolls.
1523Fitzherb. Husb. §124 Set thy *oke settes and thy asshe .x. or .xii fote asonder.
1822in Cobbett Rur. Rides I. 83 Genuine *oak-soil: a bottom of yellow clay.
1890J. G. Frazer Gold. Bough II. iv. 364 The King of the Wood must have been a personification of the *oak-spirit.
1653N. Riding Rec. V. 151 [Indictment for unjustly taking away an] *oak-stoop.
1798Coleridge Anc. Mar. vii. ii, The rotted old *Oak-stump.
1846–7Thoreau Walden (1957) 186 Pine woods and *oak-thickets.
1767A. Young Farmer's Lett. to People 157 Complaints of the decay of *oak timber.
1934Dylan Thomas Let. 21 Sept. (1966) 268 No One more welcome than the *oak-trunked maestro—.
1885G. Allen Babylon v, In the *oak-wainscoted study.
1801Macneill Poems, May-day 21 This *oak-waving mountain would ward winter's blast.
1879Froude Cæsar 93 He..won the *oak wreath, the Victoria Cross of the Roman army.
9. Special combs.: oak-bark, the bark of the oak, used in tanning, and as an astringent; oak barren U.S.: see quot. 1889; oak-beauty, a beautiful geometrid moth (Biston or Amphidasis prodromaria), the larva of which feeds on the oak; oak-beetle: see quot.; † oak-berry, a berry-like gall found on the oak; oak-boy, a member of a body of insurgents in Ireland in 1763, who rose against forced labour on the roads and the exaction of tithes; their badge was a sprig of oak worn in the hat; oak-button = oak-gall; oak cist, coffin (see quot. 1957); oak-egger (moth): see egger; oak-fig, a gall, somewhat resembling a fig, produced on twigs of white oak in the United States by Cynips forticornis; oak flat U.S., a level expanse of ground bearing a growth of oaks; oak-fly, a fly used by anglers; oak-frog, a small light-coloured toad of North America, frequenting oak-openings; oak-gall, a gall or excrescence produced on various species of oak by the punctures of various gall-flies; spec. a nut-gall or gall-nut used in making ink; † oak-holm = holm-oak; oak hook-tip, a moth (Platypteryx hamula) inhabiting oak-woods; oak-lappet, a moth (Gastropacha quercifolia) the wings of which resemble a dried oak-leaf; oakleaf braid (see quots.); oakleaf jar (see quot. 1960); oak-leather, a fungus found on old oaks and somewhat resembling white kid-leather; † oak-lungs, a kind of lichen (Sticta pulmonacea), lungwort (obs.); oak-mast: see quot.; oak moss, the lichen Evernia prunastri or one closely related to it, often found growing on oak trees and used to produce an aromatic extract; also the extract itself; also attrib.; oak-moth, a moth (Tortrix viridiana) living on oaks; † oak-nut, an excrescence found on the oak; oak-opening, U.S., an opening or thinly wooded space in an oak-forest (Webster, 1864); oak-pest, an insect (Phylloxera rileyi) which infests oaks in the United States; oak-plum, a plum-shaped gall produced on the acorns of the black and red oaks in U.S. by the gall-fly Cynips quercus-prunus; oak-potato, a potato-shaped gall produced on the twigs of white oaks in U.S. by the gall-fly Cynips quercus-batatas; oak-pruner U.S., a longicorn beetle Elaphidion villosum, the larva of which mines down the centre of hardwood twigs, causing them to snap; now usually called the twig pruner; oak room, an oak-panelled room; oak-spangle, a kind of flattened fungus-like gall, occurring on the lower side of oak-leaves; oak towel slang (see quot.); oak-truffle, a truffle growing among the roots of oaks; oak-wart, an oak-gall; oak-water, a medicine made of oak-bark; oak-web dial., a cockchafer; oak wilt U.S., a disease of oaks and certain other trees produced by the fungus Ceratocystis fagacearum, which causes the wilting and death of foliage and eventually kills affected trees; oak-worm, a worm that lives on the oak; oak yard U.S., an enclosure in which oaks are grown.
1666J. Davies Hist. Caribby Isl. 62 As hard as *Oak⁓bark. 1811A. T. Thomson Lond. Disp. (1818) 332 Oak bark is inodorous, has a rough astringent taste. 1859W. S. Coleman Woodlands 16 A decoction of Oak-bark has..been used..in modern medicine.
1811Weekly Reg. 12 Oct. 101/2 Our *oak barrens and underwooded plains may be profitably applied to sheep. 1835W. Irving Tour Prairies 144 The soil of these ‘oak barrens’ is loose and unsound, being little better, at times, than a mere quick⁓sand. 1889Farmer Americanisms, Oak barrens, scrubby oak brush, the stunted growth of which indicates an extreme poverty of soil.
1832J. Rennie Consp. Butterfl. & M. 104 The *Oak Beauty..appears in March or April... Rather scarce.
1854A. Adams, etc. Man. Nat. Hist. 191 *Oak-Beetles (Eucnemidæ)... Living in decayed oak-trees. 1626*Oak-berries [see oak-nut].
1776R. Twiss Tour Irel. 143 Insurgents, who wore oak-leaves in their hats, and called themselves *Oak-boys. 1780A. Young Tour Irel. I. 168 The oak boys and steel boys had their rise in the increase of rents. 1882Lecky Eng. in 18th C. IV. xvi. 345 The Oakboys appear to have first risen against the Road Act.
1937E. V. Gordon tr. Shetelig & Falk's Scand. Archaeol. 146 Of similar type is the other well-known form of Norse bronze-age grave, the ‘*oak cist’, a coffin made from a thick trunk of oak, split and hollowed out. 1968G. Jones Hist. Vikings i. i. 19 The tannin of the ‘oak cists’ of Denmark, the very flesh and fell of the wearers.
1937E. V. Gordon tr. Shetelig & Falk's Scand. Archaeol. 147 The complete picture of this personal equipment is obtained from the *oak coffins mentioned earlier. 1957T. C. Lethbridge Gogmagog viii. 132 Occasionally in Britain and more frequently in Denmark human bodies are found buried in what are known as ‘oak coffins’. These are not coffins in the ordinary sense; but are large sections of tree trunks, split lengthwise and hollowed out to contain the body. 1964W. L. Goodman Hist. Woodworking Tools 10 The remarkable wooden folding stool found with an oak-coffin burial at Guldhoj in Jutland.
a1816B. Hawkins Sk. Creek Country (1848) 29 *Oak flats, red and post oak,..on its left side. 1849E. Chamberlain Indiana Gazetteer (ed. 3) 381 Beech and oak flats, which are adapted only to grass.
1651T. Barker Art of Angling (1653) 6 The *Oake-Flie is to bee had on the butt of an Oake or an Ash..it is a brownish Flie. 1653Walton Angler v. 115 You may make the Oak-flie with an Orange tawny and black ground, and the brown of a Mallards feather for the wings. 1787Best Angling (ed. 2) 114 The Oakfly comes on about the sixteenth of May, and continues on till about a week in June... It is bred in oak-apples. 1867F. Francis Angling vi. (1880) 221 The Oak Fly, called also the cannon fly, the down-hill or down-looker.
1768–74Tucker Lt. Nat. (1834) II. 91 Gums, *oak⁓galls, and variegated leaves [are] the distempers of plants. 1838Loudon Arboretum III. 1726 Oak-galls..much in demand for the manufacture of ink and for dyeing black.
1601Holland Pliny II. 177 The Scarlet graine growing upon the *Oke-holm.
1954N. & Q. June 273/1 *Oakleaf braid.—This is the black braid supplied for hats of senior police officials and also used by St. John Ambulance. 1957Textile Terms & Definitions (Textile Inst.) (ed. 3) 70 Oakleaf braid, a woven narrow fabric having a conventional oakleaf and acorn and border Jacquard design, now always black... It is used as a hatband for officials such as Police Inspectors.
1903H. Wallis (title) *Oak-leaf Jars: A fifteenth century Italian Ware showing Moresco Influence. 1960R. G. Haggar Conc. Encycl. Cont. Pott. & Porc. 334/1 Oak-leaf jars, Tuscan fifteenth century maiolica drug pots painted with an oak-like..leaf decoration.
1754Watson Agaric in Phil. Trans. XLVIII. 812 Mr. Ray..says, that this Fungus..is found upon putrid oaks in Ireland, where it is called *oak-leather.
1750E. Smith Compl. Housewife (ed. 14) 295 Take of *oak⁓lungs, French moss, and maiden-hair, of each a handful. 1758Phil. Trans. L. 682 The muscus pulmonarius officinarum, tree-lung-wort, or oak-lungs.
1849E. Chamberlain Indiana Gazetteer (ed. 3) 17 *Oak and beech mast is found in such quantities as to contribute largely both to feeding and fattening hogs. 1859W. S. Coleman Woodlands (1866) 7 These acorns or oak-mast as they are collectively called.
1921A. L. Smith Lichens x. 418 French perfumers extract an excellent perfume from Evernia prunastri..known as ‘Mousse des Chênes’ (*Oak moss), and it appears that the plants which grow on oak contain more perfume than those which live on other trees. 1921Times Lit. Suppl. 25 Aug. 542/4 The oak-moss lichen is used as a basis for perfumes, the thallus on being soaked in spirit yielding a sweet and persistent odour. 1966J. S. Cox Illustr. Dict. Hairdressing 104/2 Oak Moss Resin. Obtained from tree lichens, especially oak; used in perfumery. 1967M. E. Hale Biol. Lichens iv. 59 These ‘oak mosses’ accumulated silicon, phosphorus, magnesium, iron and aluminium to a significant degree. 1975F. Kennett Hist. Perfume vii. 148 The main ingredients of it [sc. Poudre de Chypre] are oakmoss (extracted from a species of lichen and still commonly used in perfumery, by the name mousse de chêne), rose-water, musk, civet, and a little sandalwood.
1868Wood Homes without H. xiv. 295 One of the most common among the Leaf-rollers is the pretty *Oak Moth.
1626Bacon Sylva §635 Besides its acorns, it beareth galls, Oak-apples, *oak-nuts which are inflammable, and oak-berries.
1830J. M'Call in Wisconsin State Hist. Soc. Coll. (1892) XII. 185 From that up, on the right bank, it is *oak openings. 1833C. F. Hoffman Winter in West (1835) I. 142 At a sudden turning of the path, I came at once upon the ‘oak openings’. 1835W. Irving Tour Prairies 77 (Bartlett) We ascended the hills, taking a course through the oak-openings. 1839C. M. Kirkland New Home xx. 133 The ‘grubs’ present a most formidable hindrance to all gardening efforts in the ‘oak-openings’. 1848J. F. Cooper Oak Openings I. i. 10 Giving their appellation to this particular species of native forest, under the name of ‘Oak Openings’. 1882Econ. Geol. Illinois II. vi. 104 There is an intermediate district occupied by oak-openings. 1970Daily Progress (Charlottesville, Va.) 24 May 4/1 Trees and shrubs grew along the streams, on wooded knolls or ridges, and in occasional ‘oak openings’.
1819Mass. Agric. Repository & Jrnl. V. 308 From the effect of its labours, it may be called the *oak pruner. 1838Mass. Zool. Survey Rep. 92 The oak-pruner, so named by Prof. Peck, inhabits the white and black oaks. 1862Rep. Comm. Patents: Agric. 1861 (U.S. Dept. Agric.) 615 The black and white oak trees are infested with..the ‘Oak⁓pruner’. 1899D. Sharp in Cambr. Nat. Hist. VI. v. 286 Elaphidion villosum is called the oak-pruner in North America.
1884Cooke Struct. Bot. xxxvi. 105.
1849Thackeray Pendennis I. xxiii. 213 On the other side [of the hall] the *oak room. 1922Joyce Ulysses 154 In the supper room or oakroom of the mansion house. 1971D. Francis Bonecrack iii. 34 The account books..are in the oak room.
1851Zoologist IX. 3309 Oak-leaves, with galls, commonly known as ‘*oak-spangles’, attached. 1859W. S. Coleman Woodlands (1862) 14 The pretty ‘Oak⁓spangles’..were formerly considered to be parasitic fungi, but are now ascertained to be the work of gall-flies.
1889Farmer Americanisms 396/1 *Oak towel..a stout oaken stick. There is an allusion here to ‘wiping’ or ‘dressing one down’.
1874Cooke Fungi 114 In Vaucluse..seedling oaks have been reared, and with them, what have been termed *oak-truffles.
1864Browning Caliban upon Setebos 51 The pie..That pricks deep into *oakwarts for a worm.
1523Fitzherb. Husb. §87 It appereth at his nosethryll lyke *oke-water.
1771Gallet in Phil. Trans. LXII. 351 This county was so infested with cock chaffers or *oakwebs, that in many parishes they eat every green thing, but elder. 1880W. Cornw. Gloss., Oak⁓web, a May-bee; the cock-chafer.
1942Bull. Wisconsin Agric. Exper. Stat. No. 455. 75/1 *Oak wilt, a disease now ravaging many fine Southern Wisconsin woodlots, is caused by a certain fungus. Ibid. 76/1 Thus far there is no way of controlling oak wilt. 1944B. W. Henry et al. in Phytopathology XXXIV. 163 The present paper presents evidence on the significance, symptoms, and cause of a disease called oak wilt. 1957J. M. Haller Tree Care ix. 148 The oak wilt came into prominence about seven years ago, spreading rapidly through the midwestern states. 1959P. P. Pirone Tree Maintenance (ed. 3) xvi. 346 The oak wilt fungus appears to be most infectious early in the growing season. 1969New Scientist 28 Aug. 430/2 They inoculate the weed oaks with the organism that causes oakwilt disease, Ceratocystis fagacearum.
1653Walton Angler iv. 95 The dock-worm, the *oake-worm, the gilt-tail, and too many to name.
1835R. M. Bird Hawks of Hawk-Hollow II. v. 52 His father..had suddenly checked his horse at the entrance of the little *oak-yard.
▪ II. oak, oakam
obs. forms of yoke, oakum. |