| 释义 |
▪ I. damage, n.|ˈdæmɪdʒ|
Forms: α. 4– damage; 5–8 dammage. (6 dampnage, 6–7 damnage, 7 damadge). β. 4–7 dommage, 5–7 domage.
[a. OF. damage (11th c. in Littré), also domage, daumage, demage, since 15th c. dommage = OSp. domage, f. OF. dam, damage, prejudice, loss (= Pr. dam, It. danno loss), ad. L. damnum loss, hurt, damage + -age. Cf. Pr. damnatge and It. dannatico on L. type *damnāticum. The ME. form domage, dommage is after later French; dam(p)nage after med.L.]
1. Loss or detriment caused by hurt or injury affecting estate, condition, or circumstances. arch.
α [1292Britton i. v. §1 En despit et damage de nous et de noster poeple.] 1300K. Alis. 959 The scoumfyt, and the damage, Feol on heom of Cartage. c1386Chaucer Pars. T. ⁋383 As moche to oure damage as to oure profit. 1535Coverdale Luke ix. 25 Though he wanne the whole worlde and loseth himself or runneth in dammage of himself. 1609Skene Reg. Maj. 89 The damnage and skaiths, quhilks he hes susteined by the defender, sall be taxed. 1611Bible Dan. vi. 2 That..the king should haue no damage. 1778C. Jones Hoyle's Games Impr. 21 You could receive no Damage by playing the King the third Round. 1851Hussey Papal Power ii. 86 The corrupting by bribes of the late Legats..to the damage of S. Peter. 1877J. D. Chambers Div. Worship 141 These..Anthems have been wholly omitted, to our great damage.
β1481Caxton Myrr. i. xiv. 45 [It] torneth contrarye to them & to their dommage. 1508Fisher Wks. (1876) 193 The great domage whiche we suffre by the absence of many of them. a1612Donne βιαθανατος (1644) 124 If a publique profit recompence my private Domage.
2. a. Injury, harm; esp. physical injury to a thing, such as impairs its value or usefulness.
c1374Chaucer Boeth. i. v. 25 Þou hast wepen for þe damage [ed. 1560 dommage] of þi renoune þat is appaired. 1430Lydg. Chron. Troy i. vi, He was enoynted with an oyntment On his body that kept him from damage. c1440Promp. Parv. 113 Damage, or harme, dampnum. 1577tr. Bullinger's Decades Introd., He..suffered all the damages of the body. 1637Gillespie Eng. Pop. Cerem. ii. ix. 50 His answere bringeth great damnage to his owne cause. 1639T. de la Grey Compl. Horsem. 9 Lest in foling, the colt receive domage. 1719De Foe Crusoe (1858) 353 She was leaky, and had damage in her hold. 1869Hook Lives Abps. II. ii. 94 To repair the damage done to the monastery.
b. (with a and pl.) A loss, an injury.
1470–85Malory Arthur i. xv, Kyng Lott made grete dool for his dommagis & his felawes. 1577–87Holinshed Scot. Chron. 188 The damages & skathes committed by theeues and robbers. 1593T. Watson Tears of Fancie xxiv. Poems (Arb.) 190 That I..brought faire beauty to so fowle a domage. 1600J. Pory tr. Leo's Africa ii. 55 They paid the said owners for all dammages committed. 1771Goldsm. Hist. Eng. I. 79 Repairing the damages which the kingdom had sustained by war.
†3.
a. A disadvantage, inconvenience, trouble.
b. A matter for regret, a misfortune, ‘a pity’.
a.1398Trevisa Barth. de P.R. vi. i. (Tollem. MS.), Age haþ with him many damagis. 1637R. Humfrey tr. St. Ambrose i. 15 They hold profit to consist in the goods secular, wee reckon these for dammages. 1721De Foe Col. Jack (1840) 33 'Tis an unspeakable damage to him for want of his money.
b.c1385Chaucer L.G.W. 578 Cleopatra, And of his deth it was ful gret damage. c1489Caxton Blanchardyn xxii. 74 It were domage yf suche a lady..sholde perysshe. 1524Losse of Rhodes in Hakluyt Voy. II. i. 84 Sir Francis de Frenolz..it was great dammage of his death, for he was a worthy man. 1612Shelton Quix. I. i. iv. 25 The Damage is..that I have no money here about me.
4. Law. (Now always in pl.) The value, estimated in money, of something lost or withheld; the sum of money claimed or adjudged to be paid in compensation for loss or injury sustained.
[1430Act 8 Hen. VI, c. 9 Le pleyntif recovera ses damages au treble vers le defendant. 1538Starkey England ii. ii. 190 The party condemnyd..schold euer be awardyd to pay costys and al other dammage cumyng to hys aduersary by the reson of the vniust sute and vexatyon.] 1542–3Act 34–5 Hen. VIII, c. 27 §36 Actions personall, whereof the dette, and domage amounteth to the summe of fourtie shillinges. 1548Hall Chron. 31 For recoveryng of damages for injuries to them wrongfully done. 1631–2Star Chamb. Cases (Camden) 168 He shall therefore pay 500li to the King and 200li Dammage to Mr Deane and make recognition of his fault and wrong. 1767Blackstone Comm. II. 438 When the jury has assessed his damages. 1858Ld. St. Leonards Handy Bk. Prop. Law ii. 5 An action..for the recovery of damages for breach of contract.
5. slang. Cost, expense. Esp. in phr. what's the damage? how much is there to pay?
1755Connoisseur No. 68 ⁋10 ‘There’, says he, ‘there's your damage—thirteen and two-pence.’ 1812Byron Wks. (1832) II. 179, I must pay the damage, and will thank you to tell me the amount of the engraving. 1829J. Hunter Hallamshire Gloss. 29 ‘What is the damage?’ This expression is equivalent to ‘What expence have I incurred?’ ‘What must I pay?’ 1852Mrs. Stowe Uncle Tom's C. xiv, What's the damage, as they say in Kentucky..what's to be paid out for this business? 1855Dickens Lett. I. 409 Excellent stowage for the whole family..Damage for the whole, seven hundred francs a month. 1875J. G. Holland Sevenoaks xxii. 303 What's the damage for the sort o' thing ye're drivin' at this morning? 1888A. C. Gunter Mr. Potter of Texas xi, ‘What's the damage?’ ‘Damage?’ echoes Lubbins, not understanding this Americanism. ‘Yes, how much do I owe?’
6. attrib. and Comb., as damage control, (the exercise of) measures to minimize or control the effect of damage caused by an accident, etc., esp. to a ship; also fig.; damage limitation, the action or process of restricting damage caused by an accident, error, etc., or of attempting to do this, esp. in political and military contexts; hence damage-limiting a.
[1938Engineering 22 July 116/3 The problem also requires study from a damage stability viewpoint.] 1959Chambers's Encycl. IV. 356/2 *Damage control, the principles by which a certain degree of control may be exercised over the stability and buoyancy of a ship which has received serious underwater damage. 1982W. Safire in N.Y. Times Mag. 26 Sept. 12 Whenever anybody in politics or corporate life goofs.., the people who race to minimize the reaction..are said to be engaged in damage control.
[1962R. S. McNamara in Vital Speeches 1 Mar. 297/2 We may be able to use our retaliatory forces to limit damage done to ourselves, and our allies, by knocking out the enemy's bases before he has had time to launch his second salvos.] 1963Ibid. 1 Dec. 116/1 The *damage-limiting capability of our numerically superior forces is, I believe, well worth its incremental cost. 1965H. Kahn On Escalation viii. 153 ‘Damage limitation’ is current jargon for capabilities and tactics that attempt to limit damage if deterrence fails and war breaks out. Ibid., The United States can buy a very important increment in damage-limiting capability. 1977Economist 26 Feb. 22/3 Whitehall is mesmerised by a phrase worthy of the Nixon White House, ‘damage limitation’ (i.e., aiming for nothing while hoping to give away as little as possible). 1987Economist 17 Jan. 39/3 The damage limitation after the Reykjavik summit, brilliantly managed by the White House staff, went down the plug hole in the flood of post-Iran doubts.
¶ Erroneously for danger.
1464Plumpton Corr. (Camden) 13 Now you bee utterly out of his dammage.
▪ II. ˈdamage, v.
Forms: see the n.
[a. OF. damagier, -er, domager, f. damage: see prec. n.]
1. trans. To do or cause damage to; to hurt, harm, injure; now commonly to injure (a thing) so as to lessen or destroy its value.
13..[see damaging vbl. n.]. 1477Earl Rivers (Caxton) Dictes 106 A king in his kyngdome may be dommaged and hurte, and specially be fyue thinges. 1548Hall Chron. (1550) 24 The English studied all the waies possible to dammage their enemies: some shot arrowes, some cast stones. 1594Shakes. Rich. III, iv. ii. 60 To stop all hopes, whose growth may dammage me. a1674Clarendon Hist. Reb. III. 459 (R.) He..gave him a broadside, with which he..damaged the ship. 1794Nelson in Nicolas Disp. I. 492 Not any notice having been taken..of my eye being damaged. a1859Macaulay Hist. Eng. V. 130 He missed no opportunity of thwarting and damaging the Government. 1892Laws Times' Rep. LXVII. 251/1 The Merchant Prince..ran into and damaged the Catalonia.
2. intr. To suffer damage or injury. rare.
1821Clare Vill. Minstr. I. 37 Her Sunday clothes might damage with the dew. |