| 释义 |
▪ I. nitrate, n. Chem.|ˈnaɪtrət|
Also nitrat.
[f. nitre n. + -ate1 1 c, or ad. F. nitrate (1787).]
1. A salt produced by the combination of nitric acid with a base, or a compound formed by the interaction of nitric acid and an alcohol.
a. With term specifying the base, as nitrate of mercury, potash, silver, etc.
1794Phil. Trans. LXXXIV. 396 Nitrate of mercury (solution of mercury in nitrous acid) produced a whitish turbid liquid. 1799Med. Jrnl. I. 223 In this [case] the nitrat of silver has proved of..singular utility. 1822J. Imison Sci. & Art II. 89 Nitrate of lime is a very soluble salt. 1849Balfour Man. Bot. §246 Nitrates of potash and soda have been recommended..on account of the nitrogen which they contain, in the form of nitric acid. 1876Harley Mat. Med. (ed. 6) 253 Nitrate of Bismuth appears to be insoluble in the animal juices.
b. In generalized use.
1800tr. Lagrange's Chem. I. 227 Nitrates. The generic characters of nitrates are [etc.]. 1807T. Thomson Chem. (ed. 3) II. 215 Nitric acid combines with alkalies, earths, and the oxides of metals, and forms compounds which are called nitrates. 1857Miller Elem. Chem., Org. 771 In..the carbonates, and the nitrates, but a single class has been recognized for each acid. 1872Fox Ozone 29 Schonbein states that Nitrites can be changed into Nitrates by Ozone only.
2. ellipt.
a. Potassium nitrate or sodium nitrate, used as a fertilizer.
1846Baxter Libr. Pract. Agric. (ed. 4) I. 35 The produce of the land treated with nitrate..did not fetch so high a price. 1849Balfour Man. Bot. §246 The quantity of gluten is said to be increased by the use of nitrates. 1856Farmer's Mag. Jan. 7 Guano, nitrates, and other manuring deposits.
b. Cellulose nitrate (i.e. nitrocellulose), used as a base for cinematographic films. Usu. attrib. (see 3).
1949W. H. Offenhauser 16-mm Sound Motion Pictures iii. 20 The weight of nitrate, however, is but a fraction of one per cent of the total weight of the film. 1971L. B. Happé Basic Motion Picture Technol. 348 Nitrate, cellulose nitrate, a highly inflammable material once used as film base.
3. attrib. and Comb. as nitrate base, nitrate deposit, nitrate film, nitrate reduction, nitrate solution, etc.; nitrate-reducing adj.; nitrate bath, Photogr. (see quot. 1864); nitrate reductase, an enzyme or group of enzymes which brings about (the second step in) the reduction of nitrate to nitrite.
1936A. B. Klein Colour Cinematography I. iii. 172 Standard *nitrate base for motion picture film is coated with three layers of emulsion containing dyes.
1858T. Sutton Dict. Phot. 304 Many of the failures in photographic operations..may be traced to the *nitrate bath being out of order. 1864Q. Rev. Oct. 490 The solution of nitrate of silver into which he plunges his plate of iodised collodion, and which is known by the concise name of ‘the Nitrate bath’.
1881Daily News 22 Jan. 2/6 The *nitrate deposits, which are practically inexhaustible.
1925Chem. Abstr. XIX. 728 Addn. of 16·6% camphor to one to [sic] the strongest *nitrate films increased the tensile strength from 3·43 to 8·56 kg. per sq. mm. 1975Oxford Jrnl. 6 June 8 The old one [sc. projector room] was fireproof..because of the highly inflammable nitrate film that was used.
1927S. A. Waksman Princ. Soil Microbiol. vii. 180 The bacteria, which reduce nitrates only to nitrites or to ammonia, but not to nitrogen gas (elementary form and oxides), may be best spoken of as *nitrate reducing bacteria, reserving the term denitrifying bacteria for the other organisms. 1967Oceanogr. & Marine Biol. V. 194 Inactivation of the nitrate-reducing system occurred on prolonged incubation at elevated pressures.
1939Chem. Abstr. XXXIII. 2176 Reduction of {b1}NO3 to {b1}NO2 by this bacterium [sc. E. coli] involves 2 enzymes, an ordinary reductase and a special *nitrate reductase... The special reductase transfers the H [from an intermediate acceptor] to the {b1}NO3. 1964Oceanogr. & Marine Biol. II. 216 Nitrate reductase is found in various green seaweeds. 1974Arch. Biochem. & Biophysics CLX. 269 The enzymatic complex nitrate reductase from Chlorella fusca is inactivated by simple thiols.
1919Jrnl. Bacteriol. IV. 267 (heading) The use of the *nitrate-reduction test in characterizing bacteria. 1973Jrnl. Gen. Microbiol. LXXV. 419 The function of cytochromes in the metabolism of bifidobacteria seems to be associated with nitrate reduction.
1796Phil. Trans. LXXXVI. 426 Concentrating by evaporation the *nitrate solution.
1883Pall Mall G. 9 July 5/2 Before long..the *nitrate trade will have expanded.
▪ II. nitrate, v. Chem.|ˈnaɪtreɪt|
[See nitre n. and -ate3.]
trans. To treat, combine, or impregnate with nitric acid.
1872Watts Dict. Chem. Suppl. 661 The woody fibre thus purified is nitrated by maceration for some hours in a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acid. 1881Athenæum 12 Feb. 238/1 On the Position taken by the Nitro Group on nitrating the Dibromotoluenes. 1892Morley & Muir Watts' Dict. Chem. III. 523/1 Formed by nitrating acridine. |