| 释义 |
▪ I. margin, n.|ˈmɑːdʒɪn|
Also 4–6 mar-, mergyn(e, 4–7 margine, (6 mergin, Sc. mairgeane); and see margent.
[ad. L. margin-em (nom. margo), cogn. w. mark n.1 A single instance of OF. margine (15th c.) is cited by Godefr. Cf. F. marge (see marge), Sp. márgen, Pg. margem, It. margine.
The word was little used in the 17th c., its place being taken by margent.]
1. a. That part of a surface which lies immediately within its boundary, esp. when in some way marked off or distinguished from the rest of the surface; also, the space immediately adjacent to a well, a river, or piece of water; an edge, border, or brink.
1382Wyclif Exod. xxviii. 24 The rynges that ben in the mergyns of it [Vulg. marginibus; 1388 brynkis]. c1391Chaucer Astrol. i. §21 The names of the sterres ben writen in the Margyn of the riet. 1463–4Rolls of Parlt. V. 501/2 In the utter partie of the mergyne of the same cloth. 1530Palsgr. 243/1 Margyn or brinke of any thyng, bort; riue. 1739S. Sharp Surg. Introd. 4 All the Advantage to be gathered from it is only from the Evenness of its Margin. 1774M. Mackenzie Maritime Surv. iv. 41 On the Margin of a Lake, close to the Edge of the Water. 1805Southey Madoc in W. vii, Between the mountain-base And the green margin of the waters. 1860Tyndall Glac. i. v. 40 The chasms at the margin of the glacier. 1870F. R. Wilson Ch. Lindisf. 34 Tweedmouth Church stands upon the margin of the Tweed. 1887C. A. Moloney Forestry W. Afr. 426 Limited to swampy lowlands or margins of lagoons.
b. Nat. Hist. Applied either to the contour or boundary line of a body, or to a distinct border differing in texture, etc. from the main body.
1760J. Lee Introd. Bot. i. xi. (1765) 24 The Variations of the Calyx in respect to..its Equality, Margin and Apex, or Top. 1807–26S. Cooper First Lines Surg. (ed. 5) 467 At the very point where the spermatic cord emerges from under the lower margin of the transverse muscle. 1861Bentley Man. Bot. 133 The lines connecting the base and apex of the leaf are called the edges or margins, or collectively the circumscription. 1872L. P. Meredith Teeth (1878) 240 One of his upper incisors broken entirely off at the margin of the gum.
†c. A boundary. Obs.
c1586C'tess Pembroke Ps. xcviii. ii, [God's promise] ev'ry margine of this earthy spheare Now sees performed.
2. fig.
a. A condition which closely approximates to the limit below or beyond which something ceases to be possible or desirable.
1863Fawcett Pol. Econ. ii. iii. 141 In any given condition of a country there is some land which will just pay for cultivation if it is let at a nominal rent. Thus, as it were, a margin of cultivation is marked, below which the cultivation of land cannot descend, unless some circumstances should occur which should either induce men to be satisfied with smaller profits, or should increase the productiveness of land. 1869Rogers Adam Smith's W.N. I. ii. iii. 335 note, No tax can be levied from those who are on the margin of bare subsistence.
b. An amount (of space, time, money, material, etc.) allowed or available in addition to what is estimated to be strictly necessary for a certain purpose, and serving as a provision for unforeseen contingencies, or admitting of being applied to other purposes; spec. profit(s), profit margin.
1851C. Cist Sk. Cincinnati in 1851 319 We are in the enjoyment of a clear margin, of at least, half a cent per pound, over our eastern neighbors. 1852E. Warburton Darien Introd. I. 5 The purchase of an annuity..secured to him an ample supply for his simple wants, and left him besides a wide margin for the charities in which his brave old heart delighted. 1858Froude Hist. Eng. III. xiii. 145 The King, in his instructions, left a wide margin of discretion to the generals. 1865Mill Pol. Econ. (ed. 6) iv. iv. §5 The fall of profits would be retarded if money wages did not rise, or rose in a less degree; but the margin which can be gained by a deterioration of the labourer's condition is a very narrow one. 1865Dickens Mut. Fr. iii. vi, Within a certain margin of hours. 1866Rogers Agric. & Prices I. iv. 81 The narrow margin of profit had been reduced to a minimum. 1873Hamerton Intell. Life v. iii. (1875) 190 The shortening of the hours of labour may afford some margin of leisure. 1890Congress. Rec. 25 June 6499/2 When an employer feels that his margin is slipping away from him, the first thing done is to scale down the price of wages. 1940Economist 31 Aug. 291/1 Fixed margins, which were established..to check an incipient boom, are now..the subject of some controversy. 1971Daily Tel. 21 Oct. 23 (heading) Doubled margins work wonders for Spillers. 1972W. A. Pantin Oxf. Life iv. 48 The estates allotted to the support of chairs were in some cases left in the hands of the university, which paid out of them the appropriate salary to the professor, and sometimes made a profit out of the margin. 1972Times 16 Oct. 4/6 Wheat..is grown as much for the straw as for its {pstlg}57 an acre gross margin. Ibid. 4/7 Bulbs..give easily the biggest margin to the acre.
c. Stockbroking and Comm. (a) A certain sum deposited by a speculative seller or buyer with his broker to cover the risk of loss on a transaction on account. (b) U.S. ‘A deposit made by each of two brokers, parties to a contract, when one is called up (as it is termed) by the other’ (Cent. Dict. 1890).
1848W. Armstrong Stocks 10 The purchaser then hands over this margin to the person with whom he hypothecates the Stock. 1870J. K. Medbery Men & Mysteries Wall St. 62 Seven per cent a year is generally allowed on all margins advanced by customers. 1880Harper's Mag. Oct. 782/2 All speculated, but they did not speculate on margins. 1882Pall Mall G. 15 July 5/1 Egyptian Unified bonds went crawling down to below 48, and alarmed bankers were sending after their ‘margins’. 1883St. James's Gaz. 1 Nov., In Liverpool sales of cotton for future delivery are made without any deposit of ‘margins’. 1885Harper's Mag. Mar. 611/1 The speculators were..caught without any margin. 1888Bryce Amer. Commw. III. xcii. 288 Ohio punishes by fine and imprisonment the offering to sell ‘options’ or exhibiting any quotations of the prices of ‘margins’, ‘futures’ or ‘options’. 1902Westm. Gaz. 11 Nov. 11/3 The bulk of the shares in what are called the speculative lines are held by speculators on margin. 1934S. S. Huebner Stock Market xxiii. 434 If the customer purchases stock worth $100 and deposits $20 as margin,..he has a margin of 20 per cent. 1971Investors Chronicle's Beginners, Please (ed. 5) 310 The latter [sc. the broker] makes an interest charge..and receives from his client..sufficient to maintain an adequate ‘margin’ to protect the broker against fluctuations in the value of the collateral.
d. Life Insurance. = loading vbl. n. 3.
1881[see loading vbl. n. 3].
e. margin of safety: an allowance made for safety, spec. a number equal to the factor of safety (factor n. 8) minus one.
1888R. S. Ball Exper. Mech. (ed. 2) ii. 33 So great a margin of safety is necessary on account of the jerks and other occasional great strains that arise in the raising and the lowering of heavy weights. 1905Trans. Inst. Naval Archit. XLVII. ii. 203 One hears, both in the lecture theatre and drawing office, much talk of ‘margins of safety’. 1941N. H. Anderson Aircraft Layout vii. 179 If the margin of safety comes out a negative quantity, the design is not satisfactory; in all cases a positive margin of safety is required. 1968F. K. Teichmann Fund. Aircraft Structural Analysis 78 In general, the designer of aircraft structures selects structural elements with a margin of safety of zero. This does not mean that safety is not built into the craft..since the loads, or load factors actually imposed on the craft are determined rather precisely.
3. a. The space on a page between the extreme edge and the main body of written or printed matter, often partly taken up with notes, references, illuminations, or the like. Often in narrower sense, applied to the margins at the sides of the page (‘inner’ and ‘outer’ margins) as distinguished from the ‘head’ and ‘foot.’
1362Langl. P. Pl. A. viii. 20 Marchauns in þis Margin [of a bull] hedden mony ȝeres [of pardon]. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xv. xxiv. (1495) 497 Loke in the nexte pagyn in thende of the mergyn. 1532More Confut. Barnes viii. Wks. 756/2, I lette passe that he noteth in the margine these woordes how a manne maye knowe the church. 1589Reg. Privy Council Scot. IV. 442 Thay wer nocht contenit in the body of the said principall letter..bot interlynnit on the mairgeane thairof. 1611Bible Transl. Pref. ⁋15 Some peraduenture would haue no varietie of sences to be set in the margine. 1621Bp. R. Montagu Diatribæ 219 For this we haue Scripture and Fathers in the margine. 1783Johnson in Boswell 1 May, I know when I have been writing verses, I have run my finger down the margin, to see how many I had made, and how few I had to make. 1817Dibdin Bibliogr. Decam. II. 471 Books with larger margins are no where to be found. 1851Longfellow Gold. Leg. iv. Scriptorium, I..will sketch her thus, in her quiet nook, For the margin of my Gospel book.
b. The annotations placed in the margin of a work (cf. margent 2 b); in quot. transf., an explanatory indication.
1824Hogg Conf. Sinner 88 She viewed Mrs. Logan with a stern, steady gaze, as if reading her features as a margin to her intellect.
4. a. Joinery. The flat part of the stiles and rails of framed work. b. Building. ‘That part of the upper side of a course of slates which appears uncovered by the next superior course’ (Gwilt).
[1678: see margent n. 3.] 1823P. Nicholson Pract. Build. 226 Margins or Margents.—The flat part of the stiles and rails of framed work. 1855F. Reinnel Masons, etc. Assist. 70 The part of the back of every course which is exposed to the eye is called the margin of that course.
5. attrib., as margin-cell, margin light, margin sand; margin call, a demand by a broker that an investor deposit further cash or securities to guarantee the margin (sense 2 c) on his investment; margin clerk, one who records dealings in margins (sense 2 c); margin draft, draught = draft n. 6 a (Ogilvie 1850); margin line Naut. (see quot.); margin release, marginal release, the mechanism on a typewriter which enables the typewriting to run into the set margin; hence margin release key, the key on the machine which operates this mechanism; margin-tailed a., having a marginate tail (Cent. Dict.).
1961R. E. Badger et al. Investment Princ. & Pract. (ed. 5) iv. 84 If the market value of the securities in an account declines, the broker issues a ‘*margin call’ to the customer, requesting the deposit of additional cash or securities to protect against loss on the loan. 1963Phillips & Lane Personal Finance vii. 180 If a stock declines in market price, a margin call may be issued by the broker who must require the required margin coverage at current market prices, else he must sell the stock to protect the interests of the creditors who have supplied the previously borrowed funds. 1972N.Y. Law Jrnl. 14 Nov. 2/2 The deficit arose after defendant was unable to meet margin calls.
1882Vines Sachs' Bot. 142 This wall intersects the dividing wall of the *margin-cell previously formed.
1886Harper's Mag. July 213/2 Speculative sales of land..are also made in the Call Room..the caller of provisions and *margin clerk presiding. 1973N.Y. Law Jrnl. 30 July 4/6 The regulation should be..in the language of the brokers and margin clerks who must work under it.
1858Skyring's Builders' Prices (ed. 48) 34 Deal cased frames..with *margin lights or rail
c1850Rudim. Navig. (Weale) 131 *Margin line, a line or edge parallel to the upper side of the wing transom, and about five inches below it, at which place terminate all the butts of the bottom planks abaft.
1913Pitman's Commercial Encycl. & Dict. Business IV. 1620/2 Note what a wonderful improvement there is..in all the minor parts, such as..*margin release keys. 1914Pitman's Commercial Self-Educator I. 163/1 Closely connected with these Marginal Stops is the Margin Release, which in the latest models takes the form of a key marked ‘Marginal Release’ or ‘M.R.’ 1939F. A. Faunce Secretarial Efficiency ii. vi. 87 Notice the location of..the backspacer, the margin release, and the ribbon shift. 1962J. B. Priestley Margin Released p. viii, Typewriters..have a key labelled ‘Margin Release’, frequently needed by hasty and careless typists like myself. 1967J. Harrison Secretarial Duties (ed. 3) viii. 106 When erasing, move the carriage fully to the left or right, using the margin-release key.
1820Keats Hyperion i. 15 Along the *margin-sand large foot-marks went.
Hence ˈmarginless a., having no margin.
1839D. Macmillan Mem. (1882) 89, I have had to cut away all the margin... This marginless volume..will be [etc.].
Add: [c indigo][2.] f.[/c] Austral. An increment or payment made in addition to a basic wage, esp. for skill or extra responsibility.
1939F. W. Eggleston et al. Austral. Standards of Living 75 Workers who possess skill, or other qualifications, necessary for their work, receive an amount over and above the basic wage... This..is known as the secondary wage, or a margin. 1942Commonwealth Arbitration Rep. XLVIII. 584 What Powers J. did was to take the junior officer's margin (above the basic wage), as awarded in 1920..as being equivalent to {pstlg}6 3s. 9d. per month. 1961J. L. K. Gifford Wages, Inflation, Productivity 147 Neglect of margins during inflation could result in injustice to some skilled workers and salary earners. 1965Austral. Encycl. I. 447/2 All courts award ‘margins’ or ‘loadings’, for skill, overtime, week-end work, danger, and dirt. 1986Age (Melbourne) 10 Oct. 13/2 The 1967 total wage ruling..combined the basic wage and margin for skill.
▪ II. margin, v.|ˈmɑːdʒɪn|
[f. prec. n. Cf. late L. margināre, F. marginer.]
1. trans. To furnish with marginal notes; to annotate or summarize in the margin.
1607Hieron Defence i. 78 Though it be his use, to margin his English, with greek or latin or both. 1616Sir T. Roe Jrnl. 4 Sept. (1899) 260, I receiued my Articles back from Asaph chan, who tooke now att last many exceptions, and margined them with his Pen in most Insolent sort. 1651C. Cartwright Cert. Relig. i. 52 If any man may be permitted to appeale to Scriptures: margind with his own notes. a1734North Exam. i. i. § 7 (1740) 18 These he deals forth..as the notable Matters, margined for better Notice. 1885E. S. Ffoulkes Prim. Consecr. iv. 73 Of the four prayers margined by Mr. Hammond as ‘Recital of the work of Redemption, Words of Institution, Confession of Faith, and the Great Oblation’, not a trace occurs in S. Cyril.
2. To specify in the margin of a page.
c1640J. Smyth Lives Berkeleys (1883) I. 294 Whereto add these records here margined. 1868Voice of Truth May 117 There are no fewer than 2283 articles, all numbered, named, and the places they came from carefully margined.
3. a. To provide with a margin, edge, or border. Freq. in pass.
1715tr. Pancirollus' Rerum Mem. I. iv. ii. 158 Hats..were margin'd with Brims, as a commodious Shelter. 1725H. Bourne Antiq. Vulgares 65 If its water was..margin'd with the tender grass. 1797Mrs. Radcliffe Italian xix. 102/1 Entering the little bay, where the hamlet margined the beach. 1860Gosse Rom. Nat. Hist. 35 The broad belt of reeds which margined the river. 1865Pall Mall G. 16 Sept., A vellum pamphlet..each leaf of which was numbered and neatly margined with red ink. 1883F. M. Crawford Dr. Claudius i, A variety of mathematical figures, margined all round with odd-looking equations.
b. Nat. Hist. and Path. (Cf. margin n. 1 b.)
1840Cuvier's Anim. Kingd. 244 The feathers margined with greyish during the winter. Ibid. 249 The membranes margining the toes. 1849J. E. Gray Catal. Specim. Snakes Brit. Mus. 113 The upper band-like, transverse, like a frontal, margining the rostral. 1881J. S. Gardner in Nature XXIII. 251 The leaves are smaller..the parenchyma reduced to a narrow expansion margining each vein. 1898J. Hutchinson Arch. Surg. IX. 125 [The eruption] consisted of patches which were not abruptly margined.
4. Stockbroking. To deposit a ‘margin’ upon (stock). Also intr. in to margin up (U.S.): to provide additional ‘margin’ when what has been paid is insufficient.
18..Amer. Economist III. 176 (Cent.) The concern then had $42,500,000 locked up on Bourse, having trebled its liabilities in the vain attempt to margin up after a fall begun in September, 1881. 1896Westm. Gaz. 4 Aug. 7/3 The banks are indifferent, as the stocks held are securely margined. 1902H. L. Wilson Spenders xxxiv. 408 As the stock fell, the banks requested the brokers to margin up their loans, and the brokers, in turn, requested Percival to margin up his trades. 1973N.Y. Law Jrnl. 30 July 4/2 Once a margin account has been properly margined, the regulation imposes no further requirements respecting the status of the account in the absence of a subsequent transaction. |