| 释义 |
zoo-|ˈzəʊəʊ, zəʊˈɒ|
before a vowel properly zo-, repr. Gr. ζῳο-, combining form of ζῷον animal, occurring in numerous scientific and technical terms, of which the more important will be found in their alphabetical places. (The second element is usually and properly from Greek, but in a few recent words from Latin or English.)
In biological and botanical terms the prefix sometimes denotes the power of spontaneous movement (formerly supposed to be a distinctive characteristic of animals): see zoogamete, zoogonidium, zoosperm, zoozygosphere; zoospore.
ˌzooarchæˈology, the study of the animal remains of archæological sites; hence ˌzooarchæˈologist. ‖ ˈzoocarp [Gr. καρπός fruit], † (a) a former name for certain algæ of low organization, then supposed by some to be animals; (b) a zoospore. ‖ zooˈcaulon [mod.L., f. Gr. καυλός stalk] (see quot.). zooˈcentric a., centred upon the animal world; regarding or treating the animal kingdom as a central fact. zooˈchemistry, the chemistry of animal bodies; so zooˈchemical a. ˈzoochore |-kɔə(r)| [Gr. χωρεῖν to spread], a plant whose seeds are dispersed by animals; hence zooˈchorous a.; zoˈochory, the dissemination of plant seeds by animals. ˈzooculture = zootechny; so zooˈcultural a. ‖ zoocytium |-ˈsɪtɪəm|, pl. -ia [mod.L., after syncytium] (see quot.). ‖ zooˈdendrium, pl. -ia [mod.L., after syndendrium] (see quot.). ˌzoodyˈnamics, the dynamics of animal bodies; so zoodyˈnamic a. ˌzooeˈrythrin |-ɛˈrɪθrɪn|, also zoonerythrin [irreg. for *zoerythrin, f. Gr. ἐρυθρός red], a red pigment found in the plumage of the touracos, and in sponges. zooˈfulvin [L. fulvus tawny], a yellow pigment found in the plumage of the touracos. ˈzoogamete, a motile gamete: = planogamete. ˌzoogeˈology, that branch of geology which deals with fossil animal remains, palæozoology; so ˌzoogeoˈlogical a., pertaining to zoogeology; ˌzoogeˈologist, one versed in zoogeology. ‖ ˌzoogoˈnidium, pl. -ia [mod.L.: see gonidium], a motile gonidium. zooˈmagnetism, animal magnetism. ˈzoomancy [-mancy], divination by observing the actions of animals. zooˈmania (nonce-wd.), a mania or insane fondness for animals. zooˈmantist, one who practises zoomancy. ˌzoomeˈchanics = zoodynamics; so zoomeˈchanical a. zooˈmelanin, the black pigment of animal bodies, melanin; spec. as found in the feathers of birds. zoˈometry [-metry], measurement of the dimensions and proportions of the bodies of animals; so zooˈmetric a. zooˈmythic a., belonging to a mythology in which the deities are represented in the form of animals. zooˈnosis (pl. -noses |-ˈnəʊsiːz|) [Gr. νόσος disease], a disease communicated from one kind of animal to another or to a human being; usu. restricted to diseases transmitted naturally to man from animals; so ˌzoonoˈsology, the study of the diseases of animals; ˌzoonoˈsologist, one who pursues this study; hence zooˈnotic a. zoo-orˈganic (bad formation for zoorganic) a., belonging to animal organs or organisms. ˌzoopaˈthologist, ˌzoopaˈthology = zoonosologist, -logy. ‖ zoophobia |-ˈfəʊbɪə| [mod.L.: see -phobia], morbid or superstitious fear of animals. zooˈphysics, the study of physics in relation to animal bodies; so zooˈphysical a., pertaining to zoophysics. ˌzoophysiˈology, animal physiology. zooˈplankter [plankter], an individual organism of the zooplankton. zooˈplankton [plankton], floating animal organisms collectively; zooplankˈtonic a., of, pertaining to, or consisting of zooplankton. zooˈplastic a. [see plastic], forming figures of animals or living beings. zoopraˈxography [Gr. πρᾶξις], the study of animal locomotion. ˌzoopsyˈchology, animal psychology, the study of mental phenomena in animals. zooˈscopic a. [Gr. σκοπεῖν to view], † (a) examining or studying animals, zoological (obs.); (b) applied to a species of hallucination (zoˈoscopy) in which imaginary animal forms are seen, as in delirium tremens. zooseˈmatic a. [Gr. σῆµα sign]: see zoic, quot. 1895–6. ˌzoosemiˈotics n. pl. (const. sing.), the study of animal communication through the investigation of signalling behaviour in and between species. zoˈosophy [Gr. σοϕία wisdom], the knowledge or study of animals: † (a) the art of keeping and breeding animals (obs.); (b) the science of zoology (Oken). ˌzoosperm, (a) = spermatozoon; (b) = zoospore; hence ˌzoosperˈmatic a. ˈzootaxy [Gr. τάξις arrangement], zoological classification, systematic zoology. ˈzootechny |-tɛknɪ| [Gr. τέχνη art], the art of rearing and using animals for any purpose; so zooˈtechnic a., pertaining to zootechny; zooˈtechnics = zootechny. ‖ zootheca |-ˈθiːkə|, pl. -æ [mod.L., f. Gr. θήκη case], the case or sheath inclosing a zoosperm. ‖ zoothecium |-ˈθiːʃ(ɪ)əm|, pl. -ia [mod.L., f. Gr. θήκιον, dim. of θήκη: see prec.], the tubular sheath produced and inhabited by certain Infusoria. zoˈotheism [see theism], the attribution of deity to animals (cf. zoolatry); hence ˌzooˈtheistic a., pertaining to or characterized by zootheism. ˈzoothome [Gr. θωµός heap] (see quot.). ‖ ˈzootokon [Gr. ζωοτόκον, neut. of ζωοτόκος viviparous], a viviparous animal. zootrophy |-ˈɒtrəfɪ| [ad. Gr. ζῳοτροϕία, f. ζῷον animal + τρέϕειν to breed, rear, tend, etc.], the practice of rearing or tending animals. ˈzootype, an animal, or figure of one, used as the type of a deity, as in Egyptian hieroglyphics. zootypic |-ˈtɪpɪk| a., pertaining to the animal type or types. zooˈxanthin [Gr. ξανθός yellow], a (? yellow) pigment obtained from the red feathers of certain birds. zoozygosphere |-ˈzaɪgəʊsfɪə(r)| [see zygo-, and cf. oosphere], a motile spherical cell produced by conjugation: proposed as a substitute for zoogamete.
1984Nature 1 Mar. 88/2 John Speth's Bison Kills and Bone Counts extends such an invitation to *zooarchaeologists and to everyone who uses faunal evidence from archaeological sites to reconstruct past human diet.
1972Science 20 Oct. 297/2 Recently the Atlas of Animal Bones by Elisabeth Schmid has become available for research workers in *zooarcheology. 1985Times Lit. Suppl. 7 June 646/1 Taphonomy..has..only recently become an integral part of zoo-archaeology (or, as the subject of faunal analysis is more usually called in Europe, archaeo⁓zoology).
1843Penny Cycl. XXVII. 804 *Zoocarpes, the name given to certain organized bodies..variously classed..as animals or plants,..placed by botanists in the natural order Algæ... It is in the lower forms more particularly that the Zoocarps occur. 1888Cassell's Encycl. Dict., Zoocarp... A zoospore.
1882W. Saville-Kent Man. Infusoria 874 *Zoocaulon..title conferred by the author on the erect tentaculiferous branching colony-stocks of the genus Dendrosoma.
1882Trans. Anthropol. Soc. Washington I. 93 In later times a few of this school have expanded their scheme to embrace the animal world in general, rendering it *zoöcentric instead of anthropocentric. 1977J. L. Harper Population Biol. Plants 433 Virtually all of the work reported is that of zoologists and the research is zoocentric.
1845G. E. Day tr. Simon's Anim. Chem. I. 87 *Zoochemical analyses are instituted for the purpose of ascertaining..the..constituents of animal substances.
1865Nat. Hist. Rev. July 352 [Zoology] consequently divides itself into..Zootomy, or the dissection of all the formative parts of the body: *Zoochemistry, or their chemical investigation.
1905F. E. Clements Res. Methods Ecol. 216 Migration results when spores, seeds, fruits, offshoots, or plants are moved out of their home by water, wind, animals, man, gravity,..or mechanical propulsion. Corresponding to these agents there may be recognized the following groups:..Animals, *zoochores.
Ibid. 218 Species which grow in exposed grassy or barren habitats are for the most part anemochores, while those that are found in the shelter of forests and thickets are usually *zoochorous. 1969L. van der Pijl Princ. Dispersal in Higher Plants v. 24 We enter here the more general field of zoochory. Ibid., All following zoochorous classes can be subdivided by crosswise partitions as follows. 1974Nature 8 Feb. 407/1 Modes of dispersal, namely aerial (both active and passive), hydrochorous, zoochorous and anthropochorous, are discussed at some length. 1960McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. X. 499/2 Animal dispersal, zoochory, is divided into epizoochory (barbed or sticky disseminules, desmochores..) and endozoochory (disseminules eaten and egested by animals). 1980Botanisk Tidsskrift LXXV. 159 Dispersal is probably mostly by means of water flowing through pores and channels in the soil, but zoochory also plays a role.
1898–9Ann. Rep. Bur. Amer. Ethnol. p. cxiii, Agricultural and *zoocultural industries.
1900Ann. Rep. Smithsonian Inst. 65 That condition of toleration between animals and men which normally precedes domestication, and forms the first step in *zooculture.
1880W. Saville-Kent Man. Infusoria I. 286 Spongomonas... Animalcules..living in social colonies, and forming by excretion a common domicile, which takes the form of a..gelatinous or semi-granular *zoocytium, within which they remain constantly immersed.
Ibid. 265 Dendromonas... Animalcules..stationed singly at the extremities of an erect,..variously branching pedicle or *zoodendrium.
1888Encycl. Brit. XXIV. 803 *Zoo-Dynamics, Zoo-Physics, Zoo-Chemistry.
1882Proc. Zool. Soc. 410 Another red pigment is the *zooerythrin; first extracted by Bogdanow from Calurus auriceps. 1885Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. XXXVIII. 321 Under this name [sc. luteins] are also included allied pigments, such as carotin, zoonerythrin.
1882Proc. Zool. Soc. 415 All other green feathers [than those of the Musophagidæ] contain only either *zoofulvin or a black-brown pigment.
1880Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. XX. 418 In the proposed system..Strasburger's ‘*zoogametes’ or ‘planogametes’ must enjoy the somewhat cumbrous name of ‘zoozygospheres’, the prefix ‘zoo’ or suffix ‘zoid’ being always used to denote an apparently spontaneous power of motion.
1861Geikie E. Forbes xv. 543 The *zoo⁓geological researches of Edward Forbes.
Ibid. 537 It is mainly as a *zoo-geologist or palæontologist that he will take rank.
Ibid. 536 The transition from these fields of inquiry to that of palæontology or *zoo-geology.
1880Bessey Bot. 221 Each *zoogonidium breaks itself up into sixteen new zoogonidia.
a1834S. T. Coleridge Table Talk (1884) 73 Nine years has the subject of *Zoo⁓magnetism been before me. 1864T. Shorter Two Worlds 19 Familiar with zoo-magnetism and clairvoyance.
1841Hor. Smith Moneyed Man xxi, That attachment to birds and animals..has afforded me no little..solace, though you have sometimes been pleased to term it a *zoo-mania.
1861F. Hall in Jrnl. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 198 note, Vasantáraja Bhatta, the *zoomantist.
1897Nat. Sci. June 412 Roux claims that *zoomechanical methods are of primary importance.
1891Cent. Dict., *Zoomechanics. 1897Nat. Sci. June 412 To tack on the word ‘mechanics’ to zoology and re-christen it ‘zoomechanics’ in a general philosophical sense is not to create a new science.
1868Watts Dict. Chem. V. 1085 *Zoomelanin, a name applied by Bogdanow..to the black pigment of birds' feathers, probably identical with the melanin of the choroïd coating of the eye.
1878Bartley tr. Topinard's Anthrop. ii. 81 Osteometry itself is only a part of what should be called *zoometry.
1889Nature 5 Dec. 99/2 Their *zoo-mythic conceptions of their divinities.
1876tr. Wagner's Gen. Pathol. 132 The *zoonoses,..in which there is a transference between individuals of different species, and for the most part from animals to man. 1894G. M. Gould Med. Dict. 1631/1 Zoonosis, any disease communicated or communicable from one of the lower animals to man. 1956Nature 3 Mar. 407/2 When a zoonosis gets under way, man-to-man contact may be sufficent to keep the infection spreading. 1972N. D. Levine in T.-T. Chen Res. Protozool. IV. 340 This was the first proof that simian malaria is a true natural zoonosis. 1974R. Zeledón in K. Elliott et al. Trypanosomiasis & Leishmaniasis 51 Chagas' disease..became a zoonosis when the reduviid insect vectors adapted to human dwellings.
1860Mayne Expos. Lex., *Zöonosologist..name for him who studies specially the diseases of cattle, or *zöonosology. Ibid., Zöonosology.
1900Dorland Med. Dict. 769/2 *Zoonotic. 1956Nature 3 Mar. 407/2 In searching for explanations of..zoonotic outbreaks, there are limitations in the taxonomic approach which should be borne in mind. 1980Brit. Med. Jrnl. 29 Mar. 928/2 Zoonotic pathogens, such as salmonellas.., may be present in any type of slurry.
1821Coleridge Lett. (1895) 712 Vital or *zoo-organic power, instinct and understanding, fall all three under the same definition in genere.
1879Webster Suppl., *Zoopathology. 1884W. Williams Vet. Med. (ed. 4) 4 Pathology, or more properly, when applied to the lower animals, Zoo-Pathology.
1901Amer. Anthrop. (N.S.) III. 12 Experience of superior faculty awakens consciousness of superior power..and rends the shackles of *zoöphobia.
1888Encycl. Brit. XXIV. 803 *Zoophysics [see zoodynamics]. Ibid. 816/1 Schwann united two lines of inquiry, viz., that of minute investigation of structure and development and that of zoo-chemistry and zoo-physics.
1865Nat. Hist. Rev. July 352 [Zoology] divides itself into many..branches, amongst which we indicate.. *Zoophysiology, or the science of the functions of the organs.
1963Spec. Sci. Rep. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service No. 452 (title) A towed pump and shipboard filtering system for sampling small *zooplankters. 1979Nature 1 Feb. 353/2 Zooplankters must also cope with the consequences of living in a transparent medium.
1901Lancet 3 Dec. 1801/1 Shallow pools of clear water which were rich in *zooplankton.
1911Rep. Brit. Assoc. 422 In the high Alpine lakes there exists an outstanding production of *zooplanktonic organisms. 1964Oceanogr. & Marine Biol. II. 152 This technique..is well suited to analysis of zooplanktonic extracts. 1978Nature 20 July 246/1 Determinations of element concentrations in the fecal pellets from a common zooplanktonic species, the euphausiid Meganyctiphanes norvegica, are now available for 18 elements.
1870Ruskin Aratra Pent. ii. Wks. 1872 III. 31 The great mimetic instinct underlies all such purpose [sc. the fashioning of figures of living creatures]; and is *zooplastic, life-shaping.
1891E. Muybridge (title) The science of animal locomotion (*zoöpraxography). 1893― Descriptive Zoöpraxography 2 In the presentation of a lecture on Zoöpraxography the course usually adopted is to project..a series of the most important phases of some act of animal motion. 1947L. Edwards Reminisc. Sporting Artist xv. 151 The science of animal motion (Zoöpraxography) cannot be entirely ignored by artists, more especially since the advent of instantaneous photography has familiarised the public with the camera's version of animal movement. 1974Country Life 2 May 1059/1 His [sc. Lionel Edwards'] preoccupation with zoopraxography is a desire to capture a precise impression of the rhythm of venery and racing.
1847tr. Feuchtersleben's Med. Psychol. 19 The study of animal psychology (*zoo-psychology, comparative psychology).
1816Bentham Chrestom. Wks. 1843 VIII. 87 *Zooscopic or Zoologic Physiurgics. 1890Science XV. 43 This condition of zoöscopic hallucination is one of the commonest among the phenomena of alcohol poisoning.
1963T. A. Sebeok in Language XXXIX. 465 The term *zoosemiotics—constructed in an exchange between Rulon Wells and me—is proposed for the discipline, within which the science of signs intersects with ethology, devoted to the scientific study of signaling behavior in and across animal species. 1968Language XLIV. 211 The Section of Semiotics and Linguistics of the Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Sociale is assembling a library of offprints on the areas within its purview (viz., linguistics, oral and written literature,..theory of languages, scientific languages, zoösemiotics, and the like). 1978New Yorker 17 Apr. 78 In a collection of papers written by various experts in the field of..‘zoosemiotics’—in other words, animal communication—each writer tries valiantly to define what he means by the term.
1662J. Chandler Van Helmont's Oriat. 163 The other Son..noted the properties and Societies of living Creatures; whence by the undoubted hope of a Flock, a quiet life is led: This indeed, was *Zoosophie or the wisdom of keeping living Creatures together. 1854Spencer Ess. iv. (1858) 166 Biology..divides into Organogeny, Phytosophy, Zoosophy.
1836–9Todd's Cycl. Anat. II. 112/1 The *Zoosperm appears to be a moving filament like a minute Vibrio.
1838Penny Cycl. XII. 270/1 According to his principles of *zootaxy.
1890O. T. Mason in Amer. Anthrop. (N.S.) I. 46 The industries of the American aborigines, in connection with..animal life.., may be divided into *zoötechnic provinces.
1891Cent. Dict., *Zootechnics. 1900Deniker Races of Man Introd. (ed. 2) 4 [In] the genus Homo..one can neither speak of the ‘species’, the ‘variety’, nor the ‘race’ in the sense that is usually attributed to these words in zoology or in zootechnics.
1879De Quatrefages Hum. Spec. 61 Anyone who possesses even the smallest knowledge of zoology and *zootechny.
1861Bentley Man. Bot. 376 The antheridium..is filled at maturity with a number of minute cells, which have been termed *zoothecæ.
1880W. Saville-Kent Man. Infusoria I. 61 For these aggregations of..simple loricæ the distinctive title of *zoöthecia has been adopted.
1881Abstr. Trans. Anthropol. Soc. Washington 128 Let us hope that American students will not fall into this line of error by assuming that *zoötheism is the lowest stage, because this is the status of mythology most widely spread on the continent. 1889Pop. Sci. Monthly Nov. 62 In the stage of barbarism all the phenomena of nature are attributed to the animals..or rather to the ancestral types of these animals, which are worshiped. This is the religion of zoötheism.
Ibid. Dec. 208 The prophets tried to pull the Israelites too rapidly through the *zoötheistic and physitheistic stages into monotheism.
1872Dana Corals i. 48 The compound mass produced by budding..was called..a Zoöphyte. As a substitute the term *Zoöthome may be employed.
1661Lovell Hist. Anim. & Min. 132 They [sc. bats] are *zootokons, only, amongst all flying creatures, and bring forth..two young ones at a time.
1877G. Macdonald Marq. Lossie xxxix, Pigs, which, with all her *zootrophy, Clementina did not like.
1905Daily Chron. 4 Sept. 3/1 Egyptian hieroglyphics and Totemic *zootypes.
1897Ann. Rep. Smithsonian Inst. 454 Out of this worm-form type..all the higher ranges of *zootypic evolution have sprung.
1868Watts Dict. Chem. V. 1085 *Zooxanthin, the colouring-matter of the red feathers of Calurus auriceps. 1880*Zoozygosphere [see zoogamete].
Add: zooˈtoxin, any toxin derived from an animal.
1909*Zootoxin [see phytotoxin n. 1]. 1988Halstead & Vinci in A. T. Tu Handbk. Nat. Toxins III. i. 2 Biotoxins are of two major types: phytotoxins, or plant poisons, and zootoxins, or animal poisons. |