| 释义 |
▪ I. loan, n.1|ləʊn|
Forms: 3–4 lan(e, 5–6 Sc. lane, layne, 3–8 lone, (4 lon, 5 lonne, 7 loyane), 4–6 loon(e, (5 lowne, 6 londe), 6–7 loane, 6– loan.
[a. ON. lán neut. (Da. laan, Sw. lån) = OE. lǽn fem., MDu. lêne (Du. leen), OHG. léhan (MHG. lêhen, mod.G. lehn) neut.:—OTeut. *laihwniz-, oz-, neut.:—OAryan *loiqnes-, -os- (Skr. rēknas inheritance, wealth), f. root *loiq- (:leiq-: lī̆q-) represented in Gr. λείπειν to leave, Goth. leihwan, OHG. lîhan (mod.G. leihen), OE. léon to lend.
The OE. lǽn did not survive into ME., being superseded by the Scandinavian form; but its derivative vb. lǽnan is the source of lend v.2]
†1. A gift or grant from a superior. Obs.
a1240Sawles Warde in Cott. Hom. 257 Wiit..þonkeð god ȝeorne..of se riche lane [MS. T. leane]..þat he haueð ileanet him. a1250Prov. ælfred 186 in O.E. Misc. 114 Ayhte nys non ildre istreon; ac hit is godes lone. a1300Cursor M. 10179 In thrin his godes did he dele þat godd had lent him of his lane. 13..Evang. Nicod. 1530 in Archiv Stud. neu. Spr. LIII. 419 Þus all þa saintes þanked him ryght Þat slyke lane wald þam len. a1375Lay Folks Mass Bk. App. iv. 640 Vr lord lene vs þat lon. c1386Chaucer Sompn. T. 153 God be thanked of his loone. c1440Bone Flor. 1916 The lady..Dwellyd as nonne..Loveing god of hys loone. c1460Towneley Myst. xix. 271 Thou leyne vs lyffyng on thi lone. c1470Henryson Mor. Fab. xii. (Wolf & Lamb) xix, Lordis that hes land be goddis lane [rimes tane, gane].
2. a. A thing lent; something the use of which is allowed for a time, on the understanding that it shall be returned or an equivalent given; esp. a sum of money lent on these conditions, and usually at interest. Phr. † to loan: as a loan.
a1300Cursor M. 14036 Tua men..asked him penis to lan. c1375Sc. Leg. Saints xxvi. (Nycholas) 810 Þe Iow..gert cal hyme in Iugment, to prowe his lane þat he lent. 1388Wyclif Exod. xxii. 25 If thou ȝyuest money to loone to my pore puple. c1449Pecock Repr. i. iii. 16 Ȝeve ȝe loone, hoping no thing ther of [Luke vi. 35]. 1467in Eng. Gilds (1870) 387 Euery man that payeth to such a yefte or lone aboue specificied. 1502Ord. Crysten Men (W. de W. 1506) iv. xxi. 226 He the whiche receyueth that londe of money. 1533Gau Richt Vay 17 Our saluior sais in the vi chaiptur of S. Luc. len ȝour layne traistand no thing thairfor. 1611Bible 1 Sam. ii. 20 The Lord giue thee seed of this woman, for the loane which is lent to the Lord. 1740W. Douglass Disc. Curr. Brit. Plant. Amer. 11 Their Money being Loans of Paper Credit called Bills, from their Government to private Persons upon Land Security. 1844H. H. Wilson Brit. India II. 409 Dhar ceded to the British government..as security for a pecuniary loan, the province of Bairsia for five years. 1863Fawcett Pol. Econ. i. iv. (1876) 37 Indian railways have been constructed by loans subscribed almost entirely in England.
b. fig. Said, in recent use, of something (as a word, a custom) ‘borrowed’ or adopted by one people from another.
1891T. K. Cheyne Psalter viii. 405 To regard the conceptions of Isa. lxv. 17, and still more, of Isa. lxvi. 15 as mere loans from Mazdeism is uncritical. 1892E. P. Barrow Regni Evangelium iv. 78 Inward graces and outward opportunities are loans which may be enlarged by use and must be accounted for.
3. a. The action of lending; an instance of this; also in phr. † at, † by, † in, on or upon loan; and † to put to loan, in quot. fig.
c1290S. Eng. Leg. I. 244/136 ‘Leneth me’, he sede, ‘Ane hondret quarters of þat corn..þis schipmen seiden ne dorre we make no lone’. c1386Chaucer Shipman's T. 295 No wight in al this world wiste of this loone. 1393Langl. P. Pl. C. v. 194 Lumbardes of lukes þat lyuen by lone as Iewes. 1454Rolls of Parlt. V. 245 2 Ther shal be severally leveide and had by wey of lonne and preste to hym. 1463Mann. & Househ. Exp. (Roxb.) 220 Item, delyveryd to the sayd Straton, by lone, xijd. 1494Fabyan Chron. vii. 496 Any bargeyn or lowne of money by way of vsury. a1548Hall Chron., Edw. IV, 244 Money..prested out in lone. 1646Massach. Col. Rec. 4 Nov. (1853) II. 164 The Corte..formerly granted Maior Nehemia Bourne the loane of sixe great guns. 1712Hearne Collect. (O.H.S.) III. 319, I am promis'd the loan of it [a book]. 1721Rhode Island Col. Rec. (1859) IV. 297 To permit and suffer the said Richard Ward to have and take upon loan as much of said bills..as by them shall be thought needful. 1729New Hampsh. Prov. Papers (1870) IV. 553 The vote of the House..for re-emitting some bills at loan. 1753Washington Jrnl. (1754) 6 The Waters were quite impassable, without swimming our Horses; which obliged us to get the Loan of a Canoe. 1813J. Adams Wks. (1856) X. 36, I am much obliged to you..for the loan of this precious collection of memorials. 1817W. Selwyn Law Nisi Prius (ed. 4) II. 972 If the loan is not upon the vessel, but upon the goods and merchandize. 1845S. Austin Ranke's Hist. Ref. III. 605 He incessantly pressed for a ‘brave sum of money’ on loan. 1858W. H. Sumner in N. Eng. Hist. & Gen. Reg. XII. 226, I obtained the loan of that Order Book. 1900M. C. Wilson Irene Petrie Pref. 12, I am indebted..to many friends for loan of letters, etc.
transf. and fig. (rare).1538Elyot Dict. Addit., Animam debet..he hath not his lyfe but in lone. 1609Heywood Brit. Troy v. xlix. 118 The blow was put to loane. 1854Thackeray Newcomes I. 297 She gratified Clive by a momentary loan of two knuckly old fingers.
†b. occas. The action of hiring or letting.
1601Exp. Judges riding West. & Oxford Circuit 49 in Camden Misc. (1858) IV, It. the loane of vessells vs. iiijd. 1790Weston Rec. (Massach.) 5 Apr. (1893) 414 The proceeds of the Sale or Loan of the Same [pews] to Discharge the Debts of the Town.
4. National finance.
a. A contribution of money, formerly often a forced one, from private individuals or public bodies, towards the expenses of the state, the amount of which is acknowledged by the government as a debt; sometimes, the sum of money so contributed.
1439Rolls of Parlt. V. 8/2 Ye gret loones and presttes, ye which yei have afore this tyme made unto our said Soverain Lord. 1495Act 11 Hen. VII, c. 8 At the tyme of the same lone or taking of the seid money. 1542–3Act 34 & 35 Hen. VIII, c. 2 §1 Euery high collectour of any .xv. subsidie or other taxe or lone. a1548Hall Chron., Hen. VIII, 102 b, At the last loane some lent the fifth part. 1603North's Plutarch, Seneca (1612) 1217 He..ransacked all Italie with impositions and excessiue lones. 1626in Crt. & Times Chas. I (1848) I. 126 The money which the aldermen gave the king, they neither presented in the name of a loan nor of their own proper gift. 1772Junius' Lett. lxviii. 347 Several persons..refused to contribute to a loan exacted by Charles the First. 1833H. Martineau Fr. Wines & Pol. vi. 82 Loans of almost every kind, and under every species of pretence had been raised upon the suffering nation. 1845S. Austin Ranke's Hist. Ref. II. 143 They..obstinately refused to grant a loan which they were called upon to advance, and which was to be repaid out of the proceeds of the tax for the Turkish war. 1868G. Duff Pol. Surv. 162 Since Juarez triumphed, there have been no forced loans, no exactions.
b. An arrangement or contract by which a government receives upon its own credit advances of money on specified conditions, esp. the payment of a stipulated interest.
1765Blackstone Comm. i. viii. 324 The frequent opportunities of conferring particular obligations, by preference in loans [etc.]. 1844H. H. Wilson Brit. India I. 109 It had been thought necessary to offer..ten per cent. per annum, on a loan. 1846McCulloch Acc. Brit. Empire (1854) II. 429 To reduce the charge on account of the loan to 3 or 3 ½ per cent. 1853Bright Sp. India 3 June, The Company has contracted loans to the extent of 16,000,000l.
5. attrib. and Comb.
a. simple attributive, as loan-account, loan-act, loan-chest, loan-fund, loan-market, loan-shop;
b. objective, as loan-contractor, loan-jobber, loan-jobbing; † loan-bank, an establishment from which poor people could borrow money at a low rate; † loan-bill = exchequer-bill; loan-blend, a compound word consisting of both native and foreign elements; a hybrid (see hybrid n. 2); loan capital, the part of the capital of a company or the like that is borrowed for a specified period; loan-collection, a collection of works of art, curiosities, or the like, lent by their owners for exhibition; loan-farm S. Afr., land loaned to a farmer by the government; loan-form, a form adopted by one language from another; loan-god, a god borrowed from another religion; loan-holder, one who holds debentures or other acknowledgements of a loan; a mortgagee; † loan-house = loan-office 1; loan-monger, a contemptuous name for a loan-contractor; so loan-mongering vbl. n., loan-mongery; loan-myth, a myth borrowed from a foreign mythology; loan-note, an acknowledgement of indebtedness signed by an officer of a borrowing society on its behalf; loan-place S. Afr. = loan-farm; † loan-recusant, one who refused to contribute to a loan; loan-shark orig. U.S. (see quot. 1928 and shark n.1 2); so loan-sharking n., lending money at exorbitant rates of interest; loan-shift, a change in the meaning of a word resulting from the influence of a foreign language; a word so affected; loan-society, an association of persons who pay a periodical subscription in order to form a fund from which loans may be made to members or others; loan-translation [= G. lehnübersetzung], an expression adopted by one language from another in more or less literally translated form; a calque; loan-word [= G. lehnwort], a word adopted or borrowed from another language. Also loan-money, loan-office.
1899Westm. Gaz. 22 Aug. 6/3 The customer..is informed that a *loan-account..has been opened in his name.
1743New Hampsh. Prov. Papers (1871) V. 668 The *Loan Act for emitting {pstlg}25,000 which his Majesty has condescended to approve.
1662Petty Taxes 11 If publick *loan-banks, lombards, or banks of credit..were erected. 1746Connect. Col. Rec. (1876) IX. 250 A certificate..for letting out the loan bank made by this Colony. 1872Yeats Growth Comm. 63 Loan banks lent money.
1722Lond. Gaz. No. 6078/2 The Exchequer Bills, called *Loan Bills.
1950Language XXVI. 215 *Loanblends show morphemic substitution as well as importation. 1974R. A. Hall External Hist. Romance Lang. 9 On occasion, a newly formed word may consist, in part, of a native term..and, in part, of a borrowing. The result is a loan-blend, as in Fr[ench] bar-serveuse ‘bar-maid’, with the first part of the loan-compound kept and with the second part replaced by Fr. serveuse ‘maid, waitress’.
1848Bradshaw's Railway Almanack (ed. 2) 57 The guarantee is extended to the payment of interest on {pstlg}1,000,000 (the authorized *Loan Capital) at whatever rate it may be borrowed. 1964Financial Times 31 Jan. 19/5 No share or loan capital of the Company or any of its subsidiaries has within two years preceding the date hereof been issued or is proposed to be issued for cash or otherwise.
1886Willis & Clark Cambridge III. 473 There were special *loan-chests, the borrower deposited some object of value as a pledge in the chest out of which his loan had been taken.
1895H. F. Brown Biog. J. A. Symonds I. 100 Symonds saw the first *loan collection of old masters [at Manchester].
1834Tait's Mag. I. 390/1 The vitals are eaten out of Old England by subsidies, *loan-contractors, and Jew-jobbers.
1804J. Barrow Acct. Trav. S. Afr. II. 380 The number of these *loan farms registered in the office of the receiver of the land revenue, on closing the books in 1798, were..1832. 1955J. H. Wellington S. Afr. II. iii. xiv. 208 To create a stable border farming population in the place of the cattle farmers trekking from loan farm to loan farm, land was offered to settlers on a quit-rent basis. 1966E. Palmer Plains of Camdeboo ii. 21 Probably in the 1770's the land was issued as a loan place and became the temporary property of one farmer. Loan farms were apportioned in the simplest possible way and were held at a nominal rent.
1902Amer. Anthropologist IV. 31 Penobscot nachigadonkak is a Passamaquoddy *loan-form.
1835Act 5 & 6 Will. IV, c. 23 §1 Certain Institutions for establishing *Loan funds have been..established..for the Benefit..of the Labouring Classes. 1893Duke of Argyll Unseen Foundat. Society xvi. 521 A loan-fund had been opened.
1901A. Lang Magic & Relig. ii. 15 The Theory of *Loan-Gods; or borrowed Religion.
1823Byron To Bowring 10 Oct. in Moore Lett. & Jrnls. Byron (1830) II. 693 It will be requisite for the *loan-holders to set apart..50,000l. sterling for that purpose. 1883Manch. Exam. 6 Nov. 5/1 The shareholders and loanholders would have confidence.
1622T. Scott Belg. Pismire 79 Their Lumbards, or *Loane⁓houses, are principally for the benefit of the poore.
1797in Spirit Pub. Jrnls. (1802) I. 84 *Loan-jobbers and Contractors are quarrelling who shall rob us. 1822in Cobbett Rur. Rides (1885) I. 144 Loan-jobbers, stock-jobbers, Jews.
1831T. L. Peacock Crotchet Castle i. (1887) 15 A junior partner in the eminent *loan-jobbing firm of Catchflat and Company.
1844Mill in Westm. Rev. XLI. 593 The already existing pressure upon the *loan market. 1870J. K. Medbery Men & Mysteries Wall St. 11 Its loan market holds the keys of trade.
1837Disraeli Venetia i. iv, He..turned up his nose at the Walpolian *loanmongers. 1898Spectator 8 Jan. 39 The plunder of conquered States for the benefit of the victor through the agency of the loan-monger.
1826in Cobbett Rur. Rides (1885) II. 259 Till excises and *loanmongering began, these vermin [the Quakers] were never heard of in England.
1822Examiner 419/2 This must be the case..even if *loan-mongery goes on.
1887Lang Myth. Ritual, & Relig. I. 322 Many Greek myths are ‘*loan⁓myths’.
1883Law Rep. 11 Q. Bench Div. 564 The *loan⁓notes of the Cherry Tree Building Society.
1844J. Backhouse Narr. Visit Mauritius & S. Afr. 585 A *loan place which is a place obtained from the Government, that has not yet been surveyed, is half-an-hour's walk in every direction from the house or centre. 1939J. S. Marais Cape Coloured People iv. 140 During the previous twenty years land had been granted to farmers as ‘loan places’.
1654H. L'Estrange Chas. I (1655) 75 The *Loan-Recusants appeared the only men in the peoples affections.
1905Taylor & Gibson Log of Water Wagon 41 *Loan sharks have been following the Lithia all day. 1911Collier's 4 Feb. 8/1 Mr. Ham became interested in the ‘World's’ lucrative and lengthy list of loan-shark advertisements. 1913Munsey's Mag. Nov. 218/1 In New York the loan-sharks were doing a business of twenty million dollars per annum. Ibid. 221/1 At the convention of the Legal Aid Society in Pittsburgh..the loan-shark evil was discussed. 1928Daily Tel. 5 May 9/5 It is hoped by this plan virtually to put out of business the ‘loan shark’, who exacts usurious rates of interest from the person of small means. 1972Sunday Sun (Brisbane) 27 Aug. 22/1 He was a loan-shark extortionist, and he had a very cute way of making sure customers paid up.
1970New Yorker 15 Aug. 24/1 Other illicit activities engaged in by Cosa Nostra..included..hijacking, *loan-sharking. 1971Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 10 Sept. 25/5 We are all aware that narcotics, prostitution, gambling and loansharking make up the bankroll of organized and syndicated crime.
1950Language XXVI. 220 *Loanshifts in general occur most readily when there is both phonetic and semantic resemblance between foreign and native terms. 1964Ibid. XL. 95 The problems of translators and their role in introducing neologisms and loanshifts. 1974R. A. Hall External Hist. Romance Lang. 9 French réaliser ‘to bring into existence’ has..undergone a shift of meaning to ‘become aware’, under the influence of Eng[lish] realise. Such a process of reinterpretation is known as a loan-shift, and its result as a calque.
1849N. & Q. 1st Ser. I. 5 The Lombard merchants..were the first to open *loan-shops in England.
1835Act 5 & 6 Will. IV, c. 23 An Act for the Establishment of *Loan Societies in England and Wales.
1933L. Bloomfield Lang. xxv. 456 The Slavic languages translate the term [sc. conscientia] by ‘with’ and ‘knowledge’, as in Russian [ˈso-vest] ‘conscience’. This process, called *loan-translation, involves a semantic change: the native terms or the components which are united to create native terms, evidently undergo an extension of meaning. 1958C. Rabin in Aspects of Translation 140 Loan-translation (calque)..is very common [in modern Hebrew]. We find, for example, gan yeladim ‘garden of children’, which (except for the difference in the..order of elements) reproduces G. Kindergarten even to the pl. of Kinder. 1964C. Barber Ling. Change Present-Day Eng. iv. 101 Another type of loan from a foreign language is the calque or loan-translation. 1965Ulster Dialect Archive Bull. (Ulster Folk Museum) iv. 11 Fairy lore appears in fergorta..occurring also as a loan-translation hungry-grass. 1974Verbatim Dec. 2/1 Hebrew..has a little series, mostly loan translations,..on a semantically similar pattern.
1874Sayce Compar. Philol. v. 171 *Loan-words are common to all dialects. 1900Margoliouth in Expositor Apr. 248 Isaiah's oracles were full of Aramaic loan-words.
▪ II. loan, n.2 Now only Sc. and dial.|ləʊn|
Also 4, 8–9 lone.
[See lane n.]
1. A lane, a by-road.
1362Langl. P. Pl. A. ii. 192 Lyȝere..Lurkede þorw lones [B., C. lanes]. Ibid. v. 162 Clarisse of Cokkes lone [B., C. lane]. 1785Forbes Poems Buchan dial. 33 Why fear'd he to gang up the lone, and trembled at their swords? 1809T. Donaldson Poems 94 An' down the loan he took his flight. 1868Atkinson Cleveland Gloss., Lone, loan, a lane, a narrow passage. 1894Crockett Lilac Sunbonnet 36 Maybes he's comin' up the loan this verra meenit.
2. An open uncultivated piece of ground near a farmhouse or village, on which the cows are milked.
1715Ramsay Christ's Kirk Gr. ii. xix, Milk het frae the loan. 1721― Richy & Sandy 72 Nuckle kye stand rowting in the loans. 1881W. T. Ross Poems 208 From the woods and loans An answering storm was hurled.
▪ III. † loan, n.3 Sc. Obs.
[? a. Gael. lòn.]
Provisions. Also attrib., loan-money, loan-silver, board wages.
a1578Lindesay (Pitscottie) Chron. Scot. (S.T.S.) II. 289 That thay sould be in reddynes agane the xxj day of Julij instant with fourtie dayes lone. 1639Mrq. Huntley in Spalding Troub. Chas. I (1850) I. 145 That all his Majesteis leges..be in reddiness prepairit with all diligens to repair whair and when he think fitting, vpone 48 houris aduertesement, with 15 dayis lone. a1670Spalding Ibid. 316 Ilk heretour to furnesh his prest man with 40 dayis loan. Ibid. II. 320 Ilk souldiour to haue sex schillinges ilk day, during the space of 40 dayes, of loan siluer..Togidder also with thair hyre or levie or loan money. a1836W. Robertson in W. Walker Bards Bon-Accord (1887) 606 Aft there's ease in dolefu' croon, Tho' little loan lie in the wallet.
▪ IV. loan, v. Now chiefly U.S.|ləʊn|
Forms: (? 3–4 lane(n), 6 loane, 6, 8 lone, 6– loan.
[f. loan n.1
The earliest quots. are doubtful, as they may belong to lend v.2 (a miswritten for æ); if correct, they indicate an early adoption of ON. lána of equivalent etymology.]
trans. To grant the loan of; to lend. Also with out.
c1200Vices & Virtues (1888) 77 Gif ðu him lanst ani þing of ðinen. c1205Lay. 3680 Ich þe wulle lanen of mine leode-folc fif hundred schipes. Ibid. 6247 Ic eow wulle lanen [etc.]. 1542–3Act 34 & 35 Hen. VIII, c. 2 §1 Lonyng or leying out the same for gaines in purchasing landes. c1640J. Smyth Lives Berkeleys (1883) I. 203 In yeares of dearth and Scarcity, [he] loaned to many of them..wheat and other corne out of his grayneries. 1644J. Langley Mournf. Note of Dove 20 By way of location, or loaning them out. 1729B. Fessenden in N. Eng. Hist. & Gen. Reg. (1859) XIII. 32 Gershom Tobey loans Oxen. 1740Connect. Col. Rec. (1874) VIII. 320 The remainder of the said thirty thousand pounds..shall be loaned out to particular persons. 1785Weston Rec. (Massach.) 19 Sept. (1893) 370 Said sum being Loned to the Treasurer by the Direction of the Town. 1803Fessenden Terrible Tractorat. i. (ed. 2) 3 They will not loan me, gratis, Their jingling sing⁓song apparatus. 1834J. C. Calhoun Wks. II. 328 The power to withdraw the money from the deposit, and loan it to favorite State banks. 1847O. A. Brownson Wks. V. 541 We once loaned a Protestant lady a pamphlet by an eminent Catholic divine. 1880Bonamy Price in Fraser's Mag. May 674 He receives a deposit from one man; he loans it out in part..to another. 1896N. Newnham-Davis Three Men, etc. 172 The stalls..are barrack chairs loaned for the occasion.
absol. or intr.a1325Prose Psalter xxxvi[i]. 27 The ryȝtful ys merciful..and laneþ [MS. Dubl. leneþ]. 1864in Webster. 1901N. Amer. Rev. Feb. 262 The limit..within which the executive officers..may loan to a director.
▪ V. loan
obs. form of lone a. |