| 释义 |
▪ I. lee, n.1|liː|
Forms: α. 1 hléo, 4 leȝ, leo, 4–6 le, 5 legh, 5–6 lie, 7 lay, ley, 7, 9 lea, 4– lee. β. 1 hléow, 3 leouwe, 5 lue, 8 dial. loo, 9 dial. lew.
[OE. hléo (gen. hleowes) str. neut. or masc., cognate with OFris. hli, hly, OS. hleo neut. or masc., hlea fem., shelter, ON. hlé neut., ‘lee’ in the nautical sense (Sw. lä, Da. læ):—OTeut. *hlewo-, whence *hlewjo-, *hliujo- in ON. hlý neut., shelter, warmth, hlýja to protect. The word is also found as a nautical term in Du. lij, MLG. lê (whence G. lee); the history of these forms is not clear.
The OTeut. *hlewo- has no known cognates outside Teut. The Goth. hlija tent, is prob. unconnected.
It is not necessary to suppose that the nautical use in Eng. is of Scandinavian origin, though it is not recorded in OE.: the form lee might be either from OE. or ON., but the unequivocally native forms lue, lew are found in the nautical use.]
I.
1. a. Protection, shelter, rarely pl. Also in phrases in, under (the) lee (of) both in material and immaterial senses. † Also, a resting-place.
a900Cynewulf Crist 605 Weder liþe under sweᵹles hleo. c1000Ags. Ps. cviii. 10 Þonne hi to his huse hleowes wil⁓nian. a1225Ancr. R. 368 Mid festen, mid wechchen..mid herd weriunge, herd leouwe. a1300Cursor M. 23326 Þat þai þe sorfuller sal be Þat losen folili has þat le. 13..E.E. Allit. P. C. 277 Þenne he lurkkes & laytes where watz le best. a1375Lay Folks Mass Bk. App. iv. 62 Þen most Merci..lenge wiþ vs in leo and lede. a1400Morte Arth. 1446 We lurkede undyr lee as lowrande wreches! 1513Douglas æneis vii. Prol. 79 The silly scheip and thair lytill hyrd gromis Lurkis vndir le of bankis. 1596Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. I. 55 It is a bosum of the Sey, in the ley of a hich montane conteyned. 1624Capt. Smith Virginia ii. iii. (Arb.) 446 Our quarter..was onely the open woods under the lay of a hill. 1630Tinker of Turvey, Sea-Mans T. 100 To come under the lee of wedlock. a1649Drummond of Hawthornden Cypress Grove Wks. (1711) 123 Any mariner..arriving near the shoar, would..joyfully enter the lees of a safe harbour. 1654H. L'Estrange Chas. I (1655) 96 Sheltered under the Lee of Royal favour. 1821J. W. Croker Diary (1884) 3 June, He wishes to have Peel under his lee. 1847D. G. Mitchell Fresh Gleanings (1851) 223 Cameron was thinking of Rob Roy's cave under the Lea of Ben Lomond. 1863Wise New Forest 193 The labourer still sits under the lew..of the hedge. 1873G. C. Davies Mount. & Mere xiii. 101 There he is under the lee of the opposite bank. 1901Speaker 5 Jan. 375/2 Under the lee of the Turkish guns.
b. dial. Something constructed as a shelter.
1791Pegge Derbicisms Ser. ii, Lee, shelter; a Sheep-lee, a wall on the moors for the sheep to stand under in bad weather. 1794Annals Agric. XXII. 273 (E.D.S.) Looes or frames..are fixed all round the kiln. 1887Kent Gloss. Lees, a row of trees planted to shelter a hop-garden. Ibid., Lew, a thatched hurdle, supported by sticks, and set up in a field to screen lambs, etc. from the wind.
2. a. Chiefly Naut. The sheltered side of any object; hence the side (of a ship, the land, an eminence, etc.) that is turned away from the wind. Frequent in beneath, under the lee (of).
c1400Destr. Troy 2806 Paris..Shot into ship with shene men of Armys; Lausit loupis fro the le. 1556W. Towrson in Hakluyt Voy. (1589) 99 The 12. day we saw a saile vnder our Lee. 1583Leg. Bp. St. Androis Pref. 104 He lattis his scheip tak in at luife and lie. 1590Greene Never too late (1600) 43 He that at euery gust puts to the Lee, shall neuer be good Nauigator. 1591Harington Orl. Fur. x. xvi, They bore To come within the lue of Scottish banke. 1595T. Maynarde Drake's Voy. (Hakl. Soc.) 8 Becalmed under the lee of the land. 1627Capt. Smith Seaman's Gram. xiii. 63 They are to come vnder the Lee of the Admirall to salute him. 1667Milton P.L. i. 207 The Pilot..Moors by his side under the Lee. 1720De Foe Capt. Singleton xvi. (1840) 274 We run in as much under the lee of the point as we could. 1762Falconer Shipwr. ii. 798 For rocky shores beneath our lee appear. 1814Scott Ld. of Isles i. xxiv, Beneath the Castle's sheltering lee, They staid their course in quiet sea. 1819Byron Juan ii. xlv, A tight boat will live in a rough sea, Unless with breakers close beneath her lee. 1855O. W. Holmes Poems 164 She rends the clinging sea, That flies before the roaring wind, Beneath her hissing lee. 1860Tyndall Glac. i. xxi. 146 Against..the Matterhorn the vapour was chilled and precipitated in his lee. 1881Isle of Wight Gloss., Lew, the lee side. 1884Pae Eustace 129 The lieutenant sails as smooth as a pinnace under his lee.
b. Nautical phrases. † at lee: (a) windbound; (b) under shelter. † (to bring, fall) by the lee: to leeward; also fig. † (to bring, lay, lie) upon the lee: with sails aback. on, under (the) lee: to leeward = alee.
1597J. Payne Royal Exch. 33 The ship on hull, the helme on lee. 1607Marston What You Will ii. i. Wks. 1856 I. 238 Shoot him through and through with a jest; make him lye by the lee. 1611Cotgr., Bouter vent en penne, to bring a ship vpon the Lee. a1618Raleigh Apol. 7 The Thunder..by the negligence of her Master, was at Lee in the Thames. 1630J. Taylor (Water P.) Fight at Sea Wks. iii. 34/2 They..passed from vs to lay their ships by the Lee. a1642Sir W. Monson Naval Tracts v. (1704) 507/1 The Ship lay upon the Lee; and..the Master called with the Whistle to fill the Sails. 1666Lond. Gaz. No. 59/2 An Hollands Man of War..whom she fought very bravely, and at last brought by the Lee, but had not Men enough to board her. 1667Ibid. No. 120/1 One of them..was so warmly received with a broadside, that he immediately fell by the Lee. 1692Capt. Smith's Seaman's Gram. i. xvi. 79 A Ship lies by the Lee, that is, has all her sails lying flat against the Masts and Shrouds. 1769Falconer Dict. Marine (1780) Z 3, ‘We saw a fleet under the lee’, and ‘we saw a fleet to leeward’, are synonymous expressions. 1825A. Cunningham ‘A Wet Sheet and a Flowing Sea’ i, Away the good ship flies, and leaves Old England on the lee. 1887Bowen Virg. æneid iii. 478 Yonder her nearest coast fate wills thee to leave on the lee.
†3. A sheltered position or condition; hence, calmness, peace, tranquillity. Chiefly in to leng, live, rest in (or on) lee. Also, in lithe of (or on) lee: said of the weather. Obs.
The alliterative phrases, lordings, lordship in lee, may perh. not belong to this sense.
13..Minor Poems fr. Vernon MS. (E.E.T.S.) 477/10 Þe Mon þat þenkeþ to liuen in le. 13..Gaw. & Gr. Knt. 849 To lede a lortschyp in lee of leudez ful gode. c1375Sc. Leg. Saints xxxviii. (Adrian) 416 Of þe fare nowmir for to be Of haly mene & reste in le. a1400–50Alexander 5615 He lengis in lithis & in lee to his lyues ende. c1425Wyntoun Cron. vii. x. 3620 Alysandyr..Scotland led in luwe and lé. c1460Emare 348 The wedur was lythe of le. c1470Golagros & Gaw. 341 Lordingis in le, I rede ye tent treuly to my teching. c1470Henryson Mor. Fab. xiii. (Frog & Mouse) xxii, Better but stryfe allane to leif in le. 1535Stewart Cron. Scot. (1858) II. 128 Amang thair freindis for to leve in lie. a1650Turke & Gowin 47 in Furnivall Percy Folio I. 92, I will neuer flee from noe aduenture..whilest I may liue on lee.
II. attrib. and Comb.
4. Simple attributive, passing into adj.a. Indicating that an object is on the lee-side of a vessel, or to leeward of some other object, e.g. lee-bowline, lee-division, lee-gunwale, lee-rail, lee-scupper, etc.
1513Douglas æneis v. i. 30 Himself infangis the le scheit of the saill. 1626Capt. Smith Accid. Yng. Sea-men 28 Make ready your loufe howks and ley fagnes. 1669Sturmy Mariner's Mag. i. 16 Let go the Lee-Bowling of Fore-sail, and Weather-Braces. Ibid. 18 Set in the Lee-Braces. 1726G. Roberts Four Years Voy. 291 They could help to stay her with a Lee Oar. 1748Anson's Voy. ii. iv. 163 The Commodore ordered them to bring to under his lee-quarter. 1751Smollett Per. Pic. (1779) II. lxiv. 209 He commanded the men to carry the vessel's lee-gunwale under water. 1805Log of H.M.S. Mars 21 Oct. in Nicolas Nelson's Disp. VII. 165 note, At daylight saw the Enemy's Fleet on our lee-beam. Ibid. 166 note, At 9.5 answered Victory's signal for the Mars to lead the lee division. 1823J. F. Cooper Pioneer xv. (1869) 66/2 Hauling in the slack of the lee-sheet. 1833Marryat P. Simple xii, O'Brien..told me never to mind, but to keep in the lee-scuppers. Ibid. xv, She careened over so that her lee channels were under the water. 1835― Pacha v, We descried land on the lee beam. 1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., Lee-fang, a rope rove through the cringle of a sail, for hauling in, so as to lace on a bonnet. Ibid., Lee-gunwale under, a colloquial phrase for being sorely over-pressed, by canvas or other cause. 1893F. M. Crawford Childr. King I. 9 You would rather..take the lee earing too, in any gale. 1897R. Kipling Capt. Cour. 188 She cuddled her lee⁓rail down to the crashing blue. 1913J. London Let. 20 Nov. (1966) 410 Sailing with lee-rail continually buried. 1961F. H. Burgess Dict. Sailing 132 Lee rail awash, with, heeled well over.
b. Implying motion to leeward.
1726G. Roberts Four Years Voy. 120 The Lee-Tide being made, I fell short by half a League. 1790Beatson Nav. & Mil. Mem. I. 157 The strong lee current. 1848Craig, Lee lurch, a sudden and violent roll of a ship to lee⁓ward in a high sea, when a large wave strikes her on the weather side. 1859R. H. Dana Cuba & Back i. 7 The..leisurely weather-roll and lee-roll.
5. Special combs.: lee-anchor (see quot.); lee-bow, the bow of a vessel that is turned away from the wind; hence lee-bow vb., to run under the lee bow of; fig. to take advantage of; lee-gage (see gauge 5); lee-hatch, -hitch (see quots.); lee-helm, the helm when ‘down’ (cf. down with the helm s.v. helm n.2 1 c); lee ho!, lee o! (see quots.); lee-latch, ‘dropping to leeward of the course’ (Smyth Sailor's Word-bk. 1867); lee-most a., furthest to leeward; lee-port, a sheltered port; lee wheel, ‘the assistant to the helmsman’ (Adm. Smyth). Also lee-board1, lee-shore, lee-side.
1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., *Lee-anchor, the leeward one, if under weigh; or that to leeward to which a ship, when moored, is riding.
1697W. Dampier Voy. I. 100 Some of them appeared on our Weather-bow, some on our *Lee⁓bow. 1840R. Dana Bef. Mast xxv. 83 The anchor on the lee bow had worked loose. 1893Outing (U.S.) XXII. 96/1 Hauling her close on the wind so that she would ‘lee-bow’ the tide.
1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk. s.v., Take care of the *Lee hatch, a word of caution to the helmsman, not to let the ship fall to leeward of her course.
1883Man. Seamanship for Boys' Training Ships R. Navy (Admiralty) (1886) 78 If carrying too much weather⁓helm, shift the weights further aft; if *lee-helm, further forward. 1948R. de Kerchove Internat. Maritime Dict. 407/1 A sailing craft is said to carry lee helm when the helm has to be kept alee to counteract slackness and keep it on its course. 1962A. G. Course Dict. Naut. Terms 120 Lee helm, a term used in sailing ships to indicate that the tiller is to leeward and the rudder and wheel to windward.
1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk. s.v., *Lee-hitch, the helmsman getting to leeward of the course.
1927G. Bradford Gloss. Sea Terms 99/2 *Lee ho!, a command given by English yachtsmen preparatory to bringing a boat about; same as hard a lee. 1961F. H. Burgess Dict. Sailing 133 Lee-o, the helmsman's warning to a crew before going about.
1721Bailey, *Lee-latch, (Sea Phrase) have a care of the Lee-Latch, i.e. keep the Ship near the Wind.
1622R. Hawkins Voy. S. Sea (1847) 17 The vice-admirall and her consort..were *lee-most and stern-most of all. 1804Capt. Owen in Naval Chron. XII. 132 The leemost Brigs began to get under weigh.
a1649Drummond of Hawthornden Cypress Grove Wks. (1711) 125 Lords and gods of this earth, sleeping in the *lee-port of honour.
Hence lee v. rare—1, trans., to put (the helm) a-lee. See a-lee.
1659Davenant Hist. Sir F. Drake ii. 13 The Master alowd bids, Lee the Helm, Lee!
Add:[II.] [5.] lee wave Meteorol., a standing wave generated on the leeward side of an obstacle by an airflow passing over or round it.
1955Tellus VII. 367 The stationary lee-waves produced by a big mountain often break up into turbulent..whirls or ‘rotors’ in the lower layers of the air flow. 1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. XIV. 417/2 Internal waves have been found in the atmosphere as lee waves (waves in the wind stream down-wind from a mountain) and as waves propagated along an inversion layer. 1982Barry & Chorley Atmosphere, Weather & Climate (ed. 4) ii. 94 A series of lee waves developed in the tropospheric airflow.
▪ II. lee, n.2 Obs. exc. in pl.|liː|
Forms: sing. 4 lie, 5 ley(e, lye, 7–9 lee. pl. 4–6 lyes, 5–6 lies, 6 leese, leeze, lyse, 6– lees.
[a. F. lie, Gaulish L. lia, pl. liæ (10th c.); Celtic origin has been conjectured.]
The sediment deposited in the containing vessel from wine and some other liquids.
†1. sing. Also fig. Also upon the lee, to drain to the lee. Cf. 2 d below. Obs.
1390Gower Conf. (M.) iii. 895 (I. 309) And thus fuloften have I boght The lie, And drank noght of the wyn. c1430Two Cookery-bks. 32 Whan þe ley is seþin hot, caste þe Pesyn þer-to. 1481Caxton Myrr. i. i. 6 The lye whiche is thordure abideth byneth in the bottom. 1686Plot Staffordsh. 338 Which..will both stop the fermentation and precipitate the Lee. 1700Dryden Sigism. & Guisc. 317 A man so smelling of the people's lee. 1703Art & Myst. Vintners 23 The gross Lees settle quickly, and also the flying Lee in time. 1709Lond. Gaz. No. 4512/14 For Sale,..70 Hogsheads of new..Claret upon the Lee neat. 1718Prior Henry & Emma 497 I'll mingle with the people's wretched lee. 1747Gentl. Mag. 468 This cyder..should be rack'd off once at least from its gross lee. 1813Hogg Queen's Wake 183 Sweet though the draught of pleasure be, Why should we drain it to the lee?
2. pl.
c1384Chaucer H. Fame iii. 1040 Boystes Crammed ful of lyes As euer vessel was with lyes. c1460J. Russell Bk. Nurture 115 The reboyle to Rakke to þe lies of þe rose. 1530Palsgr. 239/1 Lyse of wyne, lye. 1580Lyly Euphues (Arb.) 328 Ther is..no wine made of grapes but hath leese. 1642Fuller Holy & Prof. St. ii. xvi. 110 Wines the stronger they be the more lees they have when they are new. 1692Bentley Boyle Lect. iv. 11 Where all the heavier Lees may have time to subside. 1704Swift Mech. Operat. Spirit Misc. (1711) 302 Other Spirits are produc'd from Lees, by the Force of Fire. 1763J. Brown Poetry & Mus. vi. 119 Thespis and his Company bedaubed their Faces with the Lees of Wine. 1796H. Glasse Cookery xxv. 377 Lay them to steep in sack lees, or any white wine lees. 1830M. Donovan Dom. Econ. I. 257 The lees of wine, on distillation, afford the greatest quantity of oil. 1861H. Mayhew Lond. Labour II. 132 Composed of the scum and lees of all broths and soups. 1883Fisheries Exhib. Catal. 352 A Bottle containing Lees of Sardine Oil.
b. fig. Basest part, ‘dregs’, ‘refuse’.
1593Nashe Christs T. 30 a, Twenty thousand of these dreggy lees of Libertines. 1621S. Ward Life of Faith xiii. 116 In these Lees and Dregges of time. 1651Hobbes Leviath. (1839) 321 Pretenders to political prudence..bred for the most part in the lees of the people. 1677W. Hubbard Narrative 119 This company of Treacherous Villains, the Dregs and Lees of the Earth. 1706Estcourt Fair Examp. i. i. 11 A Man that will always smell of the Lees of the People. 1726–46Thomson Winter 480 He, too, with whom Athenian honour sunk, And left a mass of sordid lees behind. 1838Hallam Hist. Lit. (1841) I. ii. 216 Slowly purging off the lees of this extreme corruption. 1851H. Melville Whale vii. 40 My body is but the lees of my better being. 1859Kingsley Misc. I. 166 The angler..has left for his day's work only the lees of his nervous energy. 1868Milman St. Paul's ix. 220 It is impossible to work a revolution, especially a religious revolution, without stirring up the lees of human nature.
†c. construed as sing. Obs.
1605Shakes. Macb. ii. iii. 100 The Wine of Life is drawne, and the meere Lees Is left this Vault, to brag of.
d. In various phrases, chiefly fig., esp. to drain, drink the lees, (to drain, drink, etc.) to the lees, i.e. to the last drop, to the very end, (to settle) on or upon the lees.
1611Bible Isa. xxv. 6 A feast of fat things, a feast of wines on the lees. Ibid., Jer. xlviii. 11 Moab hath bene at ease from his youth, and hee hath setled on his lees, and hath not been emptied from vessell to vessell. 1612T. Taylor Comm. Titus i. 7 They may not part till they have drunk..the cup of the wrath of God to the very lees. Ibid. ii. 6 Settle the soule vpon his lees of sinnefull lusts. a1639Wotton Parallel in Reliq. (1651) 8 His Humours grew Tart, as being now in the Lees of favour. 1667Poole Dial. betw. Protest. & Papist (1735) 75 You are an obstinate Heretick, and settled upon the Lees. 1696Tate & Brady Ps. lxxv. 8 To drink the very Lees. 1780Cowper Progr. Err. 260 Are sweet philosophy's enjoyments run Quite to the lees? 1821Keats Lamia i. 143 She felt the warmth..And, like new flowers at morning song of bees, Bloomed, and gave up her honey to the lees. 1842Tennyson Ulysses 7, I will drink Life to the lees. 1847Disraeli Tancred ii. i, This Parliament will last; it will go on to the lees. 1855Milman Lat. Chr. iv. ii. (1864) II. 206 They were doomed to drink the lees of humiliation. 1856G. H. Boker Poems (1857) II. 80 I'll drain the bitter to the very lees. 1868J. H. Blunt Ref. Ch. Eng. I. 41 The people at large were content to settle down on their lees. 1871Pusey Lenten Serm. vii. (1883) 141 We reverse the Apostle's rule, rest on our lees, remember ‘the things which are behind’, and forget ‘those which are before’.
e. attrib.
1706Art of Painting (1744) 107 Leonardo's carnations have too much of the lees-colour in them.
▪ III. † lee, a. Obs.
Also 5–6 le, 6–8 lee. Cf. lew a.
[f. lee n.1]
Sheltered from the wind.
c1400Destr. Troy 4675 Þai..logget hom to lenge in þat le hauyn. c1450Holland Howlat 18 The land lowne was and le, with lyking and luf. c1470Henryson Mor. Fab. vii. (Lion & Mouse) xxxviii, The fair forest with leuis lowne and le. 1513Douglas æneis x. iv. 121 The famy stour of stremis le Vp weltis from the braid palmis of tre. 1674Ray S. & E. C. Words 70 Lee or Lew, Calm, under the wind. Suss.
¶ The ballad phrase in quot. below may possibly contain this word, used vaguely for ‘pleasant’.
a1800Sweet Willie & Faire Annie xxxv. in Child Ballads (1885) II. 189 He is on to Annie's bower By the lei light o the moon. [1875J. Veitch Tweed 81 Exploits by lee light of the moon.]
▪ IV. lee
see le, lie, lye. |