| 释义 |
Japanese, a. and n.|dʒæpəˈniːz|
[f. Japan + -ese: in F. Japonnais, Sp. Japonés, etc.]
A. adj.
a. Of or pertaining to Japan.
[1588R. Parke tr. Mendoza's Hist. China 375 There is no nation so abhorred of the Chinos as is the Iapones.] 1719De Foe Crusoe ii. xiii, Japanese merchants. 1769Falconer Dict. Marine (1789), Fayfena, a sort of Japonese galley. 1860Mrs. Carlyle Lett. III. 72 The Japanese trays are for the new drawing-room. 1884Pall Mall G. 4 July 4/2 What more picturesque than the Japanese umbrellas?
b. Special collocations: Japanese anemone = Japan anemone; Japanese ape = Japanese monkey; Japanese artichoke = Chinese artichoke; Japanese beetle, a scarabæid beetle, Popillia japonica, which has become a pest of foliage and grasses in eastern North America; Japanese camphor = Japan camphor; Japanese cedar = Cryptomeria; Japanese cherry, an ornamental flowering tree belonging to a variety or hybrid of several species of Prunus native to Japan; Japanese current = Kuroshiwo; Japanese flower, a piece of coloured paper which unfolds like a flower when placed in water; Japanese garden, a garden in which clipped shrubs, water, bridges, rocks, stepping-stones, raked gravel, stone lanterns, etc., are used in a formal design, without masses of bright colour; Japanese gold thread (see quot. 1880); Japanese iris, a variety of Iris kæmpferi or I. lævigata; Japanese lantern = Chinese-lantern (see Chinese a. 2); Japanese larch, Larix leptolepis, which was introduced to Britain in 1861; Japanese lily = Japan lily; Japanese macaque = Japanese monkey; Japanese maple, a variety of Acer palmatum or A. japonicum, cultivated esp. for its decorative foliage; Japanese medlar = loquat; Japanese monkey, a large monkey, Macaca fuscata, which is native to Japan; Japanese pagoda tree, Sophora japonica, the scholar tree; Japanese paper, paper made by hand, originally and chiefly in Japan, from the bark of the mulberry-tree; Japanese pepper (see pepper n. 3); Japanese print, a coloured print made in Japan from a wood-block; Japanese quince = Japonica; Japanese rose, any of several species of Rosa native to Japan, esp. R. rugosa; Japanese screen, an embroidered screen made in Japan; Japanese silk = Jap silk; Japanese spaniel, a breed of small, black-and-white or brown-and-white, long-coated dog; Japanese stitch (see quot. 1880); Japanese tissue (paper), a type of strong thin transparent paper; Japanese vellum (see quot. 1923); Japanese waltzing mouse, a mutant of Mus musculus bactrianus, a house mouse native to Central and Eastern Asia; also Japanese waltzer; Japanese wax, a yellow wax obtained from the berries of certain plants of the genus Rhus; Japanese wolf, Canis lupus hodophylax, a subspecies of the common wolf.
c1908E. J. Cook Century Bk. Gardening 71/1 The Japanese Anemone..was originally seen only in its pink-blossomed form. 1913C. Mackenzie Sinister St. I. i. vi. 87 All along the paths were masses of flowers, phloxes and early Michaelmas daisies and Japanese anemones. 1969H. R. Fletcher Story R. Hort. Soc. x. 151 All the ‘Japanese anemones’..are now grouped under the hybrid name of A. x elegans.
1883List Animals (Zool. Soc.) (ed. 8) 22 Macacus speciosus... Japanese Ape. 1966R. & D. Morris Men & Apes i. 18 The famous three wise monkeys, See-no-evil, Hear-no-evil, and Speak-no-evil..are based on the Japanese ape (Macaca fuscata), a delightful monkey with a short, stumpy tail and a bright pink face that flushes scarlet when the animal is sexually active.
1905tr. Vegetable Garden (Vilmorin-Andrieux et Cie) 671 Chinese or Japanese Artichoke... These rhizomes..are white, watery and tender. 1970Simon & Howe Dict. Gastron. 40/2 Artichokes, Japanese or Chinese. These are small tubers which one writer describes as looking like ‘petrified worms’.
1919Rev. Appl. Entomol. A. VII. 101 Eradication work in connection with a Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica) has been systematically undertaken. 1922Jrnl. Econ. Entomol. XV. 303 An efficient contact spray will no doubt have considerable application in the control of the Japanese beetle at this time. 1936Discovery XVII. 36/1 The Japanese Beetle (Popillia japonica)..accidentally introduced into America in the larval stage in a shipment of Japanese iris in 1916, has now invaded the eastern coastal states. 1972Swan & Papp Common Insects N. Amer. xx. 431 The Asiatic Garden Beetle..is similar in habits to the Japanese beetle..but it flies only at night.
1727J. G. Scheuchzer tr. Kæmpfer's Hist. Japan I. 179 Japanese boil'd Camphire may be had for one single Catti of the true Bornean Camphire. Ibid., The Japanese Camphire-tree. 1880Encycl. Brit. XIII. 574/2 Cryptomeria (Japanese cedar). 1954New Biol. XVI. 97 The Japanese Cedar or Sugi, a tree found in China and Japan and, in the latter country, an important and abundant timber tree.
1901L. H. Bailey Cycl. Amer. Hort. III. 1452/2 Japanese Flowering Cherry. 1913W. P. Wright Garden Trees & Shrubs xxvi. 215 The double Japanese Cherries..have beautiful rosy flowers. 1925Jrnl. R. Hort. Soc. L. 73 (title) Notes on Japanese cherries. 1951Dict. Gardening (R. Hort. Soc.) II. 1085/2 It is only comparatively recently that the Japanese Cherries have been widely planted. 1972G. Chadbund Flowering Cherries i. 16 As far as we know none of the upright garden varieties of Japanese cherries were introduced into the western world until 1894.
1926Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 16 Jan. 1/3 Similar conditions..gave rise to the belief that the Japanese current had changed its course. 1972Islander (Victoria, B.C.) 26 Mar. 16/1 The fickle Japanese current which sweeps in a circular motion across the Pacific.
1917N. Douglas South Wind xxii. 271 Those Japanese flowers..those paper flowers, I mean, which we used to put in our finger-bowls... They look like shrivelled specks of cardboard. But in the water they begin..to unfold themselves into unexpected patterns of flowers of all colours. 1968D. Hopkinson Incense-Tree iv. 42 A Japanese flower in a glass of water slowly uncurling to reveal its coloured pattern.
1863R. Alcock Capital of Tycoon i. iv. 103 We..gained a fine suite of apartments looking on to as beautiful a specimen of Japanese garden..as can well be conceived. 1902C. H. Townsend in G. Brown European & Japanese Gardens 162 The composition of the Japanese garden depends chiefly upon the arrangement of its trees, boulders, paths, streams, bridges and other artificial structures. It is, least of all, a flower garden, and is probably best understood when regarded as a reduced copy of the scenery of a country—conveying the impression produced by a picture. 1912Mrs. B. Taylor Japanese Gardens iv. 53 Seldom does a Japanese garden lack water, or the appearance of water, in its scenery. 1920W. J. Locke House of Baltazar i. 13 The Japanese garden with its pond of great water-lilies and fairy bridge across. 1957M. G. Sims tr. Yoshida's Gardens of Japan i. 7 Much in the Japanese garden is merely symbolical of nature. Ibid. 9 The Japanese garden is monochrome, the European polychrome. 1971S. Eliovson Gardening the Japanese Way 26 Another misconception is that Japanese gardens are composed only of sand and stone. 1972T. Ito (title) The Japanese garden—an approach to nature.
1880L. Higgin Handbk. Embroidery i. 8 ‘Japanese gold thread’, which has the advantage of never tarnishing, is..made of gilt paper twisted round cotton thread. 1883W. Robinson Eng. Flower Garden 155/2 I [ris] Kæmpferi (Japanese Iris). The large number of varieties in cultivation under this name have sprung from I. lævigata and I. setosa. 1900L. H. Bailey Cycl. Amer. Hort. II. 822/1 There are few handsomer flowers than good forms of the white Japanese Iris. 1936Discovery XVII. 86/2 An iris garden with special emphasis on Japanese Iris.
1895Brit. Warehouseman Feb. 26/1 Japanese lanterns and Kakemonos (wall-pictures) are shown. 1901Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 2 Oct. 10/2 There, added to the the effect of the bunting drapings and clusters of flags, three long strings of Japanese lanterns stretch from the roof. 1966G. Baxt Queer Kind of Death (1967) xii. 174 The garden will be festooned with Japanese lanterns.
1861Gardeners' Chron. 12 Jan. 23/1 The Japanese larch, A[bies] leptolepis of Zuccarini, is represented with cones four times larger than those sent home by Mr. Veitch. 1914W. J. Bean Trees & Shrubs Hardy in Brit. Isles II. 8 The Japanese larch has been almost, although not wholly, immune from the attacks of larch canker. 1957M. Hadfield Brit. Trees 46 In Britain the European and Japanese larches have been planted extensively.
1870J. C. Patteson Let. 21 Dec. in C. M. Yonge Life J. C. Patteson (1874) II. xii. 488, I have such Japanese lilies making ready to put forth their splendours. 1943R. Godden Rungli-Rungliot 45 What else is there in the garden? Wild coffee flowers, roses, Japanese lilies.
1894H. O. Forbes Hand-bk. Primates II. 14 Nothing is known of the habits of the Japanese Macaque. 1967J. R. & P. H. Napier Handbk. Living Primates 405 Japanese macaque. Yellowish-brown shaggy fur.
1898W. Robinson English Flower Garden (ed. 6) 379/1 The varieties of the Japanese Maple (A. palmatum) and its numerous forms..have been found of much interest for the garden. 1904Jrnl. R. Hort. Soc. XXIX. 328 The popularly known ‘Japanese Maples’ are varieties of the two species Acer palmatum and Acer japonicum. 1973C. Lloyd Foliage Plants x. 172 The beautiful but slow growing Japanese maple of the golden foliage is the corner piece at the back.
1866Lindley & Moore Treas. Bot. I. 462/1 The Loquat, or Japanese Medlar..is a native of Japan and the southern parts of China. 1950G. Brenan Face of Spain iv. 80 The Japanese medlars with their fish-shaped leaves and thick snake-like branches. 1972A. F. Simmons Growing Unusual Fruit 179 It [sc. the loquat] arrived in the Mediterranean area in the nineteenth century, under the name of the Japanese medlar.
1872Proc. Zool. Soc. 780 (heading) Observations on the Macaques.—IV. The Japanese Monkey. 1932S. Zuckerman Social Life Monkeys xix. 310 The Japanese monkeys are confined together. 1961–2Primates (Inuyama, Japan) III. ii. 3 The Japanese monkey is an endemic species which usually inhabits the thick forests of the mountains which cover the greater part of the Japanese Islands.
1924L. H. Bailey Man. Cultivated Plants 413 Japanese Pagoda-Tree. Round-headed deciduous tree attaining 60 ft., with spreading branches. 1973Times 20 Feb. 16/3 The 152-year-old scholar tree, or Japanese pagoda tree, at Oxford University Botanic Garden is being felled because it is dying.
1727J. G. Scheuchzer tr. Kæmpfer's Hist. Japan II. App. ii. 25 The Japanese paper is very tight and strong, and will bear being twisted into ropes. 1822F. Shoberl tr. Titsingh's Illustr. Japan ii. 319 Two hundred and thirty-four different flowers, painted with great truth on thin Japanese paper. 1877Trans. Asiatic Soc. Japan V. 77 The kites are constructed of Japanese paper which is both thin and strong. 1905F. H. Collins Author & Printer 190/2 Japanese paper, hand-made in Japan with vellum surface. Used for proofs of etchings and engravings. 1958J. R. Biggs Woodcuts 90 The best Japanese papers are made from the fibres of the mulberry tree. a1963S. Plath Ariel (1965) 59 My head a moon Of Japanese paper.
1861R. Bentley Man. Bot. ii. 503 The fruit of X[anthoxylum] piperitum is employed by the Chinese and Japanese as a condiment... It is commonly termed in commerce, Japanese Pepper. 1972Y. Lovelock Vegetable Bk. iii. 344 The most important among these [members of the genus Zanthoxylum] include Chinese pepper (Z. bungei) and Japanese pepper (Z. aromaticum).
c1895A. Beardsley Lett. (1971) 98 All the books I have left behind are at your disposal. Also a set of erotic Japanese prints. a1922T. S. Eliot Waste Land Drafts (1971) 33 line 140 A touch of art is given by the false Japanese print, purchased in Oxford Street. 1972Country Life 5 Oct. 805/1 William Burges was collecting Japanese prints in the 1850s.
1900L. H. Bailey Cycl. Amer. Hort. I. 427/1 Rarer kinds..are grafted in the greenhouse in early spring, on stock of the Japanese or common Quince. 1972A. F. Simmons Growing Unusual Fruit 152 A species known often as Cydonia sinensis and classed with the Japanese quince or japonica..does not, however, belong to the same genus.
1883W. Robinson Eng. Flower Garden 244/1 The palm for hardiness and decorativeness in exposed situations must be given to another Japanese Rose (Rosa rugosa). 1922T. G. W. Henslow Rose Encycl. xiv. 176 The Japanese Rose (R. Rugosa). These roses are gaining in popularity every day. 1956B. Park Collins Guide to Roses xi. 196 R[osa] rugosa. The Ramanas Rose. The Japanese Rose. The typical form has deep purplish-pink single flowers.
1872D. G. Rossetti Let. 18 Dec. (1967) III. 1108 If you could look in at Hewitt's one day, would you see what Japanese screens he has, and what he wants for them? 1881C. C. Harrison Woman's Handiwork iii. 151 A Japanese screen in the house is a liberal education to the follower of art-needlework. 1935C. Isherwood Mr. Norris changes Trains xv. 254 In addition to the etchings and the Japanese screen, Arthur gave her three flasks of perfume. 1973Country Life 22 Nov. 1691 A few delectable painted Japanese screens..averaged about {pstlg}750 each.
1873Young Englishwoman May 258 How to clean a white Japanese silk, which has got soiled in the wearing. 1895Montgomery Ward Catal. 79/3 Ladies' Japanese Silk Chemisette.
[1863R. Alcock Capital of Tycoon I. xv. 309 First I am to find a pair of well-bred Japanese dogs, ‘with eyes like saucers, no nose, the tongue hanging out at the side, too large for the mouth, and white and tan if possible’.] 1880H. Dalziel Brit. Dogs iii. 444 At the New York Dog Show..they [sc. Japanese pugs] were classed as Japanese spaniels. 1894R. B. Lee Hist. & Descr. Mod. Dogs Gt. Brit. & Ireland (Non-Sporting Division) xiii. 302 These little dogs are now called and identified as Japanese spaniels because they are supposed to have originally been brought from Japan. 1948C. L. B. Hubbard Dogs in Brit. 253 The native Japanese spaniel is quite distinct from the Pekingese of China. 1971F. Hamilton World Encycl. Dogs 524 One such rarity is what is known in its country of origin, Japan, as the Chin; in Britain as the Japanese; and in the Americas as the Japanese Spaniel.
1880L. Higgin Handbk. Embroidery v. 51 Japanese Stitch is a modification of stem..taking very long stitches, and then bringing the needle back to within a short distance of the first starting-place. 1900Knowledge 1 Dec. 285/1 Japanese tissue paper used by dentists. 1936Discovery May 157/2 Paste a good quality Japanese tissue on to both sides of the document.
1888C. T. Jacobi Printers' Vocab. 68 Japanese vellum paper, thick handmade paper with a vellum surface manufactured in Japan. 1923H. A. Maddox Dict. Stationery 41 Japanese Vellum, a stout toned printing or cover paper with smooth surface and of exceptional strength made from long Japanese fibre by natural methods. 1952J. Carter ABC for Bk.-Collectors 109 Japanese vellum is a very costly paper, hand-made in Japan from the inner bark of the mulberry tree.
1902Biometrika II. 101 (title) Note on the results of crossing Japanese waltzing mice with European albino races. 1904[see waltzer b]. 1943H. Grüneberg Genetics Mouse iv. 50 Most stocks of Japanese waltzing mice are homozygous for it [sc. the gene for ‘recessive’ or piebald spotting]. Ibid. 85 Japanese waltzers differ slightly, but significantly, from albino mice in their temperature of choice. 1964G. Durrell Menagerie Manor vii. 141 Rich people who do nothing all day long but revolve from one cocktail party to another, like a set of Japanese waltzing mice.
1859L. Oliphant Narr. Earl of Elgin's Mission China & Japan II. 257 Hitherto the most successful cargo brought to this country from Japan has been one of Japanese wax. Mr. Simmonds..gives the following account of Japan wax:—‘Rhus succedanea, the species which furnishes the Japan wax, has long been grown in our greenhouses, having been introduced from China nearly a century ago.’ 1951Japanese wax [see Heneicosane].
1878Proc. Zool. Soc. 788 Judging from the present specimen the Japanese Wolf, although nearly allied to Canis lupus, would seem to be a distinct species, to be recognized by its smaller size and shorter legs. 1968R. & A. Fiennes Nat. Hist. Dog 160 Japanese wolves are very like the common northern wolves, but they are smaller.
B. absol., or as n.
1. A native of Japan.
Formerly as true n. with pl. in -es; now only as adj. used absol. and unchanged for pl.: a Japanese, two Japanese, the Japanese.
1604E. G[rimstone] D'Acosta's Hist. Indies v. xxv. 401 A Iapponois reported this after hee was christened. 1613R. Cocks in J. Saris Japan (Hakl. Soc.) 151 The King made Proclamation that no Iapenese should receiue any of our people into their houses. 1665Sir T. Roe's Voy. E. Ind. in G. Havers P. della Vale's Trav. E. Indies 375, I have taken special notice of divers Chinesaas and Japanesaas there. 1693Sir T. P. Blount Nat. Hist. 105 The Iapponeses prepare [tea]..quite otherwise than is done in Europe. 1707Psalmanazar (title) Dialogue between a Japanese and a Formosan. 1839Penny Cycl. XIII. 93/2 All travellers who have been acquainted with both nations prefer the Japanese to the Chinese.
2. The Japanese language.
1828in Webster. 1861Hoffmann (title) Shopping⁓dialogues in Dutch, English, and Japanese. 1880Max Müller Ess. (1881) II. 338 A Chinese vocabulary with Sanskrit equivalents and a transliteration in Japanese. |