| 释义 |
interference|ɪntəˈfɪərəns|
[irreg. f. prec. vb. + -ence, after derivatives of L. ferre, e.g. difference. Cf. mod.F. interférence.]
1. a. The action or fact of interfering or intermeddling (with a person, etc., or in some action).
1783Burke 9th Rep. Aff. India i. Wks. XI. 26 The interference of government was introduced by this act in two ways. 1804W. Tennant Ind. Recreat. (ed. 2) II. 247 This tax..with the collection of which the British have avoided all interference..is farmed out. 1874Green Short Hist. vi. §4. 305 England..withdrew from any active interference in the struggles of the Continent.
b. Chess. Obstruction of the line of action of one piece by another. Also attrib.
1913A. C. White Sam Loyd 303 There are many forms of interference play which have nothing to do with avoiding stalemate... But interference has a far wider scope than the cutting off of one White man by another. 1926H. Weenink Chess Probl. 39 In both problems there is mutual interference of the black Rook and Bishop. 1931G. Hume in A. C. White Probl. by my Friends 210 By forgoing the interference of the Black Bishop with the Black Pawn, a second flight-square has been obtained. 1947T. R. Dawson Caïssa's Fairy Tales 7/2 Rc4, which is Black interference permitting 2 Sb6 mate... The interference and pin ideas create nice new task record objectives. 1963J. Bochkor tr. Bán's Tactics of End-Games ii. 115/2 We can also make use of line interference by sparing a hostile piece that is closing a line and is thus harmful to its own camp.
c. U.S. Football. (a) The act of interposing between a runner and a tackler to obstruct the latter; (b) see quot. 1895; (c) a player or players who obstruct the tackler or tacklers. Baseball. The act of obstructing a runner between two bases.
1894Outing (U.S.) XXIV. 112/2 The special feature of American Rugby arises from the principle of interference to aid the man running with the ball. 1895G. J. Manson Sporting Dict. 61 Interference, using the hands or arms in any way to obstruct or hold a player who has got the ball. 1920W. Camp Football without a Coach 59 To amount to anything at all interference must be perfectly timed... On a play between tackle and guard..the interference must reach that point prepared to take care of the tackle, the guard and even the backfield men, too. 1922D. Canfield Rough-Hewn xxvi. 241 Where was the ball? Sometimes it came straight through and the next minute on the same formation swung outside—and Neale uselessly buried under the interference. 1927H. G. Salsinger in Secrets of Baseball 147 Interference plays, too, are scored as they probably have been made. 1969Official Playing Rules Nat. & Amer. Football Leagues 68 Interlocked interference means the grasping of one and another by, or encircling body to any degree with, hands or arms by offensive players.
d. Sexual assault or molestation.
1968M. Culpan Vasiliko Affair v. 63 You'll get the pathologist to examine the body. But I'd say no interference. 1972J. Symons Bloody Murder xii. 160 Before the War..the rape would have been mentioned delicately. ‘Any sign of—interference?’ 1973‘D. Shannon’ No Holiday for Crime (1974) ii. 27 Not raped, for ninety-nine per cent sure—no interference.
2. Physics. The mutual action of two waves or systems of waves, in reinforcing or neutralizing each other, when their paths meet or cross.
Orig. introduced to designate phenomena observed in the mutual action of two rays of light, before the establishment of the undulatory theory; subsequently extended to sound-waves, the undulations on the surface of water, etc.
[1802T. Young in Phil. Trans. 388 It occurred to me, that their cause must be sought in the interference of two portions of light.] 1830Herschel Stud. Nat. Phil. 260 This principle, which is known in optics by the name of the interference of the rays of light. 1831Brewster Optics xv. §84. 135 The doctrine of interference is in complete accordance with the theory of undulation. 1834M. Somerville Connex. Phys. Sc. xxv. (1849) 264 Darkness results from the interference of two undulations of light. 1873W. Lees Acoustics i. iii. 28 The sound-waves proceeding from the prongs of the fork neutralizing each other—an effect known as interference.
3. The action of interfering (of a horse): see interfere v. 1.
In mod. Dicts.
4. U.S. The conflict of claims arising when two applications are made for a similar patent.
attrib.1888Scribner's Mag. Aug. 190/2 An application for a patent which, after an interference litigation with Edison, was finally issued to Maxim.
5. Various scientific and technical senses.
a. Broadcasting and Telecommunications. Disturbance of the transmission or reception of signals by the intrusion of extraneous signals; hence, signals collectively or radiation which causes such disturbance, or the effects by which it is perceived (e.g. unwanted sounds in radio reception).
1887Electrician 7 Oct. 462/1 Strong signals were received on the copper [telephone] wires, although they were completely isolated from any possible interference. 1888Operator & Electr. World XII. 140 (heading) Dynamo current interference with telephone systems and means of relief. 1899Electrician 17 Nov. 106/2 Before beginning the experiments, Mr. Marconi wrote to the Commission stating that he had an instrument which would render interference practically impossible. 1902Windsor Mag. May 720/2 Two messages were sent, one in English and one in French. Both were received at the same time on the same wire at Poole..without the least interference. 1926Encycl. Brit. I. 459/1 The atmosphere is nearly always filled with vagrant radio waves which enter the receiving set, producing noises called ‘interference’. 1932R. W. Hallows Finding Foreign Stations xiv. 113 Other kinds of apparatus which are apt to radiate interference are refrigerators..and flashing signs. 1943A. L. Albert Fund. Telephony xiii. 314 When two or more telephone circuits parallel each other, electric energy may be transferred from one to the other, causing..inductive interference. 1962J. H. & P. J. Reyner Radio Communication viii. 311 The interference is conducted by the mains..to the point where the receiver is located. 1964R. F. Ficchi Electr. Interference ii. 9 Interference is an electrical disturbance created by equipment in one part of a system which is carried into equipment in another part of the system, causing malfunctioning of the latter part. 1966B.B.C. Handbk. 133 On the television screen the interference is seen as patterns of lines, white flashes or bands of light. 1967E. L. Gruenberg Handbk. Telemetry & Remote Control xi. 11 Some of the remedies for interference are the use of shielded line between signal source and input section of the data-acquisition equipment, [etc.].
b. Engin. (i) The collision of the tips of the teeth of one gear-wheel with the flanks of those of the mating wheel which occurs if the teeth are not cut to a suitable profile.
1914A. E. Ingham Gearing i. 32 If, however, pinions having a low number of teeth are constructed, they are much more undercut below the base line than is consistent with strength or with tooth contact. This ‘undercut’ or ‘interference’ is clearly shown in Fig. 11. 1926Bradford & Eaton Machine Design viii. 149 Contact will have taken place between the tip of the driven tooth and the radial flank of the driving-gear tooth. Since the latter is not the conjugate involute of the former the two curves will not run together and interference takes place. 1948Parkinson & Dawney Gears iv. 39 (1) Involute interference..is avoided by making the whole working profile of involute form, (2) tip interference.. is avoided by making the diameter of the spur pinion a sufficient amount smaller than that of the internal gear. 1966G. W. Michalec Precision Gearing xi. 591 It is important to avoid even the most isolated interference points because they cause wear that results in rapid degradation of precision quality.
(ii) The amount by which the external dimension of a part exceeds the internal dimension of the part into which it has to fit.
[1919: see interference fit below.] 1930L. S. Marks Mech. Engineers' Handbk. (ed. 3) 896 In Table 47 is given a summary of the allowances, allowances plus tolerance, and average interferences for the various classes of fits, as recommended tentatively by the A.S.A. Interference here denotes negative allowance. 1950T. Nuttall Nat. Cert. Workshop Technol. xv. 124 The force required to pass in the shaft will be much greater with the maximum interference; for this reason the modern tendency is to specify very close limits for both hole and shaft when interference fits are required. 1969M. Haslehurst Manuf. Technol. xiii. 320 This gives a maximum interference of 0·056 mm and a minimum interference of 0·025 mm.
c. Genetics. The action of one cross-over in reducing or increasing (orig. only reducing) the chance of a second cross-over occurring along the same chromosome, the effect being generally proportional to distance.
1916H. J. Muller in Amer. Naturalist L. 288 In a sense, then, the occurrence of one crossing-over interferes with the coincident occurrence of another crossing-over in the same pair of chromosomes, and I have accordingly termed this phenomenon ‘interference’. 1969G. W. Burns Sci. Genetics vii. 115 Interference appears to be unequal in different parts of a chromosome... In general, interference appears to be greatest near the centromere and at the ends of a chromosome.
d. Aeronaut. (See quot. 1940.)
1932Gloss. Aeronaut. Terms (B.S.I.) (Proofs) iii. 3 Interference, the aerodynamic influence of two or more bodies on one another. 1940Chambers's Techn. Dict. 452/2 Interference, the aerodynamic influence of one body upon another. Usually, the head resistance, or drag, of two bodies placed close together will be greater than the total of their separate drags, because of interference.
e. Biol. and Med. The action of a virus of one kind in inhibiting a virus of another kind in the same host.
1937Jrnl. Path. & Bacteriol. XLIV. 420 In plant viruses the phenomenon of interference is only seen in connection with those viruses that are generically related. 1970Passmore & Robson Compan. Med. Stud. II. xviii. 108/2 If the viruses are inoculated at different times, the second may not replicate. This is known as interference.
f. Philol. (See quot. 1953.) Also attrib.
1940Language XVI. iii. 219 Thus, in describing the difficulty of pronouncing foreign sounds (5), there is no mention of the interference of the speaker's native phonemic habits. 1953U. Weinreich Lang. in Contact i. 1 Those instances of deviation from the norms of either language which occur in the speech of bilinguals as a result of their familiarity with more than one language..will be referred to as interference phenomena. Ibid. 11 In speech, interference is like sand carried by a stream; in language, it is the sedimented sand deposited on the bottom of a lake. 1962W. F. Mackey in J. A. Fishman Readings Sociol. of Lang. (1968) 569 The foregoing characteristics of degree, function, and alternation determine the interference of one language with another in the speech of bilinguals. Interference is the use of features belonging to one language while speaking or writing another. Ibid. 570 In the speech of bilinguals the pattern and amount of interference is not the same at all times and under all circumstances... Interference also varies with the style of discourse used—descriptive, narrative, conversational, etc. 1964E. Palmer tr. Martinet's Elem. Gen. Ling. v. 160 Interference..may have the result of increasing the range of phoneme variation. 1965Amer. Speech XL. 63 Galinsky deals less with regular interference phenomena than with occasional borrowings of language-conscious individuals. 1972J. L. Dillard Black English i. 36 Interference is the term for the influence of one's native language on a language acquired later.
6. attrib. or Comb., as (chiefly senses 2 and 5) interference pattern; interference figure, the figure produced when a section of crystal, appropriately cut, is viewed in converging polarized light; interference fit Engin., a fit between two mating parts for which, within the specified tolerances, there is always an interference between them; interference-free a., not causing or not affected by interference; interference fringe, one of a series of alternate light and dark bands produced by a diffraction-grating (fringe 2 g); † interference preventer, an apparatus for reducing interference at a radio receiver; interference spectrum, the spectrum produced by a diffraction-grating (diffraction 1); so interference colour, interference phenomena, interference screen, etc.; interference suppressor, an electrical device designed to prevent or reduce the production of interference by the apparatus to which it is fitted.
1879O. N. Rood Chromatics iv. 50 Colours produced in this way are called ‘*interference colours’.
1881Nature No. 622. 515 The well-known *interference extinction of undulation evolving precisely-formed rings of darkness.
1919Engineer 23 May 511/2 The following three classes of fit would be needed, i.e., running fits, transition fits, and *interference fits. 1973A. Parrish Mech. Engineer's Ref. Bk. vii. 31 The magnitude of the interference fit will depend upon the conditions required, i.e. axial, torsional or radial holding ability.
1950Engineering 3 Feb. 140/2 A range of waterproofed and *interference-free [electrical] components is being produced. 1965B.B.C. Handbk. 49 Reception in the overcrowded medium- and long-wave bands continues to be difficult in many areas, in marked contrast to the interference-free reception which VHF can provide.
1933Discovery May 151/2 As a typical example, I need only mention the *interference patterns which appear when light from one source can travel to a screen along two different paths. 1973Nature 12 Oct. 297/1 The only consistent difference between cross-over and non⁓cross-over events, apart from the presence or absence of an exchange of homologous segments of chromatids, is in their interference pattern.
1905*Interference preventer [see atmospherics n. pl.]. 1914R. Stanley Text-bk. Wireless Telegr. xix. 292 Marconi patented an interference preventer which involved the use of two aerials and a rotating machine.
1890Anthony's Photogr. Bull. III. 368 An apparatus for holding an *interference screen.
1860Tyndall Glac. i. xi. 76 The sun..surrounded by a glory of *interference spectra.
1951Gloss. Terms Plastics Industry (B.S.I.) 41 *Interference suppressor. 1966B.B.C. Handbk. 133 It has for some years been compulsory for all new vehicles and stationary engines using spark ignition to have interference suppressors fitted. |