| 释义 |
inertial, a.|ɪˈnɜːʃɪəl|
[f. prec. + -al1.]
1. a. Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of inertia.
1849Fraser's Mag. XL. 609 A weight of inertial resistance.
b. Applied to a frame of reference in which Newton's first law of motion holds, i.e. a frame in which a body continues in a state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless that state is altered by an external force.
1887Mind Jan. 151 The subsidiary conceptions which he puts forward of ‘the inertial system, the inertial scale, inertial rotation, and inertial rest’. 1914L. Silberstein Theory of Relativity i. 5 The ‘fixed-stars’ system of reference... We will call [this]..following the modern habit, the inertial system, or sometimes, also, the Newtonian system of reference. 1918A. S. Eddington Rep. Relativity Theory Gravitation viii. 83 The measurement of the rotation of the earth detects something of the nature of a fundamental frame of reference—at least in the part of space accessible to observation. We shall call this the ‘inertial frame’. 1924Physical Rev. XXIII. 543 Lange and Mach have done much to spread a relative conception of motion. Lange introduced the name ‘inertial system’. 1952C. Møller Theory of Relativity ii. 36 The concept of simultaneity between two events in different space points consequently has an exact meaning only in relation to a given inertial system. 1953E. T. Whittaker Hist. Theories Aether & Electr. II. v. 159 In Einstein's general theory, the velocity of light at any place has always the value c with respect to any inertial frame of reference for this neighbourhood. 1959J. Aharoni Special Theory Relativity i. 3 Let K be an inertial frame of reference, then, according to the principle of relativity, in every set of axes x′, y′, z′ which moves along a straight line and with constant velocity relative to K it is equally possible to adjust the clocks as in K, and all the frames of reference so obtained are inertial and are completely equivalent to each other not only with respect to the law of inertia, but also with respect to any other law or physical relation. 1970Nature 17 Oct. 273/1 The experimental observation, by Michelson and Morley and others, of the isotropic constant velocity of light in inertial frames.
2. Special collocations: inertial guidance, (automatic) control of the course of a vehicle or vessel by a system employing the principle of inertial navigation; inertial mass, mass as measured by the ratio of the force on a body to the resulting rate of change of its momentum; cf. gravitational mass; inertial navigation, navigation in which the course of a vehicle or vessel is calculated automatically by a computer, without the need for external observations or equipment, from its acceleration at each successive moment, this being measured by accelerometers whose orientation is gyroscopically controlled; inertial system, (a) (see sense b above); (b) a system for carrying out inertial guidance.
1955Aviation Age Jan. 28 (heading) Dependable *inertial guidance systems can be found. 1956Time 30 Jan. 40/1 One [guiding system]..is ‘inertial guidance’. Its heart is a subtle instrument that senses every force that acts on the flying missile... This information goes to a computer. 1958Economist 16 Aug. 521/1 Navigation under the ice requires a further modern development—inertial guidance to replace conventional types of navigational aid which become unreliable near the pole or under water. 1962F. I. Ordway et al. Basic Astronautics ix. 383 The heart of the inertial guidance system is the stabilized platform with its gyroscopes and accelerometers.
1920R. W. Lawson tr. Einstein's Relativity xix. 65 If now, as we find from experience, the acceleration is to be independent of the nature and condition of the body and always the same for a given gravitational field, then the ratio of the gravitational to the *inertial mass must likewise be the same for all bodies. 1955Inertial mass [see gravitational mass].
1954Aviation Age Sept. 34/2 The idea of ‘absolute’ guidance—which evolves rather naturally from advanced work in *inertial navigation—is startlingly promising. 1957Sci. News Let. 27 Apr. 259/1 Inertial navigation is of particular importance to the military because it is jam-proof. 1969New Scientist 28 Aug. 418/2 Inertial navigation systems..depend..on the fact that an acceleration integrated twice, gives distance run and therefore position.
1952K. W. Gatland Development of Guided Missile iii. 56 Attempts are being made to develop the *inertial system, e.g., the technique used in the A-4 rocket. 1962F. I. Ordway et al. Basic Astronautics ix. 385 A possible solution to the problem of overcoming accumulated error over long flight times is an inertial system supervised by a continuous series of fixes on celestial bodies. 1970New Scientist 1 Jan. 22/2 The inertial system, already tested by BOAC during some 500 hours of flying, has been working en route with an average error of only one nautical mile an hour. |