| 释义 |
withhold, v.|wɪðˈhəʊld|
Forms and etym.: see with- and hold v.; 3–7 occas. as two words, 6–8 freq. with hyphen; also 3 wiðealden, 4 withald, 5–6 -alde, 5–8 withold; pa. tense 3 wiðeld, 5 without, 6 pseudo-arch. with hault; pa. pple. 4– 5 witholde, 5–8 witholden (withholden was still freq. in the 19th century).
1. trans. To keep from doing something; to keep in check or under restraint; to hold back, restrain.
Formerly also const. inf. = from doing a thing.
c1200Vices & Virtues 107 Alle unwilles ðe cumeð of ðe manne, ðies hes atempreð, & wiðhalt te misdon. Ibid. 143 Godd..wiðeld alle reines þrie hier & six moneþes. c1290Beket 1254 in S. Eng. Leg. 142 The teres fullen out of is eiȝene, he ne miȝte with-holden heom nouȝt. 13..E.E. Allit. P. B. 740, I schal..wyth-halde my honde for hortyng on lede. 1379Glouc. Cath. MS. 19. No. I. i. iv. lf. 11 b, It..letteth & withholdeth the colre froo his kind decoccion. 1390Gower Conf. II. 240 Jason..Ne mihte noght with⁓holde his lok, Bot so good hiede on hire he tok, That [etc.]. Ibid. 284 To be withholde ayein largesse. c1400tr. Secr. Secr., Gov. Lordsh. 113 Y withdrew me, & ouercome my self, for to withholde my couetyse. 1535Coverdale Job xvii. 4 Thou hast with holden their hertes from vnder⁓stondinge. a1548Hall Chron., Hen. V 70 Forasmuche as our saied father is witholden with diuerse sicknes, in such maner as he maie not intende in his owne persone. 1595Shakes. John v. vi. 37 With hold thine indignation, mighty heauen. 1601― Jul. C. iii. ii. 108 What cause with⁓holds you then to mourne for him? 1696Tate & Brady Ps. xl. 9 Nor did [I]..my Lips with-hold. 1719De Foe Crusoe i. (Globe) 237 So I withheld my Passion, though I was indeed enrag'd to the highest Degree. 1742Johnson Sydenham Wks. 1787 IV. 493 He was with-held from the university by the commencement of the war. 1742Fielding J. Andrews ii. v, Had not some awe of the company..withheld his rage. 1749― Tom Jones v. ii, From serenading his Patient every Hunting Morning with the Horn.., it was impossible to withhold him. 1780Johnson Let. to Mrs. Thrale 8 May, Such is the call for your presence; what is there to withhold you? 1868Lynch Rivulet cxvii. i, While darkness yet withheld the dawn. 1873J. G. Holland A. Bonnic. ii, I longed to go nearer it, but the prohibition withheld me. 1912Engl. Hist. Rev. Jan. 53 Walpole..withheld Great Britain from giving support..to..Frederick William.
absol.1382Wyclif 2 Thess. ii. 6 Now what withholdith, ȝe witen, that he be schewid in his tyme. 1560Bible (Genev.) 2 Thess. ii. 7 He which now withholdeth, shal let til he be taken out of the waye.
b. refl. To restrain oneself.
c1200Vices & Virtues 135 Ðe mann þe him wiðhalt..of ates & of drenches. a1225Ancr. R. 348 Ich halsie ou..þet ȝe wiðholden ou from vlesliche lustes. 1303R. Brunne Handl. Synne 12623 Ȝow to withholde Fro þe synnes þat byfore are tolde. c1400Mandeville (Roxb.) xxii. 99 If it be swa þat any man..withhald him fra þis feste. c1400tr. Secr. Secr., Gov. Lordsh. 73 With-holde þe from latynge of blood. Ibid. 116 He þat with-oldys him to sterre his hondes. a1619M. Fotherby Atheom. ii. viii. §2 (1622) 283 He prayeth to God, to withhold him; because hee could not withhold himselfe. 1897Warung Tales Old Régime 246 Blake,..though tempted, yet withheld himself from yielding.
†c. intr. To refrain from; occas. const. inf., or trans. with gerund. Obs.
1650H. More Observ. in Enthus. Tri., etc. (1656) 103 You could not with-hold from telling us that you are but a young man. c1650Bradford Plymouth Plant. (1856) 104 They withheld and did no more hurte. 1711Addison Spect. No. 123 ⁋5 He could no longer withhold making himself known to him. 1807[? W. H. Ireland] Mod. Ship of Fools 118 note, No man should withhold from extending his hand to support the falling. Ibid. 275 note, The fools will carefully withhold from the mention of their own fooleries. 1817Jas. Mill Brit. India v. iv. II. 453 He was incapable of giving, or capable of withholding to give..an opinion.
†d. trans. To keep away or off, ward off. Obs.
13..K. Alis. 2302 Glitoun..pulte forth a stelene scheld, Ny⁓gusars dunt withhuld. 15601st Bk. Discipl. Ch. Scot. (1621) 66 Every Kirk must have..thack able to with-hold raine.
†e. To hinder, prevent. (With dir. obj., clause, or acc. and inf.) Obs.
c1400tr. Secr. Secr., Gov. Lordsh. 93 Vnderstandynge..ys luge wirkand, and withhaldand þat þat vndoynge by⁓comes. 1486Bk. St. Albans c vj b, It is anoyus sekenes..and with holdeth hir strengthe. 1674N. Fairfax Bulk & Selv. 39 Nothing with-holds, but that from an infinite tale of finites there may at length arise an infinite. 1754Richardson Grandison II. iii. 22 Nothing with-holds my wishes to be released, but my desire of seeing the darling..happy.
f. To keep away or separated from. rare.
1513Douglas æneis iv. vi. 150 Quham of the realm of Itail I defraud, And fra the ground to him promist withhad. 1854Patmore Angel in Ho., Betrothal 140 Like a ship frost-bound and far Withheld in ice from the ocean's roar.
†g. To defer, postpone. Obs. rare.
1725Pope Odyss. xxii. 258 She..willing longer to survey The sire and son's great acts, with-held the day.
2. To keep back; to keep in one's possession (what belongs to, is due to, or is desired by another); to refrain from giving, granting, or allowing. † Formerly with dat. of person. (The current sense.)
c1200Vices & Virtues 139 Ða þinges ðe ne sculen ben iȝiuen, þa bieð to wiðealden mid michele skele. c1250Gen. & Ex. 914 Wid-held he ðor-of neuere on del, Oc al ðat euere fel him to, Sac-les he let hin welden it so. a1300Cursor M. 28427 Gains godd i haue bene vn-hende, Þat i wit-halden ha my tende. 1362Langl. P. Pl. A. vi. 42 He with-halt non hyne his huire. c1380Sir Ferumb. 5620 Ȝeld me þe relyqes vp agayn, þat þou with-halst of myne. 1449Paston Lett. Suppl. (1901) 22 The Pryore and Convent of Norwyche have wythhalden certeyn rent for landes that they halden of me. 1470–85Malory Arthur x. xli. 480 A knyghte that hyght Goneryes that withhelde her alle her landes. 1493Plumpton Corr. (Camden) 105 That ye without your duty belonging to the sayd Mr. Lee. a1548Hall Chron., Edw. IV 232 Your old rightes & possessions, which wer from you..wrongfully with holden. 1590Spenser F.Q. ii. xi. 9 Soone as Titan gan his head exault, And soone againe as he his light with hault. 1634Sir T. Herbert Trav. 186 Blessings..not with-held from Pagan people. 1728Pope Dunc. iii. 276 These Fate reserv'd to grace thy reign divine, Foreseen by me, but ah! withheld from mine. 1794R. J. Sulivan View Nat. I. 480 From such an inference, I must..withhold my assent. 1848Dickens Dombey xlvi, Perch the messenger..could not withhold the tribute of his admiration from this zealous conduct. 1861Brougham Brit. Const. xiii. 178 [Parliament's] acknowledged power to give or to withhold supplies. 1874S. Wilberforce Ess. I. 381 The other branches of the Church Catholic, with which..communion was..withholden from us. 1883Tylor in Encycl. Brit. XV. 199/1 Such divine beings as can..give or withhold the rain. 1911Act 1 & 2 Geo. V. c. 46 §4 That by reason of such refusal [to republish] the work is withheld from the public.
absol.1781Cowper Hope 331 He will give freely, or he will withhold. 1859Whittier My Psalm 42 All as God wills, who wisely heeds To give or to withhold.
†3. To detain; to keep in bondage, in custody, or under control. Also fig. Obs.
c1250Gen. & Ex. 3019 He [sc. Pharaoh] wið-held hem, and, al-so he [sc. Moses] it bead, Al ðe erf of egipt wurð dead. c1374Chaucer Troylus iv. 597 It is no shame vn-to ȝow,..Hire to with-holden þat ye loueth most. 1390Gower Conf. I. 308 If thou art on of alle, That with this vice hast ben withholde. 1422Yonge tr. Secr. Secr. 161 Verite in this dayes is wyth-holde, bonde, and prisoner. c1520Skelton Garl. Laurell, etc., Wks. 1843 I. 427 The twayne last [sc. Right and Reason] Be withholde so fast With mony, as men sayne, They can not come agayne. 1590Shakes. Mids. N. ii. i. 26 She (perforce) with holds the loued boy. 1611Tourneur Ath. Trag. i. ii, Your favour had by his duty beene preuented, If we had not with-held him in the way. 1714Orig. Canto Spenser xxxvi, The strugling Fly he firmly doth with-hold. [Cf. quot. 1854 in 1 f.]
†4. To keep in use or possession; rarely, to keep in place; to retain; esp. to retain in the memory; occas. to reserve to oneself. Obs.
c1200Vices & Virtues 27 Hit is al ȝedwoll, and of haðenesse ȝiet wiðhealden. c1374Chaucer Boeth. iv. pr. vi. (1868) 139 He wolde for-leten perauenture to continue innocence, by þe whiche he ne may nat wiþholden fortune. c1386― Pars. T. ⁋967 [The Pater noster] is short,..for to withholden it the moore esily in herte. 1387–8T. Usk Test. Love ii. viii. (Skeat) l. 121 Al-though it be a whyle swete, it may not be with-holde. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. v. ii. (Tollem. MS.), Þe heed is sumdel comynge narow and hyȝe, and þat to with holde þe bagge of þe brayne. c1400tr. Secr. Secr., Gov. Lordsh. 78 Study..to kepe and witholde kyndly hete. c1430Pilgr. Lyf Manhode i. xv. (1869) 10 He hath with holde to him alle vengeaunces. 1483Caxton G. de la Tour li. e ij, I wold ye couthe and wel withheld the example of a knyght that had thre wyues.
†b. To keep attached to one's person or engaged in one's service; to retain for one's pleasure or profit, keep on one's side. Obs.
c1300Havelok 2356 A thusand knihtes ful wel o bon With-held þe king, with him to lede. c1380Antecrist in Todd Three Treat. Wyclif (1851) 150 Crist wiþhelde no men of lawe ne pleders at þe barr for robes and fees. c1400Mandeville (1919) xxvi. 157 All the mynstrelles þat comen before hym..ben withholden with him as of his houshold. c1412Hoccleve De Reg. Princ. 1250 With-holde hir on þi side. 1423Acts Privy Council III. 90 He has bene with⁓holde and of retenue for a yere wyt the..noble Kyng Henry. 1424Paston Lett. I. 17 [He] never was servaunt to the..Duc..ne wythhaldyn in hese service. c1500Three Kings Sons 22 My lorde withhelde him for his seruaunt.
†5. To keep, maintain, preserve. Obs.
c1200Vices & Virtues 71 Ðat tu hes kunne wel ȝecnawen & mid godes fultume wiðhealden. c1374Chaucer Boeth. iv. pr. vi. (1868) 142 God..hastiþ to wiþhalden þe þinges þat he haþ maked in to hys semblaunce. c1386― Prol. 511 To seken hym a chauntrie for soules, Or with a bretherhed to been withholde. 1390Gower Conf. I. 7 Knyhthode..Wherof the wyde worldes fame Write in Cronique is yit withholde. c1418Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 244 Hem nedethe nether spere ne shulde, Ne in no castel to be withholde.
†6.
a. To hold.
b. To hold up, sustain. Obs. rare.
1513Douglas æneis viii. xi. 44 In thair hand wythhald⁓and, euery knycht, Twa javilling speris. 1760–72H. Brooke Fool of Qual. (1809) II. 159 [He] cut the hair that with⁓held me in twain; so down I thought I fell.
†7. intr. To hold or adhere to. Obs. rare.
a1450Knt. de la Tour Prol. 4 Forto flee euelle and with⁓holde the good. Ibid. 54 Alle these men that kepithe hem selff clene..haue free hert to witholde good ensaumples of lyff.
Hence withˈholdable a., liable to be or capable of being withheld.
1810Bentham Packing (1821) 248 The habitual, but ever withholdable bribes, with which they are fed. |