| 释义 |
immobilize, v.|ɪˈməʊbɪlaɪz|
[ad. F. immobiliser (1835 Dict. Acad.), f. immobile: cf. mobilize.]
1. trans. To render immobile; to fix immovably; to keep (a joint or limb) without motion for surgical purposes; to render (troops) incapable of being mobilized; to withdraw (specie) from circulation, holding it against bank-notes.
1871Daily News 4 Jan., To oblige the enemy to immobilize around us considerable forces. 1872Contemp. Rev. XX. 581 [It] puts an end to the idea of future progress by immobilizing the organization of the present. 1879St. George's Hosp. Rep. IX. 769 The patient..had his limb placed upon a cushion without being immobilised. 1892Pall Mall G. 12 Dec. 6/3 The Italian écus, being immobilized in the State and in the Latin Union treasuries. 1898M. P. Shiel Yellow Danger 131 The whole Allied navy..had been almost immobilised for lack of steam-fuel.
2. Soil Sci. and Bot. To convert (a plant nutrient) from a form in which it can be utilized by a plant to one in which it cannot; to assimilate and thereby render unavailable to (other) plants. Also absol.
1951Proc. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. XV. 168/2 Fertilizer and nonfertilizer nitrogen must have been absorbed and immobilized in proportion to their relative available concentrations in the soil. 1952L. M. Thompson Soils & Soil Fertility ix. 135 If there is a deficit of nitrogen in the added organic matter, the microbes will immobilize ammonia and nitrates from the soil. 1958U.S. Dept. Agric. Yearbk. 1957 760/1 The addition of fresh straw or sawdust to the soil may greatly increase the number of bacteria. These remove available nitrogen and phosphorus from the soil and immobilize them within their cells. 1967Fried & Broeshart Soil—Plant Syst. vii. 240 Soluble phosphates that are applied to the soil are generally immobilized. 1971Nature 9 Apr. 403/1 Becium homblei..grows on soils rich in copper, and it has been shown to accumulate heavy metals. Other plants also have this characteristic, and their ability to immobilize in insoluble form..has been noted.
Hence immobiliˈzation, the action or process of immobilizing; concr. specie withdrawn from circulation.
1882Quain's Med. Dict. 780/1 Immobilization [of a diseased joint] should not be continued longer than necessary. 1894Daily News 28 July 7/4 The immobilisation of the Italian banks will be distributed as follows: To the Bank of Italy about 400 million francs [etc.]. 1951Proc. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. XV. 166/2 Immobilization is here used to denote the process of conversion of inorganic nitrogen to organic combinations either through plant uptake or through microbial absorption. 1952L. M. Thompson Soils & Soil Fertility ix. 132 Either plants or microorganisms may convert NH + / 4 or NO - / 3 to organic form (chiefly protein). The conversion of inorganic compounds to organic form is called immobilization. 1956Proc. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. XX. 217/2 The tie-up (immobilization) or release (mineralization) of soil nitrogen depends very much on the chemical composition of the material undergoing decomposition. 1970Analytical Biochem. XXXIII. 341 The physical entrapment of enzymes in insoluble matrices seems to provide a general method of immobilization. |