| 释义 |
▪ I. reflux, n.|ˈriːflʌks|
[f. re- 2 a + flux: cf. F. reflux (16th c.), Sp. reflujo (-fluxo), It. riflusso.]
1. A flowing back, return, refluence:
a. of the sea (esp. in phr. flux and reflux), rivers, water, air, etc.
c1430Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 194 Man hath of erthe slowthe and hevynesse, Flux and reflux by watir made unstable. 1601Holland Pliny I. 43 Hereunto addeth Aristotle..that no liuing creature dieth but in the reflux and ebbe of the sea. 1686Plot Staffordsh. 56 Which in some measure may cause the flux and reflux of the green Sea. 1719De Foe Crusoe i. xv, The great draught and reflux of the..river. 1761Ann. Reg. i. 95 Fluxes and refluxes of the sea..continued till six o'clock next morning. 1804C. B. Brown tr. Volney's View Soil U.S. 67, I cannot determine how far eastward the Delaware then extended the reflux of its waters. 1830Lyell Princ. Geol. I. 117 The heat and cold which surround the globe are in a state of constant and universal flux and reflux. 1869E. A. Parkes Pract. Hygiene (ed. 3) 110 Ill-contrived sewers permitting a large reflux of air into the houses.
b. in transf. and fig. uses.
1632J. Hayward tr. Biondi's Eromena 129 The refluxes of so unjust a fortune in a Princesse of so great merit. 1670R. Coke Disc. Trade 69 After all this flux and re-flux of vexation and charge to the certain undoing of one or both parties. 1711Shaftesbury Charac. (1737) I. 271 The alterations which happen in manners, and the flux and reflux of politeness, wit, and art. 1800Colquhoun Comm. Thames Introd. 25 The flux and reflux of Commercial Property..on the Thames. 1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. vii. II. 189 A violent and rapid reflux of public feeling.
c. Phys. of the blood and the contents of the stomach or intestine.
1653Harvey Anat. Exerc. i. xiii. (1673) 81 [The blood] comes..into the ear of the heart in so great abundance, with so great flux, and reflux [etc.]. 1707Floyer Physic. Pulse-watch 15 The Circulation of our Blood, whose reflux to the Heart is promoted by..Respiration. 1834J. Forbes Laennec's Dis. Chest (ed. 4) 511 The reflux of blood into the jugular veins from coughing or a prolonged expiration. 1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VI. 40 The intra-ventricular pressure becomes lowered from reflux through the valve. 1937R. Schindler Gastroscopy xiv. 275 The continuous unregulated reflux of intestinal juice containing bile and pancreatic juice may play the greatest role. 1978T. C. Jewett in E. Lebenthal Digestive Dis. Children 414 The redundant mucosa which forms a rosette at the cardio⁓esophageal area may also act as a barrier to reflux of gastric contents up the esophagus.
d. Chem. The condition, process, or action of refluxing; also concr., the condensed vapour involved in this. Freq. in adverbial phr., as at reflux or under reflux, in a vessel fitted with a reflux condenser.
1897Jrnl. Chem. Soc. LXXI. 1036 The operation is carried out under reflux. 1923H. M. Bunbury Destructive Distillation of Wood xii. 213 It is sometimes necessary to make a total reflux, i.e. to return all the condensed vapours to the column. 1936W. L. Nelson Petroleum Refinery Engin. xv. 278 The reflux flows down the column but it changes composition from plate to plate so that all of the material that is originally put into the top of the column as reflux is vaporized and returns to the product storage tank. 1958F. H. Garner et al. in H. W. Cremer Chem. Engin. Pract. V. vii. 422 Liquid-liquid extraction with reflux is usually applied to the separation of homologous substances where both the separation factor and distribution coefficient are low. 1959Petroleum Handbk. (Shell Internat. Petroleum Co.) (ed. 4) 172 The light product returned in this manner to the top of the column is called the reflux. 1962J. T. Marsh Self-Smoothing Fabrics xxii. 372 Melamine..may be determined gravimetrically after hydrolysing a known weight of the treated fabric in 0·2n HCl for 30 min. under reflux. 1968Inorg. Syntheses XI. 20 The mixture is stirred at reflux for 6 hours. Ibid. 38 The reflux and stirring are continued for an additional 5–6 hours. 1975Jrnl. Chem. Soc.: Perkin Trans. i. 297/1 The mixture..was heated at reflux under nitrogen. Ibid. 344/2 Ethyl cyclo-oct-4-enylideneacetate (1·0 g) was added to sodium hydroxide solution (20 ml; 2n) and brought to reflux.
2. attrib. and Comb., as reflux current, reflux theory, reflux tide; reflux catheter, a double-channel catheter, in which the liquid passes by one duct and returns by the other (Knight Dict. Mech. Suppl. 1884); reflux condenser Chem., a condenser so mounted or designed that condensed vapour runs back into the stock of boiling liquid; reflux œsophagitis Med., œsophagitis caused by the flow of fluid into the œsophagus from the stomach or intestine; reflux trap, a trap in a drain or sewer to prevent a back current of foul air; reflux valve = check-valve s.v. check-.
1891F. W. Streatfeild Pract. Work in Org. Chem. 64 The operation is most conveniently conducted in a tubulated retort to the neck of which is attached a reflux condenser. 1939Inorg. Syntheses I. 82 The mixture is placed in a small flask fitted with a reflux condenser and kept at a temperature of about 40 °C. for approximately 48 hours. 1962J. T. Marsh Self-Smoothing Fabrics xxii. 368 The flask is then cooled and the reflux condenser washed down with about 50 cc of distilled water.
1898Allbutt's Syst. Med. V. 975 The current impelled by the right ventricle..is met by the reflux current from the left ventricle.
1952R. Belsey in F. A. Jones Mod. Trends Gastro-Enterol. I. vii. 144 Reflux oesophagitis leads to thickening of the oesophageal wall, not penetration or perforation. 1980Brit. Med. Jrnl. 29 Mar. (Advt. facing p. 946) ‘Tagamet’ represents a mark of reliability in reducing gastric acid, and has revolutionised the treatment of disorders such as peptic ulcer and reflux oesophagitis, where acid plays a part.
1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VI. 234 The reflux theory seems at present the more probable for most cases.
1852J. Wiggins Embanking 51 This is to sustain any current that may take place at the reflux tide.
1892Daily News 30 Dec. 3/4 As far as practical, the up current of air (when existing) is prevented by reflux traps.
1888Lockwood's Dict. Mech. Engin. 282 Reflux valve,..a flap valve used for the purpose of taking off the pressure of a head of water acting in a backward direction against a set of pumps. 1893Turner & Brightmore Princ. Waterworks Engin. vi. 375 ‘Re-flux’ valves are introduced at such points as the inlets to reservoirs or towards the ‘delivery’ sides of deep depressions in the pipe-line. 1962L. B. Escritt Pumping Station Equipment & Design vii. 72 If a reflux valve sticks open..water will rush backwards from the rising main.
▪ II. reflux, v. Chem.|ˈriːflʌks|
[f. the n.]
a. intr. Of a liquid: to boil in circumstances such that the vapour returns to the stock of liquid after condensing.
b. trans. To boil (a liquid) in this way, esp. in a flask fitted with a reflux condenser; also absol.
1923H. M. Bunbury Destructive Distillation of Wood xii. 229 The steam is then almost completely shut off and the contents allowed to reflux gently for about two hours. 1926Lowy & Baldwin Lab. Bk. Elem. Org. Chem. 45 After all the alcohol or acetone has been added, reflux the mixture on a water bath for half an hour. 1938A. A. Morton Lab. Technique in Org. Chem. iv. 83 The stopcock is closed, and the liquid allowed to reflux until the thermometer records the lowest temperature possible. 1958A. I. Vogel Elem. Pract. Org. Chem. xvii. 420 Place 0·5 g. of the dry acid..into the flask, add 2·0–2·5 ml. of redistilled thionyl chloride and reflux gently for 30 minutes. 1965Adams & Raynor Adv. Pract. Inorg. Chem. v. 49 Reflux equimolar quantities of vanadyl acetylacetonate and pyridine in ether. 1973Nature 9 Mar. 113/2 The reincorporation of 1 molecule of H2O into the partially dehydrated talc was achieved by refluxing the material with 50 volumes of benzene/water azeotropic mixture.
Hence ˈrefluxing vbl. n. and ppl. a.
1923H. M. Bunbury Destructive Distillation of Wood xii. 213 The bulk or the whole of the condensate from the rectifier, which contains most of the less volatile constituent, is returned to the column; this operation is termed ‘refluxing’. 1959R. J. Hengstebeck Petroleum Processing iii. 49 If bubble-cap trays are used, actual tray requirements are usually estimated by means of empirical correlations of ‘tray efficiency’ against the properties of the refluxing liquid. 1962J. T. Marsh Self-Smoothing Fabrics xxii. 368 Refluxing for 30 min. is generally enough to hydrolyse the amino⁓aldehyde. 1975L. F. & M. Fieser Reagents for Org. Synthesis V. 381 Raney nickel which had been deactivated by treatment with refluxing ethanol. |