| 释义 |
hurricane|ˈhʌrɪkeɪn, -kən|
Forms: α. 6 furacane, furicano(e, 6–7 furacana, 7 foracan(e, furicane. β. 6 haurachana, 6–7 (9) hurricano, 7 harau-, harou-, haracana; her(r)i-, hery-, hira-, hire-, hyrra-, hyrri-, (hurle-, hurli-), (h)uracano. γ. 6–7 uracan, 7 heri-, huri-, (hurle-, oran-), urycan; harau-, haura-, heri-, heuri-, herocane, harrycain, 7–9 hurrican, 7– hurricane.
[a. Sp. huracan, OSp. *furacan, Pg. furacão, from the Carib word given by Oviedo as huracan, by Peter Martyr (as transl. by R. Eden) as furacan. Thence also It. uracano (Diez), F. ouragan, Du. orkaan, Ger., Da., Sw. orkan. The earlier Eng. forms reflect all the varieties of the Sp. and Pg., with numerous popular perversions, hurricane being itself one, which became frequent after 1650, and was established from 1688. Earlier use favoured forms in final -ana, -ano, perh. deduced from the Sp. pl. huracanes (but words from Sp. were frequently assumed to end in -o).]
1. A name given primarily to the violent wind-storms of the West Indies, which are cyclones of diameter of from 50 to 1000 miles, wherein the air moves with a velocity of from 80 to 130 miles an hour round a central calm space, which with the whole system advances in a straight or curved track; hence, any storm or tempest in which the wind blows with terrific violence.
α1555Eden Decades 21 These tempestes of the ayer (which the Grecians caule Tiphones..) they caule Furacanes..violent and furious Furacanes, that plucked vppe greate trees. 1587Hakluyt J. Hawkins' 3rd Voy. (1878) 73 Their stormes..the which they call Furicanos. 1596Nashe Saffron Walden To Rdr., Stormes in the West Indies cald the Furicanoes. 1632Heywood 2nd Pt. Iron Age iv. Wks. 1873 IV. 405 With the tempests, gusts, and Furicanes, The warring windes, the billowes, rocks, and fires.
β1555Eden Decades 183 (tr. Oviedo) Great tempestes which they caule Furacanas or Haurachanas..ouerthrowe many howses and great trees. 1613Purchas Pilgrimage (1614) 758 note, A Catch perished at Sea in a Herycano. Ibid. 903 Jamaica..is extremely subject to the Uracani,..terrible gusts of Winde. Ibid. 910 Oviedo reporteth of a Huricano or Tempest. 1617Raleigh 2nd Voy. Guiana in Discov. Guiana (Hakluyt Soc.) 187 That night..a hurlecano fell vppon vs. 1642Fuller Holy & Prof. St. ii. xx. 130 The winds are..stark mad in an herricano. 1643Howell Parables 15 An Haraucana, that Indian gust. a1649Winthrop New Eng. (1853) I. 337 Cast away..in a great hyrracano. 1656Blount Glossogr., Haracana or Herocane,..an impetuous kind of Whirlewind. 1670R. Coke Disc. Trade 76 Plagues, Fires, and Hyrricanoes. 1684T. Burnet Th. Earth ii. (1690) 109 A storm or hurricano..makes a strange havock where it comes. 1816J. Wilson City of Plague ii. iii. 108 All at once the hurricano ceased.
γ1588Parke tr. Mendoza's Hist. China 313 [1854, II. 220] This word Vracan, in the Indian tongue of those Ilands, is as much to say, as the ioyning of all the foure principall winds togither. a1613Overbury A Wife etc. (1638) 159 The Hurican of the Sea. 1617Raleigh 2nd Voy. Guiana in Discov. Guiana (Hakluyt Soc.) 187 Not half a quarter of an hower before the hurlecan. 1634Sir T. Herbert Trav. 26 Wee doubted a Hero-cane, a Tempest of thirtie dayes continuance. c1645Howell Lett. (1650) II. 22 The devill, whom they call ‘Tantara’,..appears often unto them specially in a haraucane. 1651Biggs New Disp. ⁋144 It's feared as a Harry-Cain. 1651Ogilby æsop (1665) 169 Bright Zephyre..Did bring a Heuricane To rend her. 1665Sir T. Herbert Trav. (1677) 374 Prodigious stormes called Tuffons or Hurricanes. 1682Wood Life 31 May (O.H.S.) III. 17 A prodigious hericane that broke bows and armes of trees. 1697W. Dampier Voy. I. v. 94 No Tempests, no Tornados, or Hurricans. 1699Ibid. II. iii. 65 Hurricanes had never been known at Jamaica when I was there. 1788Gentl. Mag. LVIII. i. 74/1 At eight the sky became obscured, and it blew a hurricane. 1860Maury Phys. Geog. Sea xix. §807, I have never seen a typhoon or hurricane so severe.
2. transf. and fig.
a. A violent rush or commotion bringing with it destruction or confusion; a storm or tempest of words, noise, cheers, etc.
1639Massinger Unnat. Combat v. ii, Each guilty thought to me is A dreadful hurricano. 1662W. Gurnall Chr. in Arm. verse 18. xx. (1669) 480/2 This short Calm went before a sudden Hericano of Persecution. 1677Cleveland's Poems Ep. Ded., He with Hurricanos of wit stormeth the sense. 1687T. Brown Saints in Uproar Wks. 1730 I. 74 Don't you hear what a cursed hurricane they make? 1763C. Johnston Reverie I. 25 Such an hurricane of riot and debauchery. 1775Johnson Tax. no Tyr. 79 The loud hurricane of Pennsylvanian eloquence. 1882Daily News 7 Mar. 5/4 A hurricane of cheers burst forth from the excited crowd.
†b. A large and crowded assembly of fashionable people at a private house, of a kind common during part of the 18th century. (Cf. drum n.1 10, rout.) Obs.
1746R. Whatley Christian p. vii. note, A confused meeting of Company of both Sexes on Sundays is called a Hurricane. 1746–7Mrs. Delany in Life & Corr. 447 Tomorrow I go to St. James's..and finish at the duchess of Queensberry's, who is to have a hurricane. 1779Mrs. Barbauld Wks. (1825) II. 22 There is a squeeze, a fuss, a drum, a rout, and lastly a hurricane, when the whole house is full from top to bottom. 1805E. de Acton Nuns of Desert II. 271 Entirely absconded from plays, balls, routs, drums, hurricanes.
c. A space from which trees, etc., have been cleared by the force of a hurricane. (Earlier hurricane ground: see 3.) U.S.
1735J. Hempstead Diary (1901) 291 The Stack..was made in the Hurrycane this Side the Swamp. 1833[see drive n. 1 c]. 1891W. F. Swasey Early Days & Men Calif. 15 In Missouri, cause and effect had been blended in the common designation of ‘hurricane’.
3. a. attrib. and Comb. ‘Of or belonging to a hurricane’, as hurricane cloud, hurricane force, hurricane month, hurricane season, hurricane violence; ‘that has been visited by a hurricane’, as hurricane ground, hurricane tree; hurricane-bird, the frigate-bird; hurricane-deck, a light upper deck or platform in some steamers; so hurricane-decked a., having a hurricane-deck; hurricane-house, a shelter at the mast-head for the look-out man, sometimes made with a cask, a ‘crow's nest’; also, a kind of round-house built on the deck; hurricane-lamp, a lamp so constructed that it will not be extinguished by violent wind; hurricane-lantern = hurricane-lamp; hurricane roof = hurricane-deck; hurricane wind, a very strong wind associated with a tropical cyclone or hurricane; also, any wind of hurricane force. b. Instrumental, as hurricane-swept adj.
1879Encycl. Brit. IX. 786/1 Before gales Frigate-Birds are said often to fly low, and their appearance near or over land..is supposed to portend a hurricane. Note, Hence another of the names, ‘*Hurricane-Bird’.
1823Scoresby Whale Fishery 378 The *hurricane character of the gale began to change.
1833Niles' Reg. XLIV. 261/1 The hull of the boat sunk, leaving a part of the *hurricane deck..floating on the surface. 1842Dickens Amer. Notes (1868) 46 The promenade or hurricane-deck. 1882Nares Seamanship (ed. 6) 97 They are..stowed..on the hurricane deck.
1891Pall Mall G. 19 Oct. 4/2 The wind blew from the west with *hurricane force.
1775Romans Florida 307 We..travelled chiefly through pine land, and some *hurricane ground. Note, Tracts of wood formerly destroyed by hurricanes are so called.
1818B. O'Reilly Greenland 122 To the main⁓mast is attached..about 100 feet above the deck, a structure resembling a water cask, called a *hurricane house. 1853Kane Grinnell Exp. ii. (1856) 20 A little hurricane-house amidships contained the one galley that cooked for all hands.
1894Daily News 24 Nov. 7/1 A *hurricane lamp was swinging in the corridor.
1903Motoring Ann. 306 A *hurricane-lantern, the highly inflammable vapour of petrol, and a ‘flash-back’, resulted in the total destruction of the car. 1954G. Durrell Bafut Beagles ix. 166 In among the twinkling hurricane lanterns they were all dancing the polka.
1662Gerbier Princ. 9 The West-Indian *Herican-like-windes.
1745R. Auchmuty Import. Cape Breton 5 A safe retreat..in the *hurricane months.
1839Picayune (New Orleans) 29 Mar. 2/2 The snag went through the guards, cabin and *hurricane roofs. 1883Century Mag. June 222/1 The..steamers..hidden to their hurricane roofs in cargoes of cotton bales.
1740W. Stephens Jrnl. 26 Oct. in Colonial Rec. Georgia (1908) IV. Suppl. 18 The two Frigates..being apprehensive of the *hurricane Season, retired into a safe Harbour at Charles⁓Town. 1812J. Jay Corr. (1893) IV. 364 Those who sail in hurrican seasons and latitudes.
1775Adair Amer. Ind. 337 They had passed over a boggy place..upon an old *hurricane-tree.
1887Daily News 31 Oct. 3/8 Soon the wind was blowing with *hurricane violence.
1921J. W. Redway Handbk. Meteorol. xiii. 156 *Hurricane winds at Galveston were estimated to have a velocity of 125 miles per hour. 1923[see gale n.3 1 a]. 1954G. T. Trewartha Introd. Climate (ed. 3) v. 209 In large storms in the western North Atlantic, the diameter of the hurricane winds may exceed 100 miles.
Hence hurricane v., (a) intr. to make a ‘hurricane’ or commotion; (b) trans., to blow upon as a hurricane; also, to spend in a ‘hurricane’ (sense 2 b). ˈhurricanize v. intr., = prec. a. † hurriˈcanious a. nonce-wd., hurricane-like.
1682Bunyan Holy War 319 They..fall forthwith to hurricaning in Man Soul, as if now nothing but whirlwind and tempest should be there. 1698Fryer Acc. E. India & P. 318 The Ambient Air from the high Tops..hurricanes us with such dismal chilling Gusts. 1706Vanbrugh Mistake iv. Wks. (Rtldg.) 452/1 A sort of convulsive—yes,—hurricanious—um,—like, in short a woman is like the Devil. 1746R. Whatley Christian p. vii, The idlest Day of the Seven, to be slept, debaucht, or journeyed, or hurricaned away. 1833Blackw. Mag. XXXIV. 529 Storm-demon, that would otherwise hurricanize over the world. |