| 释义 |
▪ I. horizon, n.|hɒˈraɪz(ə)n|
Forms: α. 4 orisont(e, 4–5 orizont(e, 6 orizunt, 6–7 horizont. β. 4 orisoun, 5 oryson, 5–6 orizon(e, 6 horyson, 6– horizon.
[a. OF. orizonte (13th c. in Hatz.-Darm.), orizon (14th c.), mod.F. horizon (= It. † orizonte, orizzonte, Sp., Pg. horizonte), ad. late L. horīzont-em (horīzōn), a. Gr. ὁρίζων (sc. κύκλος) the bounding circle, horizon, pres. pple. of ὁρίζειν to bound, f. ὅρος boundary, limit. In later OF. and Eng., conformed to the L. nom.; but at first stressed ˈhorĭzon (Gascoigne, Shakespeare, Sylvester); hoˈrīzon appears in Cowley, 1647.]
1. a. The boundary-line of that part of the earth's surface visible from a given point of view; the line at which the earth and sky appear to meet. In strict use, the circle bounding that part of the earth's surface which would be visible if no irregularities or obstructions were present (called the apparent horizon, natural horizon, sensible horizon, physical horizon, or visible horizon, as distinguished from 3), being the circle of contact with the earth's surface of a cone whose vertex is at the observer's eye. On the open sea or a great plain these coincide.
αc1374Chaucer Troylus v. 276 And whiten gan the Orisonte shene. c1386― Frankl. T. 289 Ffor Thorisonte hath reft the sonne his lyght. 1390Gower Conf. III. 108 By thorizont, as to us semeth. 1551Recorde Cast. Knowl. (1556) 21 The Horizonte is a cyrcle whiche parteth that parte of the worlde that wee see, from that whiche wee see not. Ibid. 179 The other horizont, whiche I thinke moste aptlye to bee called the Earthly horizont, bycause it..reacheth not vnto the skie..his semidiameter excedeth not..22 myles and a halfe. 1559W. Cuningham Cosmogr. Glasse 149 Whan as the Mone shall shew her selfe above the Horizont.
β1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. viii. vi. (Tollem. MS.), The circle to þe whiche þe syȝte streccheþ and endeþ is calde Orizon, as it were þe ende of þe syȝte. 1413Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton) v. xiv. (1859) 81 The sonne..hastyd hym vpward toward the eest oryson, to bringe ageyne the day. c1550Sheph. Kal. (1604) Contents xxxv, Of the rising and descending of the signes in the horyson. 1610Holland Camden's Brit. i. 631 Wilde Deere..feeding aloft..in the farthest Horizon or Kenning of their sight. 1667Milton P.L. ix. 52 Nights Hemisphere had veild the Horizon round. 1728–46Thomson Spring 961 Like far clouds That skirt the blue horizon. 1812S. Rogers Columbus i. 53 Stars rose and set, and new horizons glowed. 1887Bowen Virg. æneid i. 181 æneas explores meanwhile with his glance All the horizon of waters.
†b. transf. The part of the earth's surface bounded by this line; the region visible from any point. Obs.
1559W. Cuningham Cosmogr. Glasse 137 The townes, and Villagies, about you adjacent in your Horizont. 1771E. Griffith tr. Viaud's Shipwreck 23 To open to us the horrid prospect of a boundless horizon and a devouring sea.
†c. The bounding limits, the compass. Obs.
1620Melton Astrolog. 9 If the Man..lies eyther within the Horizon of England, Fraunce, Spaine, Italy, or the Low-Countries, I will undertake to shew you him.
2. fig.
†a. A boundary, the frontier or dividing line between two regions of being. Obs.
1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) II. 183 Mannis soule..is i-cleped orisoun, as it were þe next marche in kynde bytwene bodily and goostly þinges.
b. The boundary or limit of any ‘circle’ or ‘sphere’ of view, thought, action, etc. (often with direct reference to sense 1); that which bounds one's mental vision or perception; limit or range of one's knowledge, experience, or interest; formerly, sometimes = the region so bounded.
1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts Ep. Ded., The Right Noble..Earl of Surry, long ago departed out of this earthly Horizon. 1615Crooke Body of Man 261 Now at the second seauen yeares the heate begins to gather strength..and to rule in the Horizon of the body. 1639T. Brugis tr. Camus' Mor. Relat. 179 Noe sooner did the new star appeare on the Horizon of Touraine, but her rayes strooke into the eyes of..divers Sutors. 1659B. Harris Parival's Iron Age 89 The Minister, who then began to climb the Horizon of favour. 1681J. Flavel Meth. Grace vii. 148, I see no hope within the whole horizon of sense. 1826T. Jefferson Writ. (1830) IV. 424 The present lowering aspect of our political horizon. 1849Ruskin Sev. Lamps 3 Their range necessarily includes the entire horizon of man's action. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) II. 199 The danger..of substituting the definite and intelligible for the true but dim out⁓line which is the horizon of human knowledge.
3. a. Astron. A great circle of the celestial sphere, the plane of which passes through the centre of the earth and is parallel to that of the sensible horizon of a given place: distinguished as the astronomical horizon, celestial horizon, mathematical horizon, rational horizon, real horizon, or true h.
right horizon, the celestial horizon of a place on the equator, the plane of which is perpendicular to that of the equinoctial; opp. to oblique horizon, that of any place between the equator and either pole. geographical horizon, the great circle on the earth's surface in the plane of the rational or astronomical horizon.
c1391Chaucer Astrol. Prol., A suffisaunt astralabie as for owre orizonte, compowned after the latitude of Oxenford. Ibid. ii. §26 This forseid rihte orisonte..diuideth the equinoxial in-to riht Angles. 1549Compl. Scot. vi. 49 There is tua sortis of orizons, ane is callit the rycht orizon, the tothir is callit the oblique orizone. 1559W. Cuningham Cosmogr. Glasse 39 The vj. great circles of the Sphere ar, as the Horizont, the Meridian, th' Equinoctiall, the Zodiake, the Equinoctiall and solsticiall Colures. 1634Sir T. Herbert Trav. 8 For the æquator is Horizon to both Poles. 1704J. Harris Lex. Techn. s.v., The Rational, Real or True Horizon, is a Circle which encompasses the Earth exactly in the Middle, and whose Poles are the Zenith and Nadir.
b. transf. The celestial hemisphere within the horizon of any place.
a1577Gascoigne Hearbes, Praise of Countesse v. 240 Dan Phœbus stands in dread, And shames to shine within our Horizon. 1593Shakes. 3 Hen. VI, iv. vii. 81 When the Morning Sunne shall rayse his Carre Aboue the Border of this Horizon. 1600F. Walker Sp. Mandeville 122 a, Euery Prouince and Country hath an Orizon, which is that part of Heauen which they discouer in circling or compassing it about with theyr sight. 1642Milton Apol. Smect. viii, I leave you and your fellow stars, as you term them, of either horizon, meaning, I suppose, either hemisphere. 1650Trapp Comm. Numb. xxiii. 10 No more..then a man doth of the Sun, when it shines not in his own Horizon. 1825Scott Talism. i, The burning sun of Syria had not yet attained its highest point in the horizon.
4. a. The broad ring (usually of wood) in which an artificial globe is fixed, the upper surface of which represents the plane of the rational horizon.
1592Dee Compend. Rehears., The theorick of the eighth spheare, the nynth and tenth, with an horizon and meridian of copper of Gerhardus Mercator his owne making. 1594–7Blundevil Exerc. iv. Introd. (ed. 2) 437 To the Globe belongeth another Circle called the Horizon, which is a broad Circle of wood. 1674Moxon Tutor Astron. i. i. §vi. (ed. 3) 6 The use of the upper Plain of the Horizon is to distinguish the Day from the Night; the rising and setting of the Sun, Moon, or Stars, etc. 1796Hutton Dict. Math., Horizon of the Globe, a broad wooden circle.
b. artificial horizon or false horizon: a level reflecting surface, usually of mercury, used in taking altitudes.
1812Woodhouse Astron. xl. 393 A False Horizon..in its simplest state, is a bason either of water, or of quicksilver. 1820Scoresby Acc. Arctic Reg. I. 442 Where the sea is..smooth..an artificial horizon may be used with tolerable accuracy, even upon a ship's deck.
5. a. Geol. A plane or level of stratification assumed to have been once horizontal and continuous; a stratum or set of strata characterized by a particular fossil or group of fossils.
1856Woodward Mollusca iii. 411 Each [species] is most abundant in one horizon, and becomes gradually less frequent in the beds above and below. 1863A. C. Ramsay Phys. Geog. v. (1878) 65 The passage of species from lower to higher geological horizons. 1890Builder LVIII. 89/2 A horizon that may give a bad stone in one quarry may improve.
b. Soil Sci. Any of several layers in the soil which lie roughly parallel to the surface and are distinguishable by differences in physical properties, as colour, texture, or structure, or in chemical reaction.
A typical soil shows the following horizons (from the surface downwards): the A-horizon, generally the horizon of eluviation; the B-horizon, generally the horizon of illuviation; and the C-horizon, consisting of partly weathered parent material. Within the A-horizon and B-horizon further horizons may be distinguished (as B1, B2, B3 horizons), though some writers refer to such horizons as zones or layers rather than as horizons.
1923Soil Sci. XVI. 97 The soil assumes added importance as a factor when the chemical and physical differences of the separate horizons are studied in relation to root development. 1927C. F. Marbutt tr. Glinka's Great Soil Groups 9 Russian investigators use the word Horizon rather than stratum to designate the various layers in the soil profile. 1948White & Renner Human Geogr. xxiv. 406 A marked zone of lime accumulation occurs at a moderate depth in the ‘B’ horizon. The ‘C’ horizon or sub⁓soil is brown. 1968P. Buringh Introd. Study Soils Trop. & Subtrop. Regions v. 74 A much lighter reddish A2 horizon, much lower in clay and much higher in sand, is clearly visible. 1971E. A. Fitzpatrick Pedology i. 4/1 In some cases the contrast between horizons is dramatic and self-evident, while in others it is very subtle.
c. Archæol. A level at which a particular group of remains is found, or which is taken as representing a particular culture or cultural period.
1926D. A. E. Garrod Upper Palaeolithic Age i. 34 Thanks to his journal it is possible to attempt a reconstruction of the archeological horizons which existed at the time of excavation. 1935Nature 6 Apr. 550/1 Mr. Harrod was able to indicate the horizon of discovery very closely. The spear-head was found at the base of the lowest draw of peat. 1959J. D. Clark Prehist. S. Afr. iv. 90 Nitrogen tests confirm that the remains are contemporary with the horizon in which they were found. 1962R. Mason Prehist. Transvaal iv. 85 The Florisbad Peat 1 horizon has a radiocarbon age of more than 35,000 B.P. and may be associated with a Middle Stone Age industry...Four radiocarbon age estimations for Later Stone Age horizons in Matjes River Cave give ages varying from 11,250 {pm} 400 B.P. to 5,400 {pm} 250 B.P. 1973N.Y. Times 15 July x. 1/1 Investigations have uncovered 15 distinct horizons (the archeological term for strata bearing traces of human habitation).
6. Zool. and Anat. A level or horizontal line or surface, as the horizon of the teeth, the horizon of the diaphragm. retinal horizon, ‘Helmholtz's term for the horizontal plane which passes through the transverse axis of the globe of the eye’ (Syd. Soc. Lex.).
7. Embryology. One of a numbered sequence of stages in the development of the human embryo.
1942G. L. Streeter in Contrib. Embryol. No. 197.213 (heading) Developmental horizons in human embryos. Ibid. 214 In searching for a suitable expression for the age groups under consideration..it was decided to follow the practice of other sciences and make use of the word ‘horizons’. 1956G. H. Bourne Biochem. & Physiol. Bone xiii. 376 Each age group or ‘horizon’ is characterized by a certain degree of differentiation and organization of various tissues and organs. 1968J. B. Thomas Introd. Human Embryol. vi. 55 He [sc. Streeter] initially proposed 25 ‘horizons’ for the human embryonal period, but this was later revised to 23. Ibid. viii. 80 With the appearance of these branching villi proposed horizon VII is reached.
8. Mining. In horizon mining, a system of approximately horizontal tunnels lying in the same horizontal plane; the plane containing these tunnels.
1948Coal Nov. 6/3 A further upper horizon was..fixed at a depth of 115 yards in the South Pit. 1960J. Sinclair Winning Coal iii. 51 The coal lying between a pair of horizons is worked in such a manner that the coal flows downwards to the lower level and ventilation is ascensional. 1966Vorobjev & Deshmukh Advanced Coal Mining II. xxxvi. 871 In steep and inclined coal seams (25°–9°) level division of the mining area with main workings on each horizon is preferable.
9. attrib. and Comb., as horizon-bounded adj., horizon-line; horizon-blue [Fr. bleu horizon], a light shade of blue, the colour of the uniform of the French Army during and after the war of 1914–18; such a uniform; also as adj.; horizon-glass, a small mirror of plate-glass fixed on the frame of a quadrant or sextant, having one half unsilvered so that the horizon-line or other object can be observed directly through it, and the reflected image of a heavenly body brought into optical coincidence with such object; horizon mining, a method of working inclined seams from approximately horizontal tunnels driven through the various strata to intersect the seams, there being several systems or ‘horizons’ of tunnels, one below another, connected by vertical shafts.
1919J. Buchan Mr. Standfast xiv. 248 There was very little khaki or *horizon-blue about. 1926‘C. Barry’ Detective's Holiday i. 9 ‘It is thus,’ the man in horizon blue began... ‘This morning..a fisherman..discovered..the body of a man who had been murdered.’ 1942E. Paul Narrow St. xvii. 136 Monsieur Saint-Aulaire found himself over-stocked with horizon-blue material, the Chamber having agreed that French soldiers and officers should wear khaki in the future. 1954W. Faulkner Fable (1955) 14 The whole ring of..faces was stained with a faint,..reflected horizon-blue. 1972J. Williams Home Fronts viii. 137 Little girls decked out in ‘horizon-blue’ policemen's caps and cloaks.
1812Byron Ch. Har. i. xxxi, Immense *horizon-bounded plains succeed.
1827Moir Poems, To a Dead Eagle iii, Outstretched, *horizon-girt, the maplike earth.
1774M. Mackenzie Maritime Surv. iv. 35 How to adjust the *Horizon-glass for Observation, by a horizontal Line. 1820Scoresby Acc. Arctic Reg. I. 388 Viewed through the horizon glass of a sextant.
1877Black Green Past. v, At the far *horizon-line.
1947Coal Nov. 16/3 *Horizon mining is planned to cut out heavy dip haulages, replacing them with locomotives. 1953Times 15 Aug. 2/3 The site of the second modern horizon-mining development of the west Wales coalfield. 1963J. Sinclair Planning & Mechanized Drifting at Collieries viii. 163 Probably the most important decision in planning a horizon-mining project is the position of the horizons and the vertical interval between them.
Hence hoˈrizonless a., having no definite horizon, visually boundless.
a1839Galt Demon Destiny vi. (1840) 38, I that horizonless scene surveyed. 1892Chicago Advance 7 July, The horizonless prairies of the West.
▪ II. hoˈrizon, v.
[f. prec. n.]
trans. To furnish or bound with a horizon: chiefly in pa. pple. hoˈrizoned.
1791E. Darwin Bot. Gard. i. 124 A thousand realms, horizon'd in his arms. 1859Cornwallis New World I. 108 Far away to the west and north..the view was horizoned by a chain of rolling hills. 1863Mrs. Whitney Faith Gartney xxvi. 245 Her eyes away off over the lake, and..thoughts horizoned yet more distantly. |