| 释义 |
holo-|hɒləʊ|
before a vowel hol-, combining form of Gr. ὅλος ‘whole, entire’, occurring in various scientific and technical terms, for the more important of which see their alphabetical places; sometimes opposed to hemi- or mero-. In Crystallography, denoting that a crystal or crystalline form has the full number of faces (holohedral, holosymmetrical), or the full number of normals (holosystematic), belonging to its system.
† ˈholagogue Med. Obs. [Gr. ἀγωγός leading], n. a medicine reputed to expel all morbid humours; adj. having this property; holarˈthritic a. [arthritic], affected with gout in all the joints; ‖ hoˈlethnos [Gr. ἔθνος nation, race], an undivided primitive stock or race; hence hoˈlethnic a. (less correctly holo-ethnic), pertaining or relating to a holethnos; holetrous |-ˈiːtrəs| a. Zool. [Gr. ἦτρον abdomen], of or pertaining to the Holetra, a division of Arachnids in which the abdomen is closely joined to the thorax (Mayne Expos. Lex. 1854); holoaxial |hɒləʊˈæksɪəl| a. Cryst., having or exhibiting all the axes of symmetry compatible with one another but no plane or centre of symmetry; also, more widely, having one or more axes of symmetry but no plane or centre of symmetry; holoˈbaptist, one who baptizes by immersion; holobaˈsidium Bot., = autobasidium; holoˈbenthic a. Biol. [Gr. βένθος depth of the sea], living in the depths of the sea at all stages of the life cycle; holobranchiate |-ˈbræŋkɪət|, -ious |-ɪəs| adjs. Ichthyol. [Gr. βράγχια gills], having complete gills or branchial apparatus: opp. to hemibranchiate; holoˈcarpic a. Bot. [Gr. καρπός fruit, seed], designating or (of a fungus) possessing a thallus the whole of which becomes transformed into a reproductive structure at maturity; holocephalan |-ˈsɛfələn|, -ceˈphalian ns. Ichthyol., a fish of the sub-class Holocephali; adjs., = holocephalous adj. (s.v. holo-); holocephalous |-ˈsɛfələs| a. [Gr. κεϕαλή head], having an entire or undivided skull, as the group Holocephali of fishes, in which the hyomandibular bone is continuous with the cranium; so holoˈcephal, a fish belonging to this group; holochlamydate |-ˈklæmɪdət|, -chlamydic |-kləˈmɪdɪk| adjs. Zool. [Gr. χλαµύς mantle], having the margin of the pallium entire, as the suborder Holochlamyda of gastropods; ˈholochrone |-krəʊn| Math. [Gr. χρόνος time], a curve such that the times of descent of a heavy particle through different portions of it are a given function of the arcs described; ˈholocrine |-kraɪn|, a. Physiol. [ad. F. olocrine (L. Ranvier 1887, in Jrnl. de Micrographie XI. 9), f. Gr. κρίν-ειν to separate], of, pertaining to, or designating a gland in which the secretion is produced by the complete disintegration of its cells; holocryptic |-ˈkrɪptɪk| a. [cryptic], wholly hidden or secret; spec. of a cipher incapable of being read except by those who have the key (Webster 1864); holoˈcrystalline a., wholly crystalline in structure; opp. to hemicrystalline; holodacˈtylic a. Pros., consisting entirely of dactyls except the last foot, as a hexameter; holo-enzyme |ˈhɒləʊɛnzaɪm| Biochem. [a. F. holoenzyme (Compt. Rend. XIIme Conf. Union Internat. de Chim. 43)], the active form of an enzyme, consisting of the apo-enzyme combined with its co-enzyme; ‖ holoˈgastrula Embryol., the gastrula of a holoblastic ovum (opp. to merogastrula); hence holoˈgastrular a., of the nature of a hologastrula; holognathous |həʊˈlɒgnəθəs| a. Zool. [Gr. γνάθος jaw], having the jaw in one piece, as the section Holognatha of gastropods; holohemiˈhedral a. Cryst., having the full number of planes in half the octants; sometimes said of the inclined hemihedral forms of the isometric system; holoheˈxagonal a. Cryst., having the full number of normals belonging to the hexagonal system; holoˈmictic a. [ad. G. holomiktisch (I. Findenegg 1935, in Internat. Rev. d. ges. Hydrobiol. XXXII. 377), f. Gr. µικτός mixed], applied to a lake in which the full depth of water takes part in the circulation; holoˈmorphosis Biol., the perfect regeneration of a lost member or part; holoˈnomic a. Mech. [ad. G. holonom (H. Hertz Ges. Werke (1894) III. i. 91), f. Gr. νόµ-ος law], applied to a constrained system in which the equations defining the constraints are integrable or already free of differentials, so that each equation effectively reduces the number of coordinates by one; also applied to the constraints themselves; so hoˈlonomous a., in same sense; holoˈparasite Biol. [ad. G. holoparasit (F. Johow 1890, in Verhandl. Deutsch. wissensch. Ver. Santiago II. ii. 67)], an obligate parasite, unable to exist except in association with its host; so ˌholoparaˈsitic a.; holoˈparasitism, the condition of being a holoparasite; holophanerous |-ˈfænərəs| a. Entom. [Gr. ϕανερός manifest], wholly discernible; applied after Latreille to the metamorphosis of insects when complete (Craig 1847); holophytic |-ˈfɪtɪk| a. Biol. [Gr. ϕυτόν plant], of, pertaining to, or designating a plant that is able to transform inorganic substances into food by photosynthesis, and so is neither parasitic nor saprophytic; holoˈplankton Biol. [back-formation from the adj.], a collective term for aquatic organisms that are holoplanktonic; ˌholoplankˈtonic a. [ad. G. holoplanktonisch (E. Haeckel Plankton-Studien (1890) iii. 25)], passing all stages of the life-cycle drifting or swimming weakly in the water; ‖ holoˈplexia nonce-wd. [as if mod.L., after apoplexia apoplexy], general or total paralysis (cf. hemiplegia); holoˈpneustic a. Ent. [ad. G. holopneustisch (J. A. Palmén Morphol. des Tracheensystems (1877) vii. 78), f. Gr. πνευστικ-ός for breathing (πνεῖν to breathe)], having ten pairs of spiracles (in some cases eleven), all of which are functional; hoˈloptic a. (see quot.); holoˈrhinal a. Ornith. [Gr. ῥῑν- nose], having the nasal bones slightly or not at all cleft; holoˈsaprophyte Bot. [ad. G. holosaprophyt (F. Johow 1889, in Jahrb. f. wissensch. Bot. XX. 479)], an obligate saprophyte; so ˌholosaproˈphytic a. holosericeous |-səˈrɪʃ(ɪ)əs| a. Bot. [L. sēricum silk], wholly covered with silky pubescence; holosiderite |-ˈsɪdəraɪt| [Gr. σίδηρος iron: see -ite], a meteorite consisting entirely or almost entirely of iron; holosiphonate |-ˈsaɪfənət| a. Zool., having a completely tubular siphon, as the order Holosiphona or Dibranchiata of cephalopods; holosponˈdaic a. Pros., consisting wholly of spondees, as a hexameter; holostean |həʊˈlɒstɪən| [Gr. ὀστέον bone] a., entirely bony; having a wholly osseous skeleton, as the group Holostei of ganoid fishes; n. a fish belonging to this group; so hoˈlosteous a. = prec.; holosteric |-ˈstɛrɪk| a. [irreg. f. Gr. στερεός solid], wholly solid; applied to a barometric instrument in which no liquid is employed, as an aneroid; holoˈtesseral, holoteˈtragonal adjs. Cryst., having the full number of normals belonging to the tesseral, or the tetragonal, system; holothecal |-ˈθiːkəl| a. Ornith. [Gr. θήκη case, envelope], having the tarsal envelope entire or undivided; holotrichous |həʊˈlɒtrɪkəs| a. Biol. [Gr. θρίξ, τριχ- hair], belonging to the order Holotricha of infusorians, which have similar cilia all over the body; holotrochous |həʊˈlɒtrəkəs| a. Biol. [Gr. τροχός wheel], belonging to the division Holotrocha of Rotifers, which have one entire trochal disk; holozoic |-ˈzəʊɪk| a. Biol. [Gr. ζῶον animal], wholly like an animal in mode of nutrition: said of certain Protozoa, in opposition to holophytic.
1683Salmon Doron Med. i. 38 *Holagogues, or Panchymagogues. 1854Mayne Expos. Lex., Holagogus,..applied to medicines that evacuate or empty; holagogue.
Ibid., Holarthriticus, of or belonging to Holarthritis; *holarthritic.
1876T. Le M. Douse Grimm's L. §7. 11 note, I shall venture, for brevity, to call the primitive undivided Indo-European people the ‘Holethnos’..whence the adjective ‘*Holethnic’ by correct derivation. 1890Athenæum 7 June 733/1 The germ from which the Aryan ‘holethnic’ language was developed.
1902H. A. Miers Mineral. i. i. 45 When an axis of n-fold symmetry is perpendicular to n digonal axes and there is no other element of symmetry, the crystal may be called ‘*holoaxial’, since it possesses all the symmetry-axes compatible with each other, and only axes. 1903H. Hilton Math. Crystallogr. v. 52 In this chapter we shall investigate those finite groups of the first sort—also called holoaxial groups—which contain only 2-al, 3-al, 4-al, and 6-al rotation-axes. 1961Terpstra & Codd Crystallometry iv. 129 Crystals are divided according to their true symmetry into 32 crystal classes. Of these 32 classes, 11 have symmetry elements consisting exclusively of symmetry axes: these are called the eleven holoaxial classes.
a1641Bp. R. Montagu Acts & Mon. (1642) 399 These hypocrites were not onely Hemerobaptists, but Horabaptists, and *Holobaptists, washing..almost every houre in the day, if not their whole body, yet some parts of the body.
[1900B. D. Jackson Gloss. Bot. Terms 124/2 *Holobasid, an undivided basidium in Basidiomycetes (Van Tieghem).] 1928Holobasidium [see autobasidium]. 1970J. Webster Introd. Fungi 279 In the toadstools and their allies the basidium is a single cylindrical cell, undivided by septa, typically bearing four basidiospores at its apex... Such basidia are termed holobasidia.
1902Encycl. Brit. XXXIII. 935/2 Another hindrance to the extension of many deep-sea species is that they are *holobenthic.
1885Syd. Soc. Lex., *Holobranchiate.
1854Mayne Expos. Lex., *Holobranchious.
1916B. D. Jackson Gloss. Bot. Terms (ed. 3) 181/2 *Holocarpic. 1928C. W. Dodge tr. Gäumann's Compar. Morphol. Fungi iii. 12 In the holocarpic forms, gametangial copulation naturally leads to the fusion of whole individuals. 1930H. M. Fitzpatrick Lower Fungi ii. 24 In some of the lower families [of Phycomycetes] the entire thallus is transformed at maturity into a single reproductive organ (Olpidiaceae) or group (sorus) of them (Synchytriaceae). In such cases the organism is said to be holocarpic. 1970J. Webster Introd. Fungi 62 In the Lagenidiales..the thallus is holocarpic.
1934Webster, *Holocephalan adj. & n. 1942L. H. Hyman Compar. Vertebr. Anat. (ed. 2) iv. 40 The chimaeras or holocephalans are peculiar-looking fish.
1934Webster, *Holocephalian adj. & n. 1965Gen. & Compar. Endocrinol. V. 434/2 The ratfish or chimera is a holocephalian. 1970Nature 11 July 187/2 A holocephalian elasmobranch fish, Hycholagus collei.
1886Athenæum 12 June 782/2 Callorhynchus..is the southern representative of the northern ‘*holocephalous’ Chimæra.
1905Gould Dict. New Med. Terms 296/1 *Holocrine, applied to a gland the cell of which, after having elaborated the material of secretion, falls into disuse and disappears. 1928E. V. Cowdry Special Cytol. I. ii. 36 In the sebaceous glands the secretory products are elaborated by the fatty metamorphosis, destruction and discharge of the cells themselves. These are the ‘holocrine’ glands of Ranvier. 1939V. B. Wigglesworth Princ. Insect Physiol. xi. 264 In Orthoptera, secretion is merocrine during continuous small meals, holocrine when a meal follows a period of fasting. 1949Gray's Anat. (ed. 30) 1254 As the sebaceous glands produce their secretion by complete fatty degeneration of their central cells they are classed as holocrine glands. 1961E. H. Mercer Keratin & Keratinization ii. 59 Some cutaneous holocrine glands of reptiles..are sac-like invaginations of the epidermis producing fatty materials.
1884Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. XL. 446 The ground mass is *holocrystalline. 1891Athenæum 19 Sept. 391/1 He..describes the principal igneous rocks in groups under the three heads, A. Holocrystalline, B. Hemicrystalline, and C. Highly Glassy Rocks.
1943Sumner & Somers Chem. & Methods Enzymes i. 32 A few examples of coenzymes and *holoenzymes are given in Table 11. 1950Holoenzyme [see co-enzyme]. 1971Nature 15 Oct. 478/2 The rate of production of active holoenzyme from apoenzyme is enhanced by tryptophan about ten-fold.
1895Story-Maskelyne Crystallogr. §235 [Hexagonal system] Holo-systematic haplohedral forms; or *holohexagonal haplohedra. Ibid. §237 Holohexagonal merosymmetry.
1937Trans. Connecticut Acad. Arts & Sci. XXXIII. 74 A normal (*holomictic) thermally stratified lake consists of an epilimnion and a hypolimnion. 1957G. E. Hutchinson Treat. Limnol. I. viii. 537 Most of the lakes discussed herein are holomictic; that is to say, when they circulate, the circulation is complete to the bottom.
1901T. H. Morgan Regeneration i. 24 Under this heading [sc. homomorphosis] we may distinguish two cases, in one of which the entire lost part is at once, or later, replaced—*holomorphosis.
1904E. T. Whittaker Treat. Analyt. Dynamics ii. 33 *Holonomic systems are therefore characterised by the fact that the number of degrees of freedom is equal to the number of independent coordinates required to specify the configuration of the system. 1954R. A. Becker Introd. Theor. Mech. xiii. 318 Simple examples of holonomic constraints involving a single particle are those where the motion is confined to a single curve or surface.
1899D. E. Jones & Walley tr. Hertz's Princ. Mech. iv. 80 A material system between whose possible positions all conceivable continuous motions are also possible motions is callled a *holonomous system. 1911A. & J. G. Gray Treat. Dynamics x. 555 Systems are now called holonomous or not holonomous, according as the constraints are or are not defined by finite equations.
1891Jrnl. R. Microsc. Soc. 70 Each of these classes, except the last, may be again divided into *Holoparasites and Hemiparasites. 1903W. R. Fisher tr. Schimper's Plant-Geogr. 203 Holoparasites, which live entirely at the cost of the organic substance of their host, like holosaprophytes are devoid of chlorophyll. 1965Bell & Coombe tr. Strasburger's Textbk. Bot. i. iv. 197 While the semi-parasites can often at first glance hardly be distinguished from their green, wholly autotrophic relatives, the total or holo-parasites display a complete or almost complete loss of chlorophyll.
1902Encycl. Brit. XXV. 439/2 Cytineæ, Balanophoreæ, Orobanchaceæ, Lennoaceæ, are families..which are characteristically *holoparasitic.
1927W. McDougall Plant Ecol. ix. 125 The family Scrophulariaceæ contains representatives of all gradations from complete independence to *holoparasitism.
1885*Holophytic [see holozoic a.]. 1888Rolleston & Jackson Anim. Life 820 In some instances where chlorophyl is present, nutrition appears to take place as in plants, in other words the Protozoon is holophytic. But the presence of chlorophyl need not necessarily lead to holophytic nutrition. 1900Ann. Bot. XIV. 669 Thus either a saprophytic or holophytic nutrition can be maintained. 1964Priestley & Scott Introd. Bot. (ed. 4) xxxvii. 593 It is usual for flowering plants to be autotrophic (holophytic).
1909E. Warming Oecol. Plants xxxviii. 161 These terms ‘neritic’ and ‘pelagic’ or ‘oceanic’ plankton approximately correspond to Haeckel's ‘neroplankton’ and ‘*holoplankton’ respectively. 1942H. U. Sverdrup et al. Oceans xvii. 816 The holoplankton is composed of forms representing nearly every phylum of the animal kingdom. 1955C. C. Davis Marine & Fresh-water Plankton i. 29 The life history is completed without the animals ever leaving their planktonic life. Animals of this type are classified as the holoplankton.
1893G. W. Field tr. Haeckel's Planktonic Stud. in Rep. U.S. Comm. Fisheries 1889–91 583 Numerous organisms pass their whole life..hovering in the ocean, while with others this is not the case. The first group we call *holoplanktonic. 1963J. E. G. Raymont Plankton & Productivity in Oceans xiv. 371 The holoplanktonic members are also subject to seasonal breeding.
1801Syd. Smith in Mem. (1855) I. 46 Why this *holoplexia on sacred occasions alone? Why call in the aid of paralysis to piety?
1892J. A. Thomson Outl. Zool. xiii. 266 In adult aërial life, the tracheæ of the body acquire stigmata, and the insect becomes ‘*holopneustic’. 1947Trans. R. Ent. Soc. XCVIII. 459 Aquatic holometabolous larvae which are holopneustic do not appear to exist. 1960Richards & Davies Imms's Textbk. Ent. (ed. 9) i. 134 The Holopneustic Respiratory System. —This is the most primitive arrangement found in living insects, 10 pairs of functional spiracles being present.
1893E. A. Butler Household Ins. ix. 186 The eyes of the males come completely into contact on the forehead..Flies whose eyes meet in this way are said to be ‘*holoptic’ (whole-eyed).
1872Coues Key N. Amer. Birds (1884) 165 A bird having the [nasal] bones..with moderate forking, so that the angle of the fork bounding the nostrils behind, does not reach so far back as the fronto-premaxillary suture, is termed *holorhinal. 1892Gadow Classif. Birds in Proc. Zool. Soc., 5 Œdicnemidæ, Cosmopolitan, Holorhinal. No basipterygoid processes.
1890Jrnl. R. Microsc. Soc. 205 Herr F. Johow describes the peculiarities of structure of the ‘*holosaprophytes’, or saprophytes destitute of chlorophyll. 1902Encycl. Brit. XXV. 439/1 Angiospermous holosaprophytes are not common. 1960W. B. Crow Synopsis Biol. lxxxiv. 518 The completely saprophytic genera (holosaprophytes) in Britain are the orchids Neottia and Corallorhiza and the similar Monotropa which is allied to the heath family.
1895Ann. Bot. IX. 327 A number of *holosaprophytic forms found in the tropics..constitute the Burmanniaceous genus Thismia.
1831Don Gard. Dict. I. p. xvii, *Holosericeous, covered all over with silky down.
1881Lubbock Pres. Addr. Brit. Assoc. in Nature No. 618. 409 The whole class of meteorites, consisting of iron generally alloyed with nickel, which Daubrée terms *Holosiderites.
1870Rolleston Anim. Life 264 *Holostean Ganoids.
1870N. & Q. 4th Ser. VI. 414 *Holosteric..has appeared of late years, as the distinguishing name of a particular form of barometer, resembling an aneroid. 1875Knight Dict. Mech. s.v., The aneroid of Vidi, and the bent tube of Bourdon, are examples of holosteric barometers.
1895Story-Maskelyne Crystallogr. §176 Holo-systematic haplohedral forms; or *holo-tesseral hemihedra.
Ibid. §207 Holosystematic haplohedral forms; *holotetragonal hemihedra.
1872Coues Key N. Amer. Birds (1884) 125 A booted or *holothecal tarsus chiefly occurs in the higher Oscines.
1877Huxley Anat. Inv. Anim. ii. 104 In the *holotrichous Paramoecium..there is a very distinct cortical layer.
1885E. R. Lankester in Encycl. Brit. XIX. 861/2 All [the Ciliata] are *holozoic in their nutrition, though some are said to combine with this saprophytic and holophytic nutrition. 1888Rolleston & Jackson Anim. Life 820 The food-material consists..of living or dead animals or plants, and the Protozoon is then said to be holozoic. |