| 释义 |
reduced, ppl. a.|rɪˈdjuːst|
[f. as prec. + -ed1.]
†1.
a. Brought back. lit. and fig. Obs.
1699Howe Redeemer's Domin. Invis. World Wks. 1724 II. 70 That he might have these Keys to open the Heavenly Hades to reduc'd Apostates [etc.]. 1721Strype Eccl. Mem. III. ii. xvi. 376 Providing for the public credit of this your reduced daughter.
†b. Of a leaf: Indented at the outer end. Obs.
1676Grew Anat. Flowers App. §11 The Top is..either Produced, that is, Poynted, or at least, Roundish,..or else Reduced, as in Woodsorrel.
2. a. Mil. Of officers: Discharged from active service and put on half-pay. ? Obs.
a1631Donne Elegies xvii. 4 To..brave Reformed or reduced captaine. 1716Lond. Gaz. No. 5488/5 Who..enjoy the Benefit of half Pay..as reduced Officers. 1792Burke Pres. St. Aff. Wks. VII. 105 A theatrical, vapouring, reduced captain of cavalry. 1817Parl. Deb. 1073 Reduced officers of his Majesty's land forces. Ibid. 1074 The reduced adjutants of the Local Militia.
b. Of persons, their circumstances, etc.: Impoverished.
1629Ford Lover's Mel. Dram. Pers., Rhetias, (a reduced Courtier) Servant to Eroclea. 1807tr. Goede's Trav. II. 73 Reduced clergymen, schoolmasters and mechanics. 1851Mayhew Lond. Labour (1864) I. 331/2, I dare say he was some poor musicianer, or singer, or a reduced gentleman. 1886Ruskin Præterita I. 408 Retired to the rural districts in reduced circumstances.
c. Weakened, impaired.
1689Boyle Let. 22 Aug., Wks. 1772 I. p. cxxviii, You will not find me more backward than formerly to serve you faithfully in my reduced capacity. 1797Burke Affairs Irel. Wks. IX. 453 In the reduced state of body, and in the dejected state of mind, in which I find myself. 1818Jas. Mill Brit. India II. iv. iv. 152 note, The English leaders appear to have had no conception of the extremely reduced state of the French.
d. Subdued, subjugated.
1732Berkeley Alciphr. vi. §22 The Phœnicians, Assyrians, and Chaldeans were each a conquered and reduced people.
†3. Brought to a state of gravity and composure. Obs. (In Fuller only.)
1642Fuller Holy & Prof. St. iv. iv. 257 The heat of his youth was tamed in his reduced age. Ibid. xiii. 304 Yet in her reduced thoughts she makes all the sport she hath seen earnest to her self. a1661― Worthies (1840) I. 119 The grave, sage, and reduced Scottish-men in this age.
4. Brought into another form.
a. Logic. Of a proposition: (see reduce v. 18).
†b. Of charts: (see first quot.). Obs.
c. Of brick- or stone-work: (see reduce v. 16 b).
d. reduced eye, a diagrammatic eye employed to simplify the treatment of various optical problems (Cent. Dict. 1891; Syd. Soc. Lex. 1897).
1727–41Chambers Cycl. s.v. Chart, Reduced Chart..is that wherein the meridians are represented by right lines converging towards the poles; and the parallels by right lines parallel to one another, but unequal... Another kind of reduced charts has been invented, wherein the meridians are parallel, but the degrees thereof unequal; these are called Mercator's Charts. Ibid. s.v. Reduction of propositions, To a reduction, therefore, there are two propositions required, the reduced, and the reducing. 1825J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 558 What is the quantity of reduced brick-work in a wall containing 4540 superficial feet, 2 bricks thick? 1833Loudon Encycl. Archit. §88 One rod, eighty-two feet of reduced stone-work (the stone walls are reduced to one and a half brick in thickness).
e. Mathematically modified to a more convenient form.
1862E. Atkinson tr. Ganot's Elem. Treat. Physics X. ix. 724 The resistance offered by the element and galvanometer is equal to the resistance of 4·08 yards of such copper wire, and this is said to be the reduced length of the element and galvanometer in terms of the copper wire. 1916W. C. McC. Lewis Syst. Physical Chem. II. iii. 90 It is more convenient to make use of the reduced form [of van der Waals' equation], i.e. pressures, volumes, and temperatures will be expressed as fractions..of their critical values. 1930L. Brand Vectorial Mech. xiv. 445 This is the same as the equation..for a simple pendulum of length l = k2/b. For this reason l is called the reduced length of the pendulum. 1934H. E. White Introd. Atomic Spectra ii. 34 The preceding equations will apply to two masses m and M rotating about their center of mass, if m be replaced by mM/(m + M) = m/(1 + m/M) = µ. µ is called the reduced mass and approaches m as M→∞. 1950Corben & Stehle Classical Mech. iv. 54, µ is called the reduced mass of the system and is given by µ = m1m2/(m1 + m2). 1973Sci. Amer. July 25/2 The ‘reduced’, or simplified, form of the horn equation shows similarly that at any point in the horn the acoustic wavelength depends on the square root of the difference between the squared frequency and a ‘horn function’ U that depends in a rather simple way on the nature of the horn flare.
5. a. Of metals and chemical substances: (see reduce v. 17 b, c).
1797Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XI. 474/1 To prevent this calcination of the reduced metal a larger quantity of charcoal is used. 1839Ure Dict. Arts 685 The reduced iron would be apt to remain scattered in little globules. 1849Noad Electricity (ed. 3) 60 A zig-zag black line of reduced mercury. 1900Allbutt's Syst. Med. V. 630 It is changed into reduced hæmoglobin.
b. reduced indigo (see quot. 1862). reduced iron, a fine iron powder, obtained by treating ferric oxide with hydrogen.
1862Miller Elem. Chem. iii. (ed. 2) 617 When blue indigo is treated with deoxidising agents,..a yellow solution is formed, containing reduced indigo, a compound in which one equivalent more of hydrogen is present than in blue indigo. 1863W. Aitken Pract. Med. (1866) II. 62 The reduced iron—the ferrum reductum of the British Pharmacopœia—is also a remedy which does not possess the astringent properties of the other preparations.
c. Broken into fine particles.
1805R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. II. 622 In this way the crop is rendered clean, and the fine reduced mold well laid up to the stems of the plants.
6. a. Diminished in number, quantity, amount, or size.
1762Ann. Reg. i. 147/2 To direct that no fish be sold at reduced price on the day of their arrival. 1809R. Langford Introd. Trade 57 At the reduced rate of 3 per Cent. per annum. 1820W. Jay Prayers 294 Yet are they all diminished by another irreparable loss; and the reduced remainder [etc.]. c1860H. Stuart Seaman's Catech. 14 Load the gun with a reduced charge. 1880C. R. Markham Peruv. Bark 48 I..reproduced some of his plates on a reduced scale.
b. Phonetics. Of a vowel sound: articulated less distinctly than a stressed vowel; weakened and centralized; become more obscure than the vowel of which it is a reflex.
Much used in descriptions of the reduced grade of ablaut theory in Indo-European philology.
1894V. Henry Short Compar. Gram. Eng. & German i. iii. 76 To a normal grade ĕy, ĕw, there corresponds a reduced grade ĭ, ŭ. 1909O. Jespersen Mod. Eng. Gram. i. xv. 423 Besides this ‘full’ [ə] we have a reduced [ə]. 1938Language XIV. 41 Statements that the reduced grade preceded the accent and the zero grade followed it conflict with some of the best established and most pervading ablaut schemes. 1957E. J. Dobson Eng. Pronunc. 1500–1700 II. x. 868 Gil uses ĕ as the symbol for the reduced vowel from ME ŭ in oner ‘honour’. 1962A. C. Gimson Introd. Pronunc. Eng. vii. 120 As the great variety of spellings indicates, /ə/ may represent the reduced (obscured, ‘schwa’) form of any vowel or diphthong in an unaccented position. 1964Language XL. 156 Indo-European reconstructions would require a consideration of laryngeals or reduced-grade vowels or both. 1968Chomsky & Halle Sound Pattern Eng. 28 The segment represented as ə will be referred to as the ‘reduced vowel’. 1972A. A. Prins Hist. Eng. Phonemes i. 38 Indo-European had the following vowel system:..Reduced Vowels: ə1, ə2.
c. spec. Lowered in price.
1939Joyce Finnegans Wake (1964) i. 166 A real fur, reduced to 3/9. 1941E. Bowen Look at all these Roses 8 She came up to London..and bought reduced coats and shoes for the little girls. 1975M. Kenyon Mr Big xviii. 174 It's reduced. And it really fits. |