| 释义 |
hedgehog|ˈhɛdʒhɒg|
Also 5 heyghoge, 6 hediock, 7 hedgehock.
[f. hedge n. + hog: named from its frequenting hedgerows and from its pig-like snout.]
1. An insectivorous quadruped of the genus Erinaceus, armed above with innumerable spines, and able to roll itself up into a ball with these bristling in every direction; an urchin.
a1450Fysshynge w. angle (1883) 2 Wen he wenyt hyt be a hare ful often hit ys a heyghoge [1496 hegge hogge]. 1535Coverdale Isa. xxxiv. 15 There shall the hedghogge buylde, digge, be there at home. 1579Lyly Euphues (Arb.) 373 Thou arte..not vnlyke vnto the Hedgehogge, who euermore lodgeth in the thornes, bicause he himselfe is full of prickells. 1656Bp. Hall Occas. Medit. (1851) 136 The fox knows many pretty wiles, but the hedgehog knows one great one. 1864Tennyson Aylmer's F. 850 The hedgehog underneath the plantain bores. 1889Pall Mall G. 6 Feb. 1/2 You need a tolerably thick skin when you go to bed with a hedgehog.
fig.1642R. Carpenter Experience ii. iii. 142 In..desire to be delivered of a hedghog that wounds and teares them in their tender inside. 1828Hawthorne Fanshawe vii. (1879) 108 Her firmness, decision, and confident sagacity—which made her a sort of domestic hedgehog. 1876Eliz. Wetherell Daisy in Field xiv. 173 That hedgehog of thoughts began to stir and unfold and come to life.
2. Applied to various animals armed with spines, as (a) the Tenrec of Madagascar; (b) the Porcupine Ant-eater of Australia; (c) sea-hedgehog, the Porcupine-fish Diodon hystrix; also the Sea-urchin.
1598Florio, Hechinometri, a kinde of sea hedgehog. 1737Ozell Rabelais I. 350 The Shells of Sea-hedge-hogs are..call'd Coquecigruës. 1863Wood Illustr. Nat. Hist. III. 337 The Urchin-Fish or Sea Hedgehog is a good example of the genus Diodon, or Two-toothed fishes..remarkable for the tremendous array of spiny points which it bears on its skin.
3. A name for prickly seed-vessels or burs borne by plants, and for the plants which bear them, e.g. Ranunculus arvensis, Medicago Echinus (M. intertexta), Echinaria capitata.
1711J. Petiver in Phil. Trans. XXVII. 387 Hard Bur Hedgehogs..The Fruit of this resembles our Xanthium or Lesser Burdock. 1794Martyn Rousseau's Bot. xxv. 369 Hedgehogs, whose legumes are closely armed with long spines pointing out every way. 1864H. Trimen in Jrnl. Bot. II. 79 R[anunculus] Arvensis..called ‘Hedgehogs’ (I suppose from its muricated fruit) by the country people. 1866Treas. Bot. 572/2 Hedgehog, Medicago intertexta. 1880Jefferies Gt. Estate 132 The curious prickly seed-vessels of the corn buttercup—the ‘hedgehog’—whose spines, however, will not scratch the softest skin.
4. Applied to other things likened to a hedgehog:
†a. A disease of sheep. Obs.
†b. A kind of military firework. Obs.
c. (See quot. 1794.)
d. A kind of vagrant rabbit.
e. A kind of dredging-machine.
f. A dish in cookery.
1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 476 Of the Warts and Cratches of Sheep. This disease is called by the vulgar shepheards the Hedghog. 1672T. Venn Milit. Discipl. iii. iii. xv. 13 To make Hedg-hogs, or balls, you must fill them with the same receipts you do your Arrows and Pikes [etc.]. 1723J. Nott Cook's & Confect. Dict. 28 (heading) To make a hedge-hog. Ibid., Almonds,..Eggs,..Cream,..Butter..stirring, till it is stiff enough to be made in the Form of a Hedge-hog; then stick it full of blanch'd Almonds,..like the Bristles of a Hedge-hog. 1794W. Felton Carriages (1801) II. Gloss., Hedge Hog, a leather stuck full of nails, to buckle on the pole with the points upward, to prevent the horses gnawing it. 1838Civil Engin. & Archit. Jrnl. Dec. 391/1 (title) A machine called a hedgehog for removing mud etc. in rivers. 1846P. Parley's Ann. VII. 325 The hedgehog is a sort of vagabond rabbit. 1855E. Acton Mod. Cookery (1863) 480 An Apple Hedge-Hog, or Suédoise, this dish is formed of apples, pared, cored without being divided, and stewed tolerably tender in a light syrop. 1856S. C. Brees Gloss. Terms, Hedgehog, a machine for removing mud and silt from rivers and streams. It is somewhat similar in shape to a road or garden roller, consisting of a wheel revolving on an axle, to which drawing shafts are fixed. Timber stocks are projected from the cylinder with iron spades bolted thereto, which act upon the bottom of the river, clearing away all obstructions. 1960Good Housek. Cook. Bk. 405/2 Hedgehog cake.
g. A fortified position ‘bristling’ with guns pointing in all directions.
1942Daily Tel. 22 May 1/2 The German infantry has been used to being led by tanks and, throughout the past winter, to holding strong points called ‘hedgehogs’. 1943Times 16 Dec. 4/1 The Germans fought with the utmost ferocity for their old ‘hedgehog’ position. 1952Time 29 Sept. 18/1 Holdfast's strategists had developed their plan after studying German tactics in the long retreat from Stalingrad (in which the Germans first used the word ‘hedgehog’).
h. (See quot. 1947.)
1947Jane's Fighting Ships 1946–7 6 Anti-Submarine Weapons..include the ‘hedgehog’, a salvo of 24 depth charges each containing 32 lb. of explosive fired ahead of a ship from a spigot mortar. 1968D. McLachlan Room 39 xiv. 329 The dangers of underwater hedgehogs to the Mulberry floating harbours [had not] been closely examined.
†5. Applied to a person who is regardless of others' feelings; often as a term of obloquy. Obs.
1594Shakes. Rich. III, i. ii. 102 Do'st grant me Hedge⁓hogge. 1605Tryall Chev. iii. i. in Bullen O. Pl. III. 306 My name, sir, is Bow wow. S'hart, what a name's that! the Hedge-hog mocks us. 1660Mrs. Rump 2 Thou Dam'd Hedgehock.
6. attrib., passing into adj.: Of, belonging to, or resembling a hedgehog.
1610J. Guillim Heraldry iii. vii. (1660) 135 Unlike to those Hedge-hogge holy-ones whose Sharpe censures..pierce thorow all those who converse with them. 1774Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) IV. 99 Animals of the Hedge-hog kind. 1891W. Cory Lett. & Jrnls. (1897) 461 The tilting, hedgehog, ransom age. 1930Engineering 14 Nov. 615/2 An elevator..delivered the clay into small hedgehog rollers.
7. a. General Comb., as hedgehog-hooked adj., hedgehog-hunting, hedgehog-like adj. or adv.
1606Sylvester Du Bartas ii. iv. i. Tropheis 74 His hands and arms, and bosom bristled were (Most Hedg-hog-like) with wyer insteed of haire. 1678Narr. Murder Godfrey 4 There had been several Soldiers thereabout..a Hedghog-hunting. 1792Wolcott (P. Pindar) Ode to Acad. Chair Wks. 1812 III. 48 Most hedgehog-like thou bristlest up my hair. 1793Martyn Lang. Bot., Hedge-hog-hooked, Echinato-uncinata spica. A spike beset with prickles.
b. Special Comb.: hedgehog cactus, a plant of the genus Echinocactus, globular and spiny; hedgehog caterpillar (U.S.), see quot.; hedgehog converter, transformer Electr., a type of transformer (no longer used) with open magnetic circuit, in which the ends of the iron wire core assume a bristling appearance; hedgehog crystal (see quot.); hedgehog fish = porcupine fish; hedgehog fruit, the prickly fruit of an Australian tree, Echinocarpus Australis; also the tree itself; hedgehog fungus = hedgehog mushroom; hedgehog gooseberry, a variety of gooseberry covered with stiff hairs; hedgehog grass, † (a) a kind of sedge (Carex flava) having prickly fruit; (b) name of various grasses of which the spikelets form burs, esp. Cenchrus tribuloides of N. America; hedgehog holly, a variety of holly with spines on the surface of the leaves (Miller Gard. Dict. 1724); hedgehog liquorice, name for Glycyrrhiza echinata, an Italian plant from which liquorice is made (Gerarde's Herbal 1633); hedgehog medick, a species of Medicago with prickly pods, as M. Echinus (M. intertexta), M. maculata; hedgehog mushroom, an edible fungus of the genus Hydnum, having prickly hymenium; hedgehog parsley, a name for burparsley, Caucalis daucoides; hedgehog plant = sense 3; hedgehog pudding, a pudding stuck over with blanched almonds (Cassell's Dict. Cookery); hedgehog rat, a rodent of the subfamily Echinomyinæ (see quot.); hedgehog shell, the shell of Murex erinaceus, having prickly projections; hedgehog soup (see quot., and cf. hedgehog pudding); hedgehog stone, popular name of a brown iron ore occurring in rock crystals; hedgehog thistle = hedgehog cactus; hedgehog trefoil, ? = hedgehog medick; hedgehog wheat, a race of hardy dwarf wheats, grown in mountainous districts of Europe, having dense short ears and awned glumes.
1872C. V. Riley Noxious Insects 143 The larva of this insect (Arctia Isabella)..is familiarly known by the name of the *Hedgehog Caterpillar. It is thickly covered with stiff black hairs on each end and with reddish hairs on the middle of the body.
1886Syd. Soc. Lex., *Hedgehog-crystals, the globular masses of sodium urate found in the urine, which are provided with points or prickles.
1851P. H. Gosse Nat. Sojourn Jamaica 244 Specimens of the *Hedgehog-fish, or Sea Porcupine (Diodon), are frequently carried home by mariners.
1887C. F. Holder Liv. Lights 138 The chantarelle and the *hedgehog fungus are esteemed by many.
1676Worlidge Cyder (1691) 229 The *Hedgehog Gooseberry is a large fruit, well tasted, and very hairy.
1597Gerarde Herbal i. xiv. §1. 15 *Hedgehog grasse hath broade, long and stiffe flaggie leaues..and at the top of euerie stalke groweth certaine round and pricking knobs, fashioned like an Hedgehog. 1884Miller Plant-n., Hedgehog Grass, Panicum stagninum.
1861Miss Pratt Flower. Pl. II. 92 The *Hedge-Hog Medick (Medicago intertexta).
1854Mayne Expos. Lex., *Hedgehog Mushroom, common name for the Hydnum erinaceum.
1879Prior Plant-n., *Hedgehog parsley, from its prickly burs, Caucalis daucoides.
1884Miller Plant-n., *Hedge-hog-plant, Anthyllis erinacea and Echinaria capitata.
1884Kingsley Stand. Nat. Hist. V. 89 The Echinomyinæ, or *Hedge-hog Rats, as they may be collectively termed..the pelage is usually harsh, or bristly, or even mixed with spines.
1863Wood Illustr. Nat. Hist. I. 370 The British Woodcock or *Hedgehog Shell..is a native of our seas..much smaller than the thorny woodcock.
1769Mrs. Raffald Eng. Housekpr. (1778) 6 Blanch a few Jordan almonds..stick them round the edge of the rolls slantways, then stick them all over the top of the rolls..when dished up pour the soup upon the roll..some French cooks give this soup the name of *hedge-hog soup.
1849J. Nicol Min. 403 [Goethite] occurs enclosed in rock crystal..the Stachelschweinstein, *Hedgehogstone.
1597Gerarde Herbal (1633) 1177 Of the Melon or *Hedge-hog Thistle. 1856Knight Cycl. Nat. Hist. II. 466 Echinocactus, a genus of..Cactaceæ..known by the name of Hedgehog Thistles.
1902Encycl. Brit. XXVIII. 117/2 The wire..used..to form the core of his ‘*hedgehog’ transformers.
1706Phillips (ed. Kersey), *Hedge-hog-Trefoil, a kind of Herb.
1909Webster, *Hedgehog wheat. 1921J. Percival Wheat Plant 307 Club, Dwarf, Cluster or Hedgehog Wheat, Triticum compactum.
▸ Genetics and Embryol.With allusion to the bristly shape of Drosophila mutants at this locus. A gene originally identified in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster which encodes a protein involved in the determination of segmental polarity and cell-to-cell signalling during embryonic development amd metamorphosis; the protein encoded by this gene. Also (in full sonic hedgehog): the homologous gene or protein in various vertebrate species.
The gene is commonly denoted by the word in italics, the protein by the word in roman and with a capital initial.
1980C. Nüsslein-Volhard & E. Wieschaus in Nature 30 Oct. 796/1 Six such loci have been identified. Three loci, for fused, wingless..and cubitus interruptus, were previously known whereas gooseberry, hedgehog and patch are new. 1993R. Riddle et al. in Cell 75 1401/1 We have isolated a vertebrate gene, Sonic hedgehog, related to the Drosophila segment polarity gene hedgehog,..that is capable of polarizing limbs in grafting experiments. 1997New Scientist 5 Apr. 24/1 Injections of a protein called sonic hedgehog into the brains of people with Parkinson's disease may be able to restore the number of dopamine-producing cells in the brain. 1998Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 9937/1 One possibility is that Cyclops activity may be required in addition to Hedgehog signaling to antagonize dorsalizing factors. |