| 释义 |
▪ I. hackle, n.1|ˈhæk(ə)l|
Forms: 1 hacele, 3–4 hakel(e, 5 hakille, -yll, 7 hackel, hacle, 6– hackle.
[OE. hacele and hæcele, wk. fem., ‘cloak, mantle, cassock’, corresponding, exc. in formative suffix, to OHG. hachul, MHG. hachel, Icel. hökull ‘priest's cope’, Goth. hakuls ‘cloak’, str. masc., also to ON. hekla str. f. ‘cowled, or hooded frock’.]
†1. A cloak, mantle, outer garment; a chasuble.
c893K. ælfred Oros. v. x. §3 Þa sende him mon ane blace hacelan anᵹean him. c1000ælfric Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 153/9 Clamis, hacele, uel fotsið sciccel. c1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 163 Ðe meshakele of medeme fustane.
2. A covering of any kind, as a bird's plumage, a serpent's skin, etc. Obs. exc. dial.
13..Gaw. & Gr. Knt. 2081 Vch hille hade a hatte, a myst⁓hakel huge. c1460J. Russell Bk. Nurture 695 Pecok in hakille ryally. 1658tr. Porta's Nat. Mag. i. 17 The herb Dragon..is full of speckles like a Serpents hackle. 1750W. Ellis Mod. Husb. III. ii. 116 (E.D.S.) The slug slipped his outer skin, or what we call his hackle in Hertfordshire. 1876Whitby Gloss., Hackle, substance about the person, as flesh, clothing. Property in general. 1892M. C. F. Morris Yorksh. Folk-Talk 319 Hackle is the natural covering of any animal, the human skin..‘He's got a good hackle ov his back’.
3. a. The conical straw roofing of a bee-hive. b. The straw covering of the apex of a rick. c. The case of a Florence flask.
1609C. Butler Fem. Mon. (1634) 26 Swine..rubbing against the hives, and tearing the hackles. 1655W. Mewe Let. to Hartlib in Ref. Commw. Bees 49 My Appiary consists of a row of little houses..which I find as cheap at seven yeares end as straw hacles. 1673Ray Journ. Low C. (1738) I. 289 The hackles of old flasks. 1713J. Warder True Amazons 44 The Mouse will..shelter himself betwixt the Hackle and the Hive. 1842Akerman Gloss. Wiltsh. Words, Hackle, straw covering of the apex of a rick. 1886Tegetmeier in Gd. Words 810 The old straw hive, which was..to be seen..covered with a straw hackle.
▪ II. hackle, n.2|ˈhæk(ə)l|
In 5 hakell, 6 hackel; see also heckle, hatchel.
[Not recorded in OE.; but the various ME. forms hechele, hetchell (c 1300), hekele (c 1440), hakell (1485), and the later hatchel, point to OE. *hacule, *hęcile. No corresponding words are recorded in the early stage of any Germanic lang., but MHG. hachele, hechele, (mod.G. hechel), MLG. and MDu. hekele, (Du. hekel), Da. hegle, Sw. häckla, all point to OTeut. type *hakilā, *hakulā, str. fem. with suffix-ablaut; prob. from the root hak- of OHG. *hakjan, hęcchen, hęcken, to prick, pierce, stab, and of hook, q.v.
It has been suggested that heckle came immediately from Du.; but the ME. hechele, hetchell, testify to an OE. hęcel, which would also give heckle in the north; so also, the vowel of hackle, hatchel can be explained only from OE. (Sense 2 is prob. the same word, or from the same root; sense 3 is more doubtful.)]
I.
1. a. An instrument set with parallel steel pins for splitting and combing out the fibres of flax or hemp; a flax-comb; = heckle, hatchel.
1485Inv. in Ripon Ch. Acts 368 Unum hakell pro lino. 1599T. M[oufet] Silkwormes 4 Beetles, hackels, wheeles and frame, Wherwith to bruse, touse, spin and weaue the same. 1797Monthly Mag. III. 301 Mr. Sellars has contrived, by the introduction of steel hackles, in place of wire, to prepare wool, cotton, etc. much more expeditiously, for spinning cordage or lines. 1837Whittock Bk. Trades (1842) 238 Hold the strike of flax in your hand, and break it well upon the coarse hackle.
b. Hairdressing. (See quot. 1957.)
1903A. M. Sutton Boardwork (ed. 2) i. 9 A ‘card’ or ‘hackle’, used for disentangling combings, smoothing and mixing hair, is a magnified comb composed of steel spikes or prongs. 1957V. J. Kehoe Technique Film & T.V. Make-Up iii. 34 Hackle, a multi-spiked tool which is clamped to a bench and used for combing or carding skeins of hair.
II.
2. Local name of the stickleback.
1655Moufet & Bennet Health's Improv. (1746) 275 Hackles or Sticklebacks are supposed to come of the Seed of Fishes spilt or miscarrying in the Water. 1661Lovell Hist. Anim. & Min. 235 Stickle-backs, Hackles; or Harry bannings. 1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., Hackle..a west-country name for the stickleback.
III. 3. a. The long shining feathers on the neck of certain birds, as the domestic cock, peacock, pigeon, etc. Also, the feathers on the saddle of a cock. a cock of a different hackle, an opponent of a different character.
a1450Fysshynge w. Angle (1883) 34 The yelow flye, the body of yelow wull: the wynges of the redde cocke hakyll. 1653Walton Angler iv. 110 Take the hackel of a Cock or Capons neck..take of the one side of the feather, and then take the hackel, Silk or Crewel, Gold or Silver thred, make these fast at the bent of the hook [etc.]. 1850D. J. Browne Amer. Poultry Yard 22 The hackles of the lower part of the back. Ibid. 253 In capons..the hackle, the tail feathers, and the spurs grew to a much greater length than in cocks. 1865Kingsley Herew. II. iv. 65 Fight it out..with a cock of a very different hackle. 1867H. B. Tegetmeier Pigeons xi. 117 The hackle, or neck-feathers, should be bright. 1874Slang Dict. 185 To show hackle, to be willing to fight. 1884Times 18 Mar. 7 The 42nd [1st Batt. Roy. Highlanders]..received the red hackle as an honourable distinction. 1970H. E. Smith Bantams i. 9 Feathers towards the stern are correctly called ‘saddle hackles’. Ibid. iii. 19 The colours of a Red Jungle Fowl..male are neck hackle, golden; saddle hackle, orange.
[¶ Quot. 1653 was printed in a mangled and distorted form by Johnson, who founded on it a mistaken explanation, ‘Raw silk, any filmy substance unspun’. Although corrected in Todd's Johnson, this bogus sense of hackle, with ‘flimsy’ substituted by Webster for ‘filmy’, continues to be reproduced in dictionaries.] b. The hackles of a cock are erected when he is angry; hence with the hackles up, said also of a dog on the point of fighting when the hairs at the top of the neck stand up or of a hound when near the fox and on the point of killing him, also transf. of a man when aroused. Hence hackles is sometimes put for hair, whiskers, etc.
1881C. Phillipps-Wolley Sport in Crimea 76 As my hackles were now fairly up, I crept and ran as well as I could after my wounded game. 1882Pall Mall G. 31 May 4/2 Not a single hound with his hackles up. 1883E. Pennell-Elmhirst Cream Leicestersh. 98 I almost saw the hackles of a good old squire rise as he waved his hat and cheered. 1894Blackmore Perlycross 179 He had no moustache to stroke—for only cavalry officers..as yet wore ginger hackles.
4. Angling. An artificial fly, dressed wholly or principally with a hackle-feather, or something resembling this; a ‘palmer’. Also hackle-fly.
1676Cotton Walton's Angler ii. 318 This month also a Plain Hackle or Palmer fly..will kill. 1799G. Smith Laboratory II. 301 Black-hackle. Body, pale yellow silk, [etc.]. 1867O. W. Holmes Guard. Angel xxii. (1891) 260 He must go armed with all implements, from the red hackle to the harpoon.
IV. attrib. and Comb.
5. [from 1] as hackle bar, the bar in which the hackle pins are set; hackle bench (see quot.); hackle pin, tooth, one of the teeth of a hackle; hackle sheet, a sheet carrying hackles and moving over pulleys.
1875Ure's Dict. Arts II. 431 The object of these guide plates is to support the *hackle bars in passing over the small rollers.
Ibid. 423 *Hackle bench sometimes revolving so as to present different degrees of hackles at its various angles, sometimes stationary with the gradation of hackles upon its length.
Ibid. 426 The surfaces being placed so close together that the *hackle pins penetrated the flax from both sides, and hackled at the same time.
Ibid. 425 Pulleys for carrying the *hackle sheets.
Ibid. 420 For hand-hackling, the tools used consist of a surface studded..with metal points, called *hackle-teeth.
6. [from III] as hackle-feather, hackle-maker; hackle-wise adv.; hackle-fly: see 4.
1681J. Chetham Angler's Vade-m. x. §3 (1689) 102 An Artifical Palmer-Worm or Fly which is to be made with a Hackle Feather. 1867F. Francis Angling vi. (1880) 244 A capital hot-weather fly dressed hacklewise. 1888Daily News 22 May 2/3 The hackle feathers of the male bird are several feet long.
Add:[IV.] [6.] hackle-raising a.
1938Dylan Thomas Let. 24 July (1985) 314 I'm sensitive, and hackle-raising, only, perhaps about every moment, younger or older, that isn't this. 1956E. Hiscock Around World in Wanderer III vii. 100 Most evenings..the hackle-raising rat-tat-tat of the drums vibrated out across the lagoon. 1987Los Angeles Times 20 June v. 6/5 Passengers are immediately thrust into a 360-degree loop, then an even more hackle-raising series of 135-degree..banks.
▪ III. hackle, v.1
[dim. and freq. of hack v.1: cf. MDu. hakkelen, having the same relation to hakken. Cf. also haggle v.]
1. trans. To cut roughly, hack, mangle by cutting.
1579–80North Plutarch (1612) 741 Caesar..was hackled and mangled among them, as a wild beast taken of hunters. 1611Coryat Crudities 274 I have seen a Mountebanke hackle and gash his naked arme with a knife most pittifully to beholde. 1684Lond. Gaz. No. 1959/4 His Hair not shav'd but cut and hackled with a pair of Sheers. 1790Burke Fr. Rev. Wks. V. 351 The other divisions of the kingdom being hackled and torn to pieces. 1876T. S. Egan tr. Heine's Atta Troll, etc. 222 'Twill prickle and hackle your faces.
†2. intr. To make a hacking. Obs.
1589Nashe Martins Months Minde 18 These lustie youthes..hackle at our throate.
Hence hackled ppl. a., ˈhackling vbl. n.2
1583Babington Commandm. i. (1637) 8 Evill cutting or hackling of the knife. 1842S. Lover Handy Andy xxv. 214 An old knife whose hackled edge..assisted Andy's own ingenuity in the tearing of his coat.
▪ IV. hackle, v.2
[f. hackle n.1]
trans. To cover (a bee-hive) with a hackle or straw roof.
1609C. Butler Fem. Mon. (1634) 51 That they be close cloomed..and well hackled down to, or below, the Stool.
▪ V. hackle, v.3
[f. hackle n.2 1: cf. heckle v. in same sense.]
a. trans. To dress (flax or hemp) with the hackle, whereby the fibres are split, straightened, and combed out, so as to be in condition for spinning. Also used of dressing the hair in wigmaking.
1616[see hackling vbl. n.]. 1755Johnson, Hackle, to dress flax. 1788Trans. Soc. Arts VI. 164 To be hackled, much in the manner of dressing Flax or Hemp. 1797M. Edgeworth Early Lessons (1827) I. 217 I am going to hackle the flax..said the woman, and she began to comb the flax with these steel combs. 1866Rogers Agric. & Prices I. xviii. 426 Small quantities of hemp were grown..and..the produce was hackled and spun by the servants. 1931G. A. Foan Art & Craft of Hairdressing i. 11/1 When dry the hair is ready for drawing off into roots and points. Taking each section separately the student should lightly hackle the extreme ends. 1966J. S. Cox Illustr. Dict. Hairdressing 68/1 Hackle, to draw hair through a hackle to disentangle it.
b. fig. = heckle: see cross-hackle.
Hence hackled ppl. a.
1875Ure's Dict. Arts II. 422 Each hackled tress of flax.
▪ VI. hackle, v.4 Angling.
[f. hackle n.2 III.]
trans. To dress (a fly) with a hackle-feather.
1867F. Francis Angling xi. (1880) 402 Blue jay hackled over the wing. 1886Pritt N. Country Flies 27 Hackled with a golden feather from a Cock Pheasant's neck.
Hence hackled ppl. a., ˈhackling vbl. n.3
1867F. Francis Angling xiii. (1880) 475 Where a junction of hackles is to be effected..compare the length of the fibres, so that the hackling may graduate. 1892Daily News 14 Apr. 3/1 In Yorkshire hackled spider flies are the only wear.
Restrict Angling to existing sense and add: 2. intr. a. Of the hackles: to rise. b. With up. Of an animal: to raise the hackles. Also transf.
1935H. L. Davis Honey in Horn x. 129 He could keep people from asking questions about it by hackling up and yelling at them. 1972R. Adams Watership Down xix. 117 ‘What in Frith's name makes a noise like that?’ said Bigwig, his great fur cap hackling between his ears. 1980― Girl in Swing (1981) xviii. 236, I walked towards the car and at once the dog hackled up. |