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单词 gravitation
释义 I. gravitation|grævɪˈteɪʃən|
[ad. mod.L. gravitātiōn-em, n. of action f. gravitāre to gravitate. Cf. F. gravitation.]
1. Physics.
a. The action or process of gravitating; in early use, the falling of bodies to the earth or their sinking to their lowest level; in later use applied in wider sense to the process of which this is an instance, the moving or tending to a centre of attraction.
c1645Enquiry in Harl. Misc. (Malh.) V. 501 If the opinion be true, that gravitation is from the magnetism of the earth, then, the more remote from the earth, the less is the gravity.1664Power Exp. Philos. ii. 104 This Experiment seems onely to evince the gravitation of Ayr condensed.1713Berkeley Guardian No. 126 ⁋6 The mutual gravitation of bodies.1797M. Baillie Morb. Anat. (1807) 65 Where blood too is accumulated in any part of a lung after death, from gravitation, it is always of a dark colour.1812–16Playfair Nat. Phil. II. 308 How the gravitation toward distant bodies, such as the Sun and Moon, may affect the Earth's rotation on its axis.1831Brewster Newton (1855) I. ii. 26 If the moon was thus kept in her orbit by gravitation to the earth, or, in other words, its attraction.1888Pall Mall G. 23 Mar. 5/1 The substitution of irrigation by gravitation instead of by pumps.
b. The amount or degree of such attraction.
1812–16Playfair Nat. Phil. II. 266 The gravitation of one planet to another, is expressed by the quantity of matter in each, divided by the square of the distance.
2. The attraction of one body for another, or the effective force of one body moving towards another; the tendency of every particle of matter towards every other particle, of which the fall of bodies to the earth is an instance.
The law of gravitation, according to which the attractive force of bodies varies directly as their masses and inversely as the square of the distance between them, was discovered by Sir Isaac Newton.
1646Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. iv. vii. 196 In carcasses warme..there doe exhale and breathe out vaporous and fluid parts, which carry away some power of gravitation.1692Bentley Boyle Lect. 225 The gravitating power of each of them [planets]..arises from the several gravitations or attractions of all the individual particles that compose the whole mass.1728Pemberton View Newton's Philos. 17 This power of gravitation extends up to the moon, and causes that planet to gravitate..towards the earth.1728Pope Dunc. ii. 318 Whirlpools and storms his circling arm invest, With all the might of gravitation blast.1813Sir H. Davy Agric. Chem. ii. (1814) 31 One of the most important properties belonging to matter is Gravitation.1829Scott Anne of G. ii, The power of gravitation determined a direct and forward descent.1837Whewell Hist. Induct. Sci. (1857) II. 181 They..obeyed the law of universal gravitation.1860Maury Phys. Geog. Sea (Low) ii. §95 But for the forces of gravitation the waters of the Mississippi would remain at its fountain.1877Huxley Physiogr. xxi. (1878) 371 The force by which the iron rushes to the earth is called gravitation.
3. transf. and fig. The fact or condition of being attracted towards an object or point of influence; natural tendency (to or towards); in bad sense, tendency to sink to a low level.
1644Digby Man's Soul Concl. 454 The vehemence and intensenesse of any pleasure, is proportionable..to the grauitation, bent, and greatnesse that such a subiect hath to the obiect that delighteth it.1688Norris Theory Love i. iii. 26 That moral Gravity and Gravitation of the Soul impress'd on her by the universal Good acting attractively upon her.1784Cowper Task v. 588 That low And sordid gravitation of his pow'rs To a vile clod.1805Wordsw. Prelude ii. 243 The gravitation and the filial bond Of Nature that connect him with the world.1862Merivale Rom. Emp. (1865) IV. xxxii. 2 We shall..observe the general gravitation of the whole machine towards a more absolute despotism.1876E. Mellor Priesth. viii. 372 That strong gravitation towards evil.1883Gilmour Mongols xxxii. 373 Russia has toleration for all religions, but the gravitation is towards..the Greek Church.
4. attrib. and Comb., as gravitation law, gravitation supply (cf. sense 1. quot. 1888); gravitation battery = gravity battery (see gravity 8 b); gravitation constant = gravitational constant; gravitation measure (see quot. 1875); gravitation stamp = gravity stamp (see gravity 8 b); gravitation unit = gravitational unit (obs.).
1883F. Jenkin Electr. & Magnet. (ed. 7) 227 Gravitation batteries are like the Menotti's with the sawdust removed.
1889Cent. Dict. s.v. constant, The gravitation constant is about 0·0000000658 of a c.g.s. unit.1894Nature 2 Aug. 330/2 This G, the gravitation constant, or as I prefer to call it..the Newtonian Constant of Gravitation, has nothing to do with that other quantity generally written g, which represents the attraction of the earth's surface.1910Encycl. Brit. XII. 385/1 The law of gravitation states that two masses M1 and M2, distant d from each other, are pulled together each with a force G.M1M2/d2, where G is a constant for all kinds of matter—the gravitation constant.
1850H. Miller Footpr. Creat. xiii. (1874) 242 Such..would be the direct effects of this gravitation law.1875Everett Illustr. C. G. S. Syst. Units 13 Force is said to be expressed in gravitation-measure when it is expressed as equal to the weight of a given mass.
1894T. K. Rose Metallurgy Gold 99 Californian ‘gravitation’ stamps are in general use..for crushing gold ores.1914W. Gowland Metallurgy Non-Ferrous Metals 200 A modern heavy gravitation stamp.
1896Westm. Gaz. 30 July 7/2 It [the water] will be served by a gravitation supply under a net head of about 65ft.
1872Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1871 ii. 29 The object of the paper was to urge the necessity of giving names to absolute units of force and energy, that is, units not varying with locality, like the gravitation units vulgarly employed (pound, foot-pound, &c.), but defined by reference to specified units of length, mass, and time.1885A. Macfarlane Physical Arithmetic xxxiii. 192 Work is also measured in terms of gravitation units, by taking the corresponding gravitation unit of force instead of the absolute unit of force.
II. gravitation
erron. form of gravidation.
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