| 释义 |
▪ I. freeze, n.1|friːz|
[f. freeze v.]
1. The action of the vb. freeze; lit. and fig. See also freeze-out; freeze-up.
c1440York Myst. xiv. 72 Þe fellest frese þat euer I felyd. 1630J. Taylor (Water P.) Wks. ii. 256/2 The Lord, the Lowne, the Sir, the Swaine Against the freeze, of Freeze make winter suites. 1866Dickens Lett. 6 Jan. (1880) II. 246, I am charmed to learn that you have had a freeze out of my ghost story. 1882Garden 18 Mar. 177/2 The severe frost of Oct. 5..was an exceptional freeze. 1891K. Field Washington IV. 383/2 During a freeze there is no comfort in a southern house.
2. Also in specific fig. uses, as:
a. to do a freeze: to be overlooked or ignored. Austral. and N.Z. slang.
c1926‘Mixer’ Transport Workers' Song Bk. 23 ‘I know,’ said one, ‘I did a freeze Till I tumbled to the lurk.’ 1941Baker Dict. Austral. Slang 30 Do a freeze, to be overlooked, ignored.
b. The fixing or establishing of assets, dividends, military strength, etc., at a certain level or figure. Cf. wage-freeze and freeze v. 5 e, f.
1942Business Week 11 Apr. 88/1 In wartime there is much to be said for a general price, wage, and profit freeze. 1948Electronics Nov. 132/1 Television Application Freeze Announced. Recent action by the FCC temporarily halted any further authorization of new television stations... The freeze would remain in effect long enough for the commission to decide whether certain changes should be made. 1951Economist 24 Nov. 1245 In the first twelve months since the end of the so-called freeze, wage rates have increased by 10 per cent. 1959Daily Tel. 23 Mar. 14/4 Mr. Macmillan's plan for a controlled and inspected ‘freeze’ of forces in a prescribed area. 1962Daily Tel. 26 Oct. 1/3 He has accepted the proposal..for a ‘freeze’ of two to three weeks. This will involve him in the suspension of all arms shipments to Cuba. 1965New Statesman 9 Apr. 560/3 A socialist government should actively support a new nuclear freeze in Europe.
3. Cinemat. and Television. A shot in which the movement is arrested by printing the same frame many times. Also freeze-frame, -shot, frozen-frame. Cf. freeze v. 4 f.
1960O. Skilbeck ABC of Film & TV 59 Freeze frame, T.V. term meaning a briefly Frozen Shot after the Jingle to allow ample time for Change over at the end of a T.V. ‘Commercial’. 1965L. Halliwell Film-goer's Compan. 157 Freeze frame, a printing device whereby the action appears to ‘freeze’ into a still, this being accomplished by printing one frame many times. 1966New Statesman 3 June 819/2 Daisy..breaks down but recovers in a frozen-frame finale. (Incidentally, The Moving Target ends on a freeze too: perhaps some more conventional way of signing off a story might be returned to.) 1969New Yorker 17 May 127/1 The sound track uses the creak of the prison doors..and, finally, to accompany a freeze-shot of the start of a massacre, the Haydn tune that the Hapsburgs adopted as their anthem. Ibid. 20 Dec. 36/3 The freeze-frame of the dream resumes. 1970A. Fowles Dupe Negative xiv. 190, I crashed berserkly through the door and a freeze frame was stamped obscenely on my mind.
▪ II. † freeze, n.2 Obs.
Also frees.
(See quots.) Also freeze-water, water used for diluting wine.
16..Songs Lond. Prentices (Percy Soc.) 155 Let me have but a touch of your ale..Or tinkers frees, Or vintners lees. 1658tr. Porta's Nat. Mag. xviii. 382 Freeze-water [orig. has aqua only] is thinner than new wine, and lighter. 1698In Vino Veritas 8 A Liquid nick-named Freeze, which is..but a hungry, thin, sorry kind of Cyder, which does us a..kindness in lowering our Wines. 1719D'Urfey Pills III. 104 They had fetched their Frees, And mired their Stomachs quite up to their Knees in Claret and good Cheer.
▪ III. freeze, v.|friːz|
Pa. tense froze |frəʊz|. Pa. pple. frozen |ˈfrəʊz(ə)n|. Forms: inf. 1 fréosan, 3–4 fr(e)osen 4–6 fre(e)se(n, frise, (5 freys, 6 freis, freze), 6, 8 frieze, 7–8 freez, (7 freize), 6– freeze. pa. tense 1 fréas, 4 fre(e)s(e, 5 frore, frose, (9 dial. friz), 7– froze; weak forms: 4 freesed, 6 frised, 9 freezed. pa. pple. α. 1 froren, 3–5 froren, -yn, 5–6, 9 frorn(e, 4–9 frore (4 froore, 5 froare) also 3–4 i-, yfrore. β. 4–6 frosen, -yn, (6 frose), 5–9 froze (now vulgar), (9 dial. and vulgar friz), 6– frozen; weak forms: 6 frozed, 7–8 freezed.
[A Com. Teut. str. vb.: OE. fréosan = MLG. vrêsen, Du. vriezen, OHG. friosan (MHG. vriesen, mod.Ger. frieren), ON. friósa (Sw. frysa, Da. fryse), Goth. *friusan (inferred from frius frost):—OTeut. *freusan, f. root *freus-, fraus-, fruz-:—pre-Teut. *preus-, prous-, prus-; cf. Lat. pruīna (:—? *prusvīna hoar-frost), Skr. prušva drop, frozen drop, hoar-frost; less obviously connected in sense are L. prūrīre to itch, prūna (:—*prusnā) live coal, Skr. pluš to burn; some scholars assume contamination with the Aryan root *qreus, qrus to freeze, whence Gr. κρύσταλλος ice.
The OTeut. conjugation was *freus-, fraus, fruzum, frozono-, which is accurately represented in the OE. fréosan, fréas, fruron, froren. The later Eng. form of the pa. pple. frosen, frozen (whence pa. tense froze) is due to the analogy of the pres.-stem; similarly ON. has frosenn (possibly the source of the Eng. form) beside the older frørenn, and Du. has pa. tense vroor, pa. pple. vrozen, as well as the correct vroos, vroren; the MHG. inf. vriesen, pa. tense vrôs, have become in mod.Ger. frieren, fror, through the analogy of the pa. pple. gefroren.]
I. intransitive uses.
1. impers. it freezes: the local temperature of the atmosphere is such that water becomes ice. † Also quasi-personal with a subject (frost, etc.).
971Blickl. Hom. 93 Men steorran maᵹon ᵹeseon swa sutole swa on niht ðonne hit swiðe freoseþ. a1000Gnomic Verses (Bosw.), Forst sceal freosan. c1000ælfric Gram. xxii. (Z.) 128 Gelat, hit fryst. a1250Owl & Night. 620 An his hou never ne vor-lost, Wan hit snuith, ne wan hit frost. a1310in Wright Lyric P. xxxix. 110 When the forst freseth, muche chele he byd. 1362Langl. P. Pl. A viii. 115 Whon the Forst freseth foode hem [the foules] bi-houeth. 1390Gower Conf. III. 236 If the month of juil shall frese. 1481Caxton Reynard (Arb.) 82 He shal neuer take harm by colde..thaugh it snowed, stormed or frore neuer so sore. 1548Hall Chron., Hen. VIII (1809) 671 Still it frised. 1649R. Hodges Plain. Direct. 8 If it freez, put on your frees jacket. 1748F. Smith Voy. Disc. I. 153 It snowed all night, and froze very hard. 1837W. Irving Capt. Bonneville III. 40 A road in the wet snow, which, should it afterwards freeze, would be sufficiently hard to bear the horses.
2. a. Of a liquid, or liquid particles: To be converted into ice. Of a body of water: To become covered with ice. Occas. with complement, as to freeze hard, freeze solid.
c1290S. Eng. Leg. I. 317/608 Þe dropen bicometh to snowe, And þanne huy freosez adoneward are huy comen here ouȝt lowe. c1330R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 121 Þe snowe lay in þe feld, þe water frese biside. c1400Mandeville (1839) xi. 125 Thare ys a nother Ryvere, that upon the nygt freseth wondur faste. c1532G. Du Wes Introd. Fr. in Palsgr. 947 To frese, geller. 1692Ray Creation ii. (ed. 2) 122 The aqueous Humor of the Eye will not freeze. 1694Acc. Sev. Late Voy. ii. (1711) 222 The Dutch, who winter'd in Nova Zembla, took notice, that the salt Water freez'd. 1748F. Smith Voy. Disc. I. 159 Port Wine froze solid. 1816J. Smith Panorama Sc. & Art II. 41 Some other liquor must be employed, which is not so subject to freeze. 1878Markham Gt. Frozen Sea v. 60 The cold spray flew aft into our faces where it almost froze.
b. To become hard or rigid as the result of cold; esp. of objects containing moisture.
1390Gower Conf. II. 22 Wherof art thou so sore afered, That thou thy tunge suffrest frese. 1694Acc. Sev. Late Voy. ii. (1711) 208 Their Tackle was so frozen, and full of Isicles. 1725Pope Odyss. xix. 238 Snows collected on the mountain freeze. 1748F. Smith Voy. Disc. I. 21 Our Ropes were now froze with Ice hanging on them.
3. a. To become fixed to (something) or together by the action of frost.
c1460Towneley Myst. (Surtees) 99 When my shone freys to my fete It is not alle esy. 1596Shakes. Tam. Shr. iv. i. 7 Were not I..soone hot; my very lippes might freeze to my teeth. 1860Tyndall Glac. ii. xxiv. 361 Their liquid liberty is destroyed, and the surfaces freeze together. Mod. In Canada a child's tongue once froze to a lamp-post he was licking.
b. orig. U.S. and Australian. to freeze (on) to: to hold on to (a person or thing); to keep tight hold of; also, to become attached to (a person), ‘take to’. Cf. to stick to. Also, to freeze down.
1837–40Haliburton Clockm. (1862) 377 Do as I do, younker..freeze down solid to it. 1861Lowell Biglow P. Poet. Wks. 1890 II. 234, I friz right down where I wuz, merried the Widder Shennon. 1876Besant & Rice Gold. Butterfly xx. 163 No, sir; I am of the children of Israel; and I freeze to that. 1882Sala Amer. Revis. (1885) 193 ‘Freezing’ to him, as the Americans call it—was a tiny fellow of some eight years. 1883P. Robinson Saints & Sinners 114 The better the Mormon, the harder he freezes to his religion. 1888Rider Haggard Col. Quaritch xvii, He's a lawyer and he might not freeze on to you. 1890‘Boldrewood’ Col. Reformer (1891) 189 Here, Jem!..freeze on to this brute. 1897Westm. Gaz. 23 June 7/1 Londoners, when they get hold of a good thing, like to ‘freeze on to’ it. 1935Wodehouse Blandings Castle i. 25 You won't mind if I freeze on to the two-seater for the nonce? 1960M. Stewart My Brother Michael xv. 188 We'll freeze on to those facts, and let the rest develop as it will.
4. a. To be affected by, or have the sensation of, extreme cold; to feel very chill; to suffer the loss of vital heat; to die by frost. So to freeze to death.
1390Gower Conf. II. 38 Wether that he frese or swete..He woll ben idel all aboute. 1601? Marston Pasquil & Kath. ii. 363 Powre wine, sound musicke, let our blouds not freeze. 1613Shakes. Hen. VIII, i. iv. 21 Nay, you must not freeze. 1681S. Colvil Whigs Supplic. (1751) 37 A..passage..he finds by the north-west, Where Davies freezed to his rest. 1698Fryer Acc. E. India & P. 318 We might sooner have frozen than kept our Innate Heat entire. 1748F. Smith Voy. Disc. I. 176 By being thus hung in the Air, the Rabbit..freezes to Death. 1817Coleridge Three Graves 22 Her limbs did creep and freeze. 1820Keats Eve St. Agnes ii, The sculptured dead, on each side, seem to freeze.
b. Of inanimate things: To be extremely cold; to be utterly devoid of heat.
1613Shakes. Hen. VIII, iii. i. 4 Orpheus..made..the Mountaine tops that freeze, Bow themselves. 1700Dryden Pal. & Arc. ii. 540 Heav'n froze above severe, the clouds congeal. 1823Lamb Elia, Old Benchers I.T., His kitchen chimney was never suffered to freeze.
c. In non-material or fig. sense: To grow intensely cold; to lose warmth of feeling; to be chilled by fear, etc.; to shudder.
a1557in Tottel's Misc. (Arb.) 169, I frise amids the fire. 1596Shakes. Tam. Shr. ii. i. 340 Gray-beard thy loue doth freeze. 1596B. L[inche] Diella (1877) 74 Thou then didst burne in loue, now froz'd in hate. 1607Dekker Whore of Babylon Wks. 1873 II. 265 Courage, to kill Ten men I should not freeze thus. 1683Cave Ecclesiastici Introd. 66 Zeal against Paganism did not freeze. 1718Pope Iliad xv. 756 Pale, trembling, tired, the sailors freeze with fears. 1874Mahaffy Soc. Life Greece ix. 289 If I behold the tiny fish on which they put such a price I freeze with horror.
d. to freeze out: (of a plant) to die through freezing. U.S.
1872Trans. Dep. Agric. Illinois 73 They [sc. strawberry plants] dry out and freeze out worse in a loose and well aerated sand. 1872Rep. Vermont Board Agric. 128 Alsike luxuriates in damp soils, and will not freeze out as red clover.
e. To make oneself suddenly rigid or motionless.
1848C. Brontë J. Eyre xix, The smile on his lips froze. 1865Detroit Tribune 6 Oct. 3/1 The raiders remained in the back room some minutes without making any demonstration, and Smith in the meantime ‘froze’ to the door latch. 1908S. E. White Riverman iii. 27 But Orde..had frozen in an attitude of attentive listening. 1916H. Titus I Conquered ix. 109 Of a sudden the horse froze, stopped his breathing. 1931D. L. Sayers Five Red Herrings xxviii. 334 The Chief Constable hurriedly snatched up the rug and froze. 1933Brit. Birds XXVII. 130 It ‘froze’ here for about five minutes and then started moving its head around. 1959Listener 5 Mar. 414/2 Whenever a sentry appeared, they froze. 1969I. & P. Opie Children's Games vi. 193 As the person in front turns round, the players ‘freeze’, for if he sees anyone moving..he sends that player back.
f. Cinemat. (See quot. 1960.) Cf. freeze n.1 3.
1960O. Skilbeck ABC of Film & TV 59 Freeze, to arrest movement by successively Printing one Frame of Negative. Done, for instance, to extend a Shot for Optical purposes, as in a Title background; or for comedy effect. 1965Movie Spring 29/1 Oval masking, ‘freezing’, multiple-image, slow-motion. 1965[see freeze n.1 3].
II. Transitive uses.
5. a. Of natural agencies: To change (a fluid) to a solid form by the action of cold; to congeal; to form ice on the surface of (a river, etc.). Also said causatively of personal agents.
1494Fabyan Chron. vii. 609 In this..yere..began a froste that..frose y⊇ Thamys. 1563W. Fulke Meteors (1640) 54 The..Northern winds doe frieze the vapours; and so it becommeth hoare frost. 1570Satir. Poems Reform. x. 325 The froist dois freis vp all fresche watter. 1641French Distill. v. (1651) 164 It will..forthwith be freezed. 1729Savage Wanderer i. 57 Far hence lies, ever freez'd, the northern main. 1781Cavallo in Phil. Trans. LXXI. 516, I have froze a quantity of water with an equal weight of good ether. 1835Sir J. Ross Narr. 2nd Voy. xxxvi. 507 We froze oil of almonds in a shot-mould.
b. With adverbs. to freeze over: to cover with a coating of ice. to freeze in, up: to set fast in ice. to freeze up: to obstruct by frost.
1590Shakes. Com. Err. v. i. 313 Though..all the Conduits of my blood [be] froze vp. 1601R. Johnson Kingd. & Commw. (1603) 146 The rivers and other waters are frozen uppe a yearde or more thicke. 1613Purchas Pilgrimage (1614) 433 The Ozera or lake before the toune was frozen over Octob. 13. 1694Acc. Sev. Late Voy. ii. (1711) 28 Anvile, Smith's Tongs, and other Tools belonging to the Cookery were frozen up in the Ice. 1719De Foe Crusoe ii. xv, The Baltic would be frozen up. 1748F. Smith Voy. Disc. I. 105 His Ship..was froze up. Ibid. 154 By the ninth the Creek was froze over from Side to Side. 1858B. Taylor North. Trav. xvi. 164 Six vessels lay frozen in, at a considerable distance from the town.
c. To congeal (the blood) as if by frost; chiefly as a hyperbolical expression for the effect of terror. Hence with personal obj., to ‘make (one's) blood run cold’, to horrify intensely.
1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. vii. lxvi. (1495) 283 The venyme of a scorpion..closyth the herte atte the last and fresyth the blood with his coldenesse. 1579Spenser Sheph. Cal. Jan. 26 Such rage as winters raigneth in my hart, My life-bloud freesing with unkindly cold. 1602Shakes. Ham. i. v. 16 A Tale..whose lightest word Would..freeze thy young blood. 1633Ford Love's Sacr. i. ii, Look here, My blood is not yet freez'd. 1639T. Brugis tr. Camus' Mor. Relat. 347 The one inflamed me with love, the other freezed me with feare. 1707Curios. in Husb. & Gard. 242 A cool and serious Air, capable of freezing his Readers. 1741Richardson Pamela (1824) I. 102, I should have melted her by love, instead of freezing her by fear. 1755B. Martin Mag. Arts & Sc. 79 One Moment's Cold, like theirs, would..Frieze the Heart's Blood.
d. fig. To chill, quench the warmth of (feelings, etc.); to paralyse (one's powers, etc.).
1595Shakes. John iii. iv. 150 This Act..shall coole the hearts Of all his people, and freeze up their zeale. 1750Gray Elegy 52 Chill Penury repress'd their noble rage, And froze the genial current of the soul. 1793E. Parsons Woman as she should be III. 133 This paragraph froze his senses. 1842Lytton Zanoni 25 That recent hiss froze up her faculties and suspended her voice.
e. To make (assets, credits, etc.) unrealizable. Also (nonce-use) intr., to become unrealizable.
1922Ann. Reg. 1921 ii. 71 Credits granted by banks and financial houses to merchants have been frozen in enormous amounts. 1931Economist 1 Aug. 219/1 In so far as the President's plan hints at definite freezing of existing bank credit for an agreed period, it is not acceptable to bankers. 1936Auden Look, Stranger! 43 Europe grew anxious about her health, Combines tottered, credits froze. 1941Times (Weekly ed.) 30 July 5/2 The Chinese Government have officially requested the British Government to ‘freeze’ Chinese assets. 1942Ann. Reg. 1941 63 Great Britain..promptly ‘froze’ Japanese assets. 1966Listener 27 Oct. 606/2 They froze his money in the bank.
f. To fix (wages, prices, resources, etc.) at a stated level.
1933H. L. Ickes Diary 12 Oct. (1955) I. 106 This contemplates the freezing of prices at their present level. 1940Economist 16 Mar. 455/2 In addition to the reduction in wages, prices and employment were ‘frozen’. 1944Ann. Reg. 1943 287 There should be less political difficulty in ‘freezing’ wages. 1956Ann. Reg. 1955 135 Military budgets should be ‘frozen’ at the 1 January 1955 level.
g. To make immobile or inflexible; to arrest at a certain stage of development, etc.
1936J. Gunther Inside Europe ix. 142 It would, by ‘freezing’ the present borders, prevent Anschluss, union of Germany and Austria. 1941Time (Air Exp. Ed.) 26 May 22/3 General Electric..had..frozen its models of receivers. 1949‘G. Orwell’ Nineteen Eighty-Four ii. 204 The purpose of all of them was to arrest progress and freeze history at a chosen moment. 1958New Statesman 12 Apr. 454/1 Co-op representation is to be ‘frozen’ at something like the present level of 20 MPs and 10 prospective candidates. 1958Spectator 8 Aug. 185/1 This attempt to freeze frontiers and governments would be absurd coming from anyone. 1969Daily Tel. 18 Jan. 1/6 A Federal Court judge in New York yesterday froze action on the merger of the Atlantic Richfield Company and Sinclair Oil Corporation.
6. To affect with frost; to stiffen, harden, injure, kill, etc. by chilling; to change into or to (something) and fig. to bring into a certain state by chilling. Also, to freeze to death: rare in active. Occas. to allow to freeze.
1596Shakes. Tam. Shr. iv. i. 40 My Master and mistris are almost frozen to death. 1634Milton Comus 449 That snaky-headed Gorgon shield..Wherewith she [Minerva] freezed her foes to congealed stone. 1700Dryden Pal. & Arc. iii. 839 Sense fled before him [Death], what he touched he froze. 1704Ded. in Clarendon's Hist. Rep. III. 4 Severe Winters, that freez..and cut off many hopeful plants. 1748F. Smith Voy. Disc. I. 163 And if close, the Snow lying there must freeze the Leg. 1855Kingsley Heroes ii. (1868) 23 Will she not freeze me too into stone? 1878Mrs. Stowe Poganuc P. xi. (ed. 3) 91 He [the bird] must have chilled his beak and frozen his toes as he sat there.
7. to freeze out:
a. lit. in pa. pple. or ppl. a.: see frozen.
b. fig. (U.S. colloq.) To exclude from business, society, etc. by chilling behaviour, severe competition, etc.
1861G. K. Wilder Diary (MS.) 20 July, We finally froze him out. 1867‘Mark Twain’ Amer. Drolleries (1875) 62 They would let that man go on and pay assessments,..and then they would close in on him and freeze him out. 1869C. L. Brace New West v. 69 They can..lay assessments to bring a stock down to the lowest point, thus ‘freezing out’ the unhappy stockholders. 1890Daily News 25 Jan. 2/2 Part of the campaign for ‘freezing out’ the Rosario Company.
▪ IV. freeze
obs. form of frieze. |