| 释义 |
▪ I. found, n.1 Sc.|faʊnd|
[f. found v.2]
= foundation; see also quot. 1846.
1818Edin. Mag. Dec. 503 Our milkhouse..micht hae stude to the last day; but its found had been onner⁓minit by the last Lammas-spait. 1846Buchanan Technol. Dict., Found, in architecture, the trench or excavation made to receive the foundation stones of a wall.
▪ II. found, n.2|faʊnd|
[f. found v.3]
The process of founding (metal, materials for glass). † of found (Sc.) = made of cast metal (cf. font n.2 1).
1540Sc. Act Jas. V (1597) §94 Ane Hagbutte of Founde, called Hagbute of Crochert. 1566in T. Thompson Inv. R. Wardrobe (1815) 166 Foure new cannonis of found. 1818Scott Hrt. Midl. xii, Guns, cross-bows, hagbuts of found. 18..Glass-making 120 (Cent. Dict.) The success of the subsequent melting or found.
▪ III. found, n.3
A comb-maker's tool (see quot.).
1874Knight Dict. Mech. I. 909 Found, a three-square, single-cut file or float, with one very acute angle.
▪ IV. found
obs. var. of fount2.
▪ V. found, ppl. a.|faʊnd|
Forms: see find v.
[pa. pple. of find v.]
1. a. Discovered, met with, ascertained, etc. (see the verb). Also, with adv. prefixed, as new found, † rare found.
c1380Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 347 But ȝif he took more charge upon him bi his newe foundun ordenaunce. c1450Mirour Saluacioun 231 Also the founden shepe broght home yt arst was lorne. 1553Eden (title) A treatyse of the newe India, with other new founde landes and Ilandes. 1571Digges Pantom. iv. prob. xxiv. Ee iij b, The square of the Dodecaedrons founde side. 1594Blundevil Exerc. i. (ed. 7) 96 Double the foresaid found Root 13. 1603–8Knolles Hist. Turks (1638) 214 His great vertues, and rare found courtesie. 1720De Foe Capt. Singleton xiii. (1840) 225 Our lost, but now found comrade. a1823May Collin in Child Ballads i. (1882) 58/1 Who owns this dapple grey? ‘It is a found one’, she replied, ‘That I got on the way.’
†b. Said of children exposed or abandoned; found child (brat, etc.) = foundling. Obs.
1655Valentine & Orson 53 This Found-fellow I perceive growes in great favour with the King. Ibid. xii. 56 They call me Found-brat. 1662Petty Taxes 4 The maintenance of orphans, found and exposed children.
c. found stones: stones obtained from the surface of the ground without quarrying.
1885Blacklaws Quarry Price List, Ruble & Founds Found Stones, not above 7 in. thick per sup. foot 4½d.
2. Furnished with stores, supplies, or the like; of a ship, equipped; only with defining word prefixed, as well found, single found (see quot. 1799).
1793Smeaton Edystone L. §94 A strong and very well found sloop. 1799Naval Chron. I. 216 Her materials were what is called single found, i.e. she had only one anchor, one cable, etc. 1857R. Tomes Amer. in Japan ii. 35 The strongest-moored and best found vessels. 1864Burton Scot Abr. II. ii. 144 The garrison is large, and well found.
3. absol. in pl. Advertisements of found articles, usually in phr. losts and founds.
1913G. B. Dibblee Newspaper 126 The most important groups of classified advertising are as follows: financial, theatrical, public notices, losts and founds, educational.
Add:[1.] d. Art. [tr. Fr. (objet) trouvé: see objet n. 5.] Of an object: that has been collected in its natural state and presented in a new context as (part of) a work of art, usu. as found object. Also of esp. surrealist art: comprising or making use of such objects.
1936Archit. Rev. LXXX. 207/2 Objects, particularly those recognized as Natural, Found or Ready Made, must now be regarded as a new source of ornament and decoration... It was The Times who said of my Found object..that ‘it must have been an awkward thing to have knocking around in the unconscious’. 1959P. & L. Murray Dict. Art & Artists 112 In Surrealist theory an object of any kind, such as a shell found on a walk, can be a work of art; and such ‘Found Objects’ have been exhibited. 1969Britannica Bk. of Year (U.S.) 799/3 A sculpture of fabric, wood, and other found material. 1978Chicago June 62/1 Paintings of rocks, postcardlike landscapes, and smudged-out faces, often combined with photos, found objects, scrawled messages etc. 1989Mod. Painters Autumn 89/3 He constructs his sculpture in steel and bronze, from a stock of found or made elements. He takes this ‘vocabulary’ of parts, sometimes limited, sometimes wide-ranging, and brings it together, changing, cutting and adding until the sculpture is ‘found’.
e. transf. Of poetry: formed by taking a passage of prose, etc., and reinterpreting its structure rhythmically.
1966Maclean's Mag. 2 May 22/1 ‘Found poems’ aren't a new idea: William Butler Yeats produced one thirty years ago from the prose of essayist Walter Pater. 1969Britannica Bk. of Year (U.S.) 799/3 Found poem, a poem consisting of words found in a nonpoetic context (as a telephone directory) and usually rearranged by the poet into poetic form; found poetry. 1979Sci. Amer. Sept. 23/3 About a dozen years ago there was a minor flurry of interest in ‘found poetry’. 1980C. Ricks in Michaels & Ricks State of Language 59 We live in an age which delights in objets trouvés and in found poems.
▪ VI. † found, v.1 Obs.
Forms: 1 fundian, 2–3 fundie(n, 3–5 fund(e, 4–6 found(e, 5 fownd(e; also 3–5 fond(e.
[OE. fundian = OS. fundôn:—OTeut. type *fundôjan, f. *fund-:—OAryan *pn̥t- (whence Gr. πάτος way), ablaut var. of *pent-: see find v. Cf. OHG. funden (:—*fundjan) of the same meaning; also the cognate fand v.]
1. intr. To set out, start, hasten; to go, depart, betake oneself; to travel, journey. (In its later use chiefly north.) Cf. fand v. 8.
a1000Seafarer 47 Ac a hafað longunge se þe on lagu fundað. c1000ælfric Saints' Lives xxvi. 224 And lædde forð mid him þær he fundode to. c1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 117 Ðo þe ure louerd ihesu crist fundede lichamliche fro eorðe to heuene. c1250Gen. & Ex. 2958 Ðis folc of londe funden ne mot. a1300Cursor M. 6034 (Gött.) Þe folk to fond [Cott. fund, Fairf. founde] i sal giue leue. 1375Barbour Bruce x. 256 [Bruce] syne our all the land can found. c1440York Myst. ix. 80, I am nouȝt bowne to fonde nowe ouer þere ffellis. c1470Henry Wallace x. 32 Nane off that place had power for to found. 1535Stewart Cron. Scot. III. 435 With clarions cleir..Quhomeof the sound did found attouir the fell. 1596Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. iii. 182 Spangs vp on a swofte horse, and founde away at speid.
b. followed by inf. expressing the purpose.
Beowulf (Gr.) 1819 We fundiað Higelac secan. a1000Cædmon's Gen. (Gr.) 2269 Hwider fundast þu..siðas dreoᵹan? a1300Cursor M. 5091 To fotte mi fader sal yee fund.
c. To rush or dash forcibly into; to strike out at (with a weapon).
c1420Anturs of Arth. xli, He foundes into the freke with a fresche fare. Ibid. xlvii, Fast he foundes atte his face With a squrd kene. c1435Torr. Portugal 2469 But lordys of other lond, Every one to other ffond.
2. to found to (an object): to strive or yearn towards, try to arrive at or reach; also, to take or betake oneself to (flight, war, etc.).
a1000Crist 1671 (Gr.) Nu þu most feran þider þu fundadest longe and ᵹelome. a1000Guthlac (Gr.) 1062 Sawul fundað of lic-fate to þam longan ᵹefean. a1250Owl & Night. 848 And techest hom that hi fundieth honne Up to the songe that evre i-lest. 1352Minot Poems (Hall) i. 12 When Edward founded first to were. c1400Destr. Troy 10276 Þai foundyt to flight.
3. Const. with inf. (a development from 1 b): To set about, set oneself, try, begin or prepare (to do something); to proceed or go on (to do).
c1205Lay. 17858 Vther..fundede to uarene wið Passent to fehten. 12..Prayer to our Lady 7 in O.E. Misc. 192 Dai and nicht ich fundie to wendende heonne. c1250Gen. & Ex. 2831 Moyses, friȝti, ðo funden gan to speken wið ietro ðat riche man. 1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) V. 53 He foundede [v. rr. fonded, vondede] biseliche..to fulfille [orig. implere satagebat] þe counsail of the gospel. c1460Towneley Myst. (Surtees) 135 If thou Wyll saue thy self vnshent ffownde the fast to fare. c1470Henry Wallace iii. 203 On horsis some..can found To socour thaim. 1674–91Ray N.C. Words 141 Found, idem quod fettle [Fettle, to set or go about any thing].
b. with clause: To try to find how (one may, etc.).
1390Gower Conf. III. 139 [He] foundeth howe he might excite The juges through his eloquence Fro deth to torne the sentence.
4. trans.
a. To try, test, tempt (a person).
c1175–1400 [see founding vbl. n.].
b. To make experiment of, prove, try (something); also, to follow after, practise.
1340–70Alex. & Dind. 392 Alle leccheries lust vs loþeth to founde. Ibid. 913 And oþur wordliche werk wisly to founde. c1374Chaucer Anel. & Arc. 241 Ferther wol I neuer founde Non other help, my sores for to sounde. c1420[see fand v. 3].
Hence ˈfounding vbl. n.: (a) setting forth, faring, etc.; (b) trial, temptation.
O.E. Chron. an. 1106, Forþam þe he nolde on his fundunge ofer sæ hired healdan. c1175Lamb. Hom. 67 Ne led us noht in to costnunga, þet is an cun [printed cum] of fun⁓dunga. c1400Apol. Loll. 87 Þe createris of God are maad in to hate, & foundingis [Vulg. Sap. xiv. 11 in tentationem] to þe soul of men. a1400–50Alexander 4154 Þe writhe of þe wale god I wate on vs liȝtis For oure founding ouire his forbod so ferre to þe est. c1450Guy Warw. (C) 4486 He was tryste in all fowndynge.
▪ VII. found, v.2|faʊnd|
Forms: 4–5 fund(e, fond(e, fownd(e, 4– found. Pa. tense and pa. pple. founded: also 4–5 founde, fund(e, fond, and in pa. pple. (by confusion with that of find), fonden, -yn, founden, -un.
[a. F. fonder:—L. fundāre, f. fund-us bottom, foundation.]
1. trans. To lay the base or substructure of (a building, etc.); to set, fix, or build on a firm ground or base. (Sometimes used simply = build, erect.)
c1330Arth. & Merl. 1443 Tel me now..Whi noman no may founde Castel here opon þis grounde. c1340Cursor M. 7876 Dauid..an hous bigon to founde. 1382Wyclif Matt. vii. 25 It felle nat doun, for it was foundid [1388 foundun] on a stoon. c1384Chaucer H. Fame iii. 891 Yet hit [the house] is founded to endure. c1400Rom. Rose 4156 A sturdy wal, Which on a cragge was founded al. 1611Bible Matt. vii. 25. 1752 Hume Ess. & Treat. (1777) II. 97 The House..is..solidly built and founded.
b. To serve as the base or foundation of.
1728Pope Dunc. i. 160 A folio Common-place Founds the whole pile, of all his works the base.
2. To build (an edifice, town, etc.) for the first time; to begin the building of, be the first builder of.
c1290Becket 374 in S. Eng. Leg. I. 117 Þe churche of Redinge Þat i-founded was and a-rerd þoruȝ henri þe oþur kingue. 1362Langl. P. Pl. A. i. 62 That is the castel of care..Ther-inne woneth a wiht..he foundede it him-seluen. c1400Destr. Troy 11662 Here foundit he first the faire place Ylion. 1609Holland Amm. Marcell. xiv. vii. 17 Seleucia, founded and built by King Seleucus. 1718Prior Solomon ii. 16, I founded palaces, and planted bowers. 1835Thirlwall Greece I. ii. 58 His son Lycaon founds the first city, Lycosura.
3. fig. To set up or establish for the first time (an institution, etc.), esp. with provision for its perpetual maintenance; to originate, create, initiate (something which continues to exist thenceforward).
a1300Cursor M. 20901 Quen he of antioche had fund þe kirk. c1330R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 127 He lis..In an abbey of pris he founded with lond & rent. 1368in Eng. Gilds 54 In septembre þis fraternite is funded and stabeled. 1377Langl. P. Pl. B. x. 215 Alle thise sciences I my-self sotiled and ordeyned And founded hem formest folke to deceyue. c1460Fortescue Abs. & Lim. Mon. xix, For þeras oþer kynges haue ffounded byshopriches..þe kyng shall þan haue ffounded an holl reaume, and endowed it with gretter possescions [etc.]. 1611Bible 2 Macc. ii. 13 He founding a librarie. 1671Milton P.R. iii. 295 By great Arsaces led, who founded first That empire. 1712Addison Spect. No. 413 ⁋5 The Breed is incapable of propagating its Likeness, and of founding a new Order of Creatures. 1790Paley Horæ Paul. Rom. ii. 18 That city where he had founded a church. 1845M. Pattison Ess. (1889) I. 12 The abbey of Marmoutier, founded by St. Martin himself. 1861Maine Anc. Law 113 The glossators who founded modern jurisprudence. 1874L. Stephen Hours in Library (1892) I. v. 169 De Foe founded the modern school of English novelists. 1874Green Short Hist. v. §i. 218 Flemish weavers had come over with the Conqueror to found the prosperity of Norwich. 1885Manch. Exam. 8 June 5/2 Bismarck is eager to found colonies in all parts of the world.
†b. To endow, make provision for the maintenance of (persons who are to perform certain functions). Obs.
1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xv. 319 And ȝiueth to bidde for ȝow to such that ben riche, And ben founded and feffed eke to bidde for other. c1450Lonelich Grail liii. 309 Kyng Galaaz..fownded an hows of the Trenite, And there-inne syxty monkes serteinle, And therto fownded hem with good inowhe. c1500Melusine lix. 361 Yf thou wylt edyfye an hospital, and founde therin a preste to syng dayly for thy faders sowle. 1535Coverdale 2 Kings xxiii. 5 The Kemurims, whom the kynges of Iuda had founded, to burne incense vpon the hye places. 1612Drayton Poly-olb. xxiv. 873 Gilbert..who founded those Diuines, Monasticks all that were, of him nam'd Gilbertines.
4. To set or establish (something immaterial) on a firm basis; to give a basis or firm support to; to construct as on a ground or underlying reason or principle; to base, ground. Const. on, upon.
a1300Cursor M. 127 Þar-for þis werc sal I fund Apon a selcuth stedfast grund. 1390Gower Conf. III. 342 Lo, what it is to be well grounded, For he hath first his love founded Honestelich as for to wedde. a1400–50Alexander 4641 Pure is ȝoure tecches, Mare fonden opon foly þan ficchid on reson. 1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 1 b, Therfore on it I founde this poore treatyse. 1604Shakes. Oth. iii. iv. 94 A man that all his time Hath founded his good fortunes on your love. 1662Stillingfl. Orig. Sacr. ii. v. §5 The question which Moses supposeth, is founded upon clear and evident reason. 1711Addison Spect. No. 162 ⁋6 The most humourous Character in Horace is founded upon this Unevenness of Temper. 1850L. Hunt Autobiog. I ii. 77 A play founded on a Barbadian story. 1865M. Arnold Ess. Crit. iii. 85 Greatness can never be founded upon frivolity and corruption. 1879Lubbock Sci. Lect. ii. 42 A classification of insects founded on larvæ would be quite different from that founded on the perfect insects. 1886Law Rep. 31 Ch. Div. 626 The order appealed from was founded on the Chief Clerk's certificate. Mod. This novel is believed to be founded on fact.
b. const. in.
1667Decay Chr. Piety xvii. 383 The opinion of some schoolmen, that dominion is founded in Grace. 1690Locke Of Govmt. i. ix. §97 A right to the use of the creatures being founded originally in the right a man has to subsist. 1733Pope Ess. Man iii. 109 God, in the nature of each being, founds Its proper Bliss. 1832Lewis Use & Ab. Pol. Terms iii. 21 A claim founded in justice and expediency. 1837–9Hallam Hist. Lit. I. viii. i. §23. 432 Remarks so delicate in taste and so founded in knowledge.
†c. with obj. a person: To establish in a firm position (in controversy, etc.); to ground in (a subject of instruction, etc.); also refl. to take one's stand upon (a ground for argument, etc.). Obs.
c1394P. Pl. Crede 47 It is but a faynt folk i-founded vp-on iapes. 1481Caxton Myrr. ii. viii. 81 This knewe they by their grete..vnderstandyng of astronomye in whiche they were endowed and founded. 1483― Gold. Leg. 162/2 He was ryght sore founded in humylyte. 1643Sir T. Browne Relig. Med. i. §43 They that found themselves on the radical balsome, or vital sulphur of the parts, determine not why Abel lived not so long as Adam. 1644Milton Educ. Wks. (1847) 98/2 Because our understanding cannot in this body found itself but on sensible things. 1676–7Marvell Corr. cclxxxiv. Wks. 1872–5 II. 516 If you find yourselves so firmly founded as we imagine you.
d. Of a thing: To serve as, or furnish, a basis or ground for.
1690Locke Hum. Und. ii. xxviii. §19 The comparing them then in their Descent..is enough to found my Notion of their having.. the Relation of Brothers. 1885B. Coleridge in Law Times Rep. LII. 585/1 The relationship between the parties was..one of bailment, and therefore could not found criminal proceedings. 1894Solicitors' Jrnl. XXXIX. 2/2 The further report, if it is to found jurisdiction for an order for public examination, must state that [etc.].
e. intr. (for refl.: cf. 4 c). To base oneself or one's opinion, to base itself, to be based (on, upon). Chiefly Sc.
1836–7Sir W. Hamilton Metaph. vi. (1870) I. 99 The legitimacy of every synthesis is..dependent on the legitimacy of the analysis which it presupposes, and on which it founds. 1837Carlyle Fr. Rev. III. i. v, All Delineation..must either found on Belief and provable Fact, or have no foundation at all. 1856Dove Logic Chr. Faith v. ii. 311 All that course of argumentation which founds on the occurrences of the outward World. 1882Ogilvie s.v., ‘I found upon the evidence of my senses’.
†5. To fasten or attach to. Also fig. Obs.
1541R. Copland Guydon's Quest. Chirurg., The bone..wherto the tongue is founded. 1641Marmion Antiquary iii. Dram. Wks. (1875) 240, I see you are growing obdurate in your crimes, Founded to vice, lost to all piety.
Hence ˈfounding vbl. n.
c1400Destr. Troy v. heading, Of the Foundyng of New Troye. 1571Hanmer Chron. Irel. (1633) 41 Some twenty five yeeres before the founding of Armagh. 1682Wood Life 20 Mar., The vice-chancellor asked ‘whether they denied the founding of the lecture itself, or the conditions?’ 1697Conf. at Lambeth in W. S. Perry Hist. Coll. Amer. Col. Ch. I. 40 Particularly, the word founding, which is always the Law Word for a perpetual fund of maintenance, is always put into these Revenues. 1859Tennyson Vivien 409 When first the question rose About the founding of a Table Round. 1889Athenæum 9 Feb. 178/2 [He dies] a ‘Poor Brother’ in the hospital of his own founding.
▪ VIII. found, v.3|faʊnd|
Also 4, 8 fond.
[ad. F. fond-re:—L. fundĕre to pour, melt, fuse.]
†1. trans. To dissolve or mix together. Obs.—1
c1390Form of Cury in Warner Antiq. Culin. 18 Take wyne and hony and fond it togyder.
2. To melt (metal) and run it into a mould; to form (an article) by running molten metal into a mould; to cast.
1562Whitehorne tr. Macchiavelli's Arte of Warre (1573) ii. 44 a, The Pottes..may also serue to found metalles in. 1601Holland Pliny xxxiv. ii. 487 Famous for metall⁓founding, and casting of images. 1667Milton P.L. i. 703 A second multitude With wondrous Art founded the massie Ore. Ibid. vi. 518 Veins..of mineral..Whereof to found..their balls Of missive ruin. 1672Marvell Reh. Transp. i. 6 Lead, when moulded into Bullets, is not so mortal as when founded into Letters! 1796Morse Amer. Geog. II. 93 A bell at Moscow, founded in Czar Boris's time.
b. To melt or fuse (the materials for making glass); to make (glass) by melting the materials in a furnace.
1782[see founding vbl. n. below]. 1853Ure Dict. Arts I. 907 A Bohemian furnace in which..window glass is founded. Ibid. 914 The fourth is called the arch of the materials, because it serves for drying them before they are founded.
c. fig. (? A pun: cf. found v.2 3 b.)
1624Fletcher Rule a Wife iv. ii, A fellow founded out of charity, And moulded to the height, contemn his maker, Curb the free hand that fram'd him?
Hence ˈfounding vbl. n. Also attrib.
1658W. Burton Comm. Antoninus' Itin. 156 The magnificent Acts [read Arts] of Statuarie, Founding, Mowlding. 1779Hervey Naval Hist. iii. II. 50 Ship-building, and the founding of iron cannon, were the sole [arts] in which the English excelled. 1782Wedgwood in Phil. Trans. LXXII. 320 The fonding heat of the glass furnaces..was..114° for flint-glass. 1853Ure Dict. Arts I. 908 The founding-pots are filled up with these blocks of frit. Ibid. 917 These three stages are called the first, second, and third fusion or founding.
▪ IX. † found, v.4 Obs.
Aphetic form of confound.
1382Wyclif Isa. xlvi. 8 Remembreth this, and beth foundid [Vulg. confundamini]. a1592Greene George a Greene Wks. (Rtldg.) 267/2 A plague found you!
▪ X. † found, v.5
Also 6 pa. pple. fundied.
[aphetic f. affound, ad. OF. enfondre: see first quot.]
To be chilled or numbed with cold.
[13..Chaucer To Rosemounde 21 My love may not refreyd be nor affound.] c1430Pilgr. Lyf Manhode ii. xc. (1869) 108 The maymed, the foollich, the founded [morfondue], the froren. 1560Rolland Crt. Venus iv. 736 Becaus I was baith fundeit, faint, and cald. 1562Turner Herbal ii. 108 [Pyrethio] is excellently good for any parte of the body yt is fundied or foundered or made allmost num, with to much colde. |