| 释义 |
▪ I. monk, n.1|mʌŋk|
Forms: 1–3 munuc, (munec-), 2–3 munec, -ek, 3 munuch, 3–4 monek(e, 4 monok, munc, mun(c)k, 4–6 monke, munke, 5 mongke, 6 moonke, Sc. mounche, moun(c)k(e, mwn(c)k(e, 5–6 monck, 3– monk.
[OE. munuc:—pre-historic *muniko-, ad. popular L. *monicus for monachus, a. late Gr. µοναχός, subst. use of Gr. µοναχός adj., single, solitary, f. µόν-ος alone. Cf. OFris. munek, -ik, monik (MDu. monic, monc. mun(i)c, Du. monnik, munnik), MLG. mon(n)ik, monk, OHG. munih (MHG. mun(i)ch, mün(e)ch, G. mönch), ON. múnkr (Da., Sw., munk); also the Rom. forms, F. moine, Pr. monge-s, Sp. monje, Pg. monge (:—Rom. type *monio), It. monaco.
In accordance with its etymology, monachus originally meant a religious hermit or solitary, but was from an early period applied to cœnobites, and this eventually became the ordinary use.]
1. a. A member of a community or brotherhood of men living apart from the world under the vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience, according to a rule (characteristic of the particular order), and devoted chiefly to the performance of religious duties and the contemplative life. The different orders of monks are distinguished by habits of various shapes and colours (cf. b).
In England, before the Reformation, the term was not applied to the members of the mendicant orders, who were always called friars. From the 16th c. to the 19th c., however, it was usual to speak of the friars as a class of monks. In recent times the distinction between the terms has been carefully observed by well-informed writers. In Fr. and Ger. the equivalent of monk is applied equally to ‘monks’ and ‘friars’.
The word properly belongs to Christian use, but is sometimes applied to persons of other religions (e.g. Muslims, Buddhists).
a900tr. Bæda's Hist. v. xii. [xi.] (1890) 434 Wæs sum munuc & mæssepreost in nehnesse his cetan eardiᵹende, þæs noma wæs Hamgels. c961æthelwold Rule St. Benet i. (1885) 9 Feower synt muneca cyn..Ðæt forme is mynstermonna..Oþer cyn is ancrena [etc.]. c1122O.E. Chron. an. 675 (Laud MS.) Hwilc abbot þe beþ þær coren of þe munecan. c1175Lamb. Hom. 143 Þe treowe men, þe munckes, þe meidene, þe weddede wiues..sculen beon icleoped on þe fader riht halue. c1205Lay. 12906 Þæt child munec wes inne Winchæstre. a1225Ancr. R. 318 Munuch, preost, oðer clerk. 1297R. Glouc. (Rolls) 11478 Sir alein was ek inome in monekene wede In þe priorie. a1300Cursor M. 22002 Quatkin man sum euer it es,..or clerc, or munk [Gött. monk], or canun. 1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xx. 262 Monkes and monyals and alle men of Religioun. c1400Mandeville (Roxb.) ii. 5 Ane abbay of munkes. 1518Wriothesley Chron. (Camden) I. 12 All the orders of friers channons, moncks of Stratforde and Tower Hill. 1530Palsgr. 246/1 Monk of the charterhouse, chartrevx. 1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 371 The common people named him Monke, because he was of thordre of Paule, the first Hermit. 1567Gude & Godlie B. (S.T.S.) 206 The Monkis of Melros maid gude kaill, On Frydayis quhen they fastit. 1596Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. x. 436 A Dominican mounck. 1603Knolles Hist. Turks (1638) 251 Bajazet..there executed Torlac Keman another seditious Turkish Monk. 1649Evelyn Diary 19 May, A Monk at his beades. 1788Gibbon Decl. & F. lx. VI. 129 The priests and monks were the loudest and most active in the destruction of the schismatics. 1846Greener Sci. Gunnery 18 Many ascribe the discovery [of gunpowder] to Roger Bacon, the monk. 1849Kemble Saxons in Eng. ii. ix. II. 448 Although monks are not necessarily clergymen..many of the body in this country took holy orders. 1889Ch. Times 992/1 That the object of a monk was to make a good man of himself, the object of a friar was to do a good work among others.
b. Preceded by defining adj. having reference to the colour of the habit: black monk, a Benedictine; also, a Black or Augustinian Canon; † gray monk, white monk, a Cistercian monk.
c1290S. Eng. Leg. I. 20/42 A fair Abbeye he let þare a-rere..Of blake Monekes. c1290–c 1300 [see grey a. 2]. c1305Edmund Conf. 184 in E.E.P. (1862) 76 Blake monekes he seȝ. c1400Rom. Rose 6695 As these chanouns regulers, Or white monkes, or these blake. c1450Holland Howlat 178 The Se Mawis war monkis, the blak and the quhyte. c1500Lytell Geste Robin Hood iv. 35 (Ritson) Than were they ware of two blacke monkes, Eche on a good palferay. c1630Risdon Surv. Devon §204 (1810) 213 Which monastery he replenished with black monks, Augustines. 1700Tyrrell Hist. Eng. II. 744 The White Monks..were forced to pay..40000l. of Silver. 1766Entick London IV. 237 This parliament was adjourned to Westminster, amongst the black monks.
c. Proverbs.
1340Ayenb. 165 Vor þe cloþinge ne makeþ naȝt þane monek. 1546Heywood Prov. (1867) 62 Ye make hir a cook-queane, and consume her good. And she must syt like a beane in a moonkis hood. 1613Shakes. Hen. VIII, iii. i. 23 But all Hoods, make not Monkes. 1678Ray Prov. (ed. 2) 296 The Devill was sick, the Devill a monk would be, The Devill was well, the devill a monk was he.
†2. pl. The house of a particular order. (Cf. friar 2 c, quot. 1375.) Obs. rare.
1556Chron. Gr. Friars (Camden) 3 Whane he [sc. King John] had raynyd xvij. yeres he dyde, & is burryd there in the monkes before the hye auter.
3. As the name of certain animals whose form suggests the costume of a monk, esp. with reference to the cowl or hood; see also quots. and sea-monk. (Cf. G. mönch.)
1789Browne Jamaica 430 Buprestis i. Fusca minima rugosa. The Monk. This Insect is smaller than the Wevil. 1815S. Brookes Conch. 156 Monk, Conus monachus. 1831G. Montagu's Ornith. Dict. 326 Monck, a name for the Bullfinch. 1840tr. Cuvier's Anim. Kingd. 99 [Seals] The Monk (Pelagius). 1848J. Gould Birds Australia IV. pl. 58 Tropidorhynchus Corniculatus... Its bare head and neck have also suggested the names of ‘Friar Bird’, ‘Monk’, ‘Leather Head’, etc. 1848Zoologist VI. 1976 Angel Fish, Squatina angelus. This strange fish.. is frequently called a ‘monk’. 1851Mayhew Lond. Labour (1861) II. 64 His pigeon-cote..is no longer stocked with carriers, dragoons, horsemen, jacobins, monks. 1863Cassell's Pop. Nat. Hist. I. 116 The Monk, Pithecia monachus [a monkey].
4. As the name of various objects in certain arts and crafts (see quots.) Cf. F. moine, G. mönch. Also spec. in Printing, a blotch or area where the ink is excessive.
1683Moxon Mech. Exerc., Printing 385 When the Press⁓man has not Destributed his Balls, some splotches of Inck may lye on..them, which..he delivers upon the Form; so that the Sheet Printed on has a black blotch on it: Which Blotch is called a Monk. 1683Pettus Fleta Min. i. 15 When the Loam is prepared you must then have a Frame, in which you may beat the Proof-Test and Crucibles:..then..grease also the upper part of the Frame which is called the Monk. 1763W. Lewis Comm. Phil.-Techn. 130 A round-faced pestle, called a Monk. 1771P. Luckombe Hist. & Art of Printing 500 Monk, when the Press-man has not distributed his balls and the ink lies in blotches, it is called a Monk. 1834–47J. S. Macaulay Field Fortif. (1851) 207 The piece of agarick used to communicate the fire to the powder is called the monk. 1876Voyle & Stevenson Milit. Dict., Monk, a piece of junk or touch⁓wood laid over the priming of a mine to give the miner time to retire. 1892A. Powell Southward's Pract. Printing (ed. 4) xliv. 409 Be very careful not to let the roller ‘run into the ink’.., or the roller will be ‘smothered’... If not perceived, and the roller is applied to the type, there will be great blotches of ink in different places, perhaps filling it up and causing ‘monks’, or black patches, in the impression. 1915Southward's Mod. Printing (ed. 3) II. i. 4 This is called rolling the forme... If inefficiently performed there will be too much ink on the impression, or even blotches, technically, ‘monks’. 1938Amer. Speech XIII. 272 A dark spot on a page is a monk. 1956Collins's Authors' & Printers' Dict. (ed. 10) 265/2 Monk,..a patch of letterpress with too much ink.
5. a. attrib. and Comb., as monk-artist, monk-bishop, monk-land; monk-like adj. and adv., monk-educated, monk-made, monk-ridden, monk-taught adjs.
1855Milman Lat. Chr. xiv. x. (1864) IX. 321 No doubt..many *monk-artists fled from the sacrilegious East to practise their holy art in the safe and quiet West.
1861tr. Montalembert's Monks of West II. 19 St. Martin, the great *monk-bishop whose ascetic and priestly virtues had edified Gaul.
1633Sc. Acts Chas. I (1817) V. 26/1 Any church lands fryer lands *monk lands or comoun lands.
1611Florio, Monacale, *Munke or Nun-like. 1818Cobbett Pol. Reg. XXXIII. 691 But, monk-like, whenever it deviates from downright dullness, it is only to discover its malignity towards toleration and freedom. 1895Westm. Gaz. 23 Oct. 7/3 With a monk-like girdle round his waist.
1865Kingsley Herew. xx, The French look on us English *monk-made knights as spurious and adulterine.
1848Lytton Harold vi. v, He concealed his disdain of the monks and *monk-ridden.
1868Milman St. Paul's 246 The shouts of a rabble of monks, of *monk-taught men, and boys *monk-educated.
b. Special comb.: monk-bat, the Molossus nasutus of Jamaica, etc.; monk bond Building (see quot. 1936); † monk-child, a boy who is being brought up to be a monk; monk-craft (after priestcraft), monkish practice or policy based upon unworthy motives; monk-flower, a name for the supposed genus Monachanthus, to which the orchids of the genus Catasetum have been sometimes referred; † monk-house, a monastery; Monk-Latin, the corrupt Latin used by monks; monk-monger, a favourer of monks or monasticism; monk parrot (see quot.); monk's bench = monk's table; monk's cloth, ‘a kind of worsted’ (Halliwell 1847); † monk's cowl = monkshood; monk-seal, a white-bellied seal inhabiting the Mediterranean and neighbouring ocean; monk's gun, harquebus Antiq. [= G. mönchsbüchse], a name given to the wheel-lock gun of the 16th c., from the fancy that it was invented by the monk Schwarz, the alleged inventor of gun-powder; monk's-head, † (a) ? = monk-seal; (b) = monkshood; (c) the plant Leontodon Taraxacum; † monk's peason, woodlice (cf. monkey-pease); monk('s)-seam Naut., (a) a seam in which the selvages of sails are sewn flat one over the other; (b) ‘the fash left at the junction of the moulds when a ball is cast’ (Smyth Sailor's Word-bk.); monk('s) shoe (see quot. 1969); also ellipt. as monk; monk's table, a convertible wooden seat, the back of which is hinged to swing over and rest horizontally on the arms, thus forming a table; † monk-swan (see quot.).
1851Gosse Nat. Sojourn Jamaica 294 The habit so strongly reminded me of a herd of monks shutting themselves up in a convent, that I thought the species might well be designated as the *Monk Bat.
1936Archit. Rev. LXXIX. 241/3 *Monk bond, which is a better ordered arrangement than Yorkshire or Flying bond, is popular in the North of Europe. Two stretchers are followed by one header in every course, the headers being so disposed that verticality of their axial lines is little apparent, and a striking result is obtained of diagonal lines of stretchers, which look like a series of corbels or cantilevers embedded in the wall. 1952Ibid. CXII. 87 A double monk bond was adopted, the whole of the façade being set out to a large scale to ensure that the pattern over them was an even one.
c1000ælfric Hom. (Th.) II. 174 Sum *munuc-cild drohtnode on his mynstre. c1205Lay. 13251 Nime þane munec child & makien Brutlondes king.
1691D'Emilianne's Frauds Rom. Monks (ed. 3) 242 They were only the effects of Priest and *Monk-Craft to get Mony. 1848Lytton Harold vi. iv, I shall need no mediator between nature and monk-craft.
1483Cath. Angl. 247/1 (MS. A) A *Munke howse, cenobium & cetera; vbi Abbey. 1694Motteux Rabelais v. xxvii. (1737) 123 The Prior of the Monk-House.
1843Carlyle Past & Pr. ii. vi, Some of us can preach, in English-Saxon, in Norman-French, and even in *Monk-Latin. 1873Leland Egypt. Sketch Bk. 3 A Monk-Latin chronicle.
1655Fuller Ch. Hist. ii. v. §24 Oswald (a great *monk-monger..) held York and Worcester. 1865Kingsley Herew. xxiii, Are you a monk-monger into the bargain?
1878Daily News 16 Sept. 3/1 ‘*Monk’ parrots are sickly parrots, which have caught cold on their passage to the wholesale dealers in Liverpool, London, &c.
1925Brodhurst & Layton Gloss. Eng. Furnit. 110 Sometimes settles were treated in a similar manner and called *Monks' Benches. 1950S. Howard Our Furnit. through Ages viii. 162 A table-settle..was of Cromwellian inspiration and was in consequence most uninspiring; it is sometimes called a ‘Monk's Bench’.
1441–2Act. 20 Hen. VI, c. 10 Draps appellez *monkes clothes. 1950‘Mercury’ Dict. Textile Terms 352/2 *Monks' cloth, a heavy all-cotton fabric woven in a basket weave from coarse and rough yarns. 1972P. Marks Collector's Choice i. 26 The yards of monk's cloth and fawn-colored carpet lining his galley.
1548Turner Names Herbes (E.D.S.) 9 It is called muench kappen in duche, and it maye be called in englishe *monkes coule or blewe wolfsbaine.
1841Penny Cycl. XXI. 158/1 The skull of the *Monk Seal (Phoca Monachus). 1855W. S. Dallas in Syst. Nat. Hist. II. 470 The Monk Seal (Stenorynchus monachus), which inhabits the Mediterranean. 1894Nature 26 July 307 A Monk Seal (Monachus albiventer) from Madeira.
1881Greener Gun 47 In the Dresden Museum there is an example of this [wheel-lock] system in the celebrated ‘*Monk's Gun’.
1870Black tr. Demmin's Weapons of War 69 The flock of compilers still continue to call this little hand-cannon ‘Moenchs⁓büchse’, or *monk's arquebus.
1666J. Davies Hist. Caribby Isles 101 There is another kind of Porposes which have the snout round and hollow,..some call them *Monks-heads, and Sea-Monks. 1682Wheler Journ. Greece i. 25 Aconitum Lycoctinum [sic]..which I took to be a kind of monks-head. 1760J. Lee Introd. Bot. App. 319 Monk's-head, Leontodon. 1845Burnett Plantæ Util. II. Pl. lx, From the receptacle looking bald, after the flower and seeds are gone, it [sc. Leontodon Taraxacum] is sometimes called Monkshead.
1558Warde tr. Alexis' Secr. (1568) 24 The little beastes called *Monkes peason or sowes.
1626Capt. Smith Accid. Yng. Seamen 17 A *munke seame, a round seame. 1750T. R. Blanckley Nav. Expositor, Monk Seam—Sewing the Edges or Selvedges of Sails together, over one another on both Sides to make it the Stronger.
1938L. MacNeice I crossed Minch vii. 92 Ginger-coloured *monk suede shoes. 1953J. Korn Boot & Shoe Production xxv. 142 The Monk Shoe... Like the Cromwell, this was formerly a quarter-over shoe. 1968Times 6 Dec. 10/6 The best-selling shoes are..boots and monks (almost boots). 1969R. T. Wilcox Dict. Costume (1970) 217/1 Monk's shoe, a low shoe of soft but heavy leather with heel and plain toe and a strap passing over the instep and buckled at the side.
1907Yesterday's Shopping (1969) 130/4 Bamboo *Monks' Table... This can be used either as a seat or table, the top being made so that it will slide off to form back of seat. 1972Country Life 23 Mar. 723/3 The so-called monk's table, serving as seat and table..was developed during the 17th century... In shape it was a low-backed box-chair with a solid round or rectangular back, wider than the seat, and with horizontal arms.
1668Charleton Onomasticon 114 Dodo Lusitanorum, Cygnus Cucullatus,..the Dodo or *Monk-swan of S. Maurice's Iland.
▪ II. monk, n.2|mʌŋk|
Colloq. abbrev. of monkey n.
1843Spirit of Times 1 Apr. 54/1 P. Fowler..is one and identical with the celebrated jockey of Miss Foote, in stable parlance, ycleped Monk... The word Monk in this case..is in fact an abbreviation of a noun substantive by which a certain animal is recognised, the countenance of which is said strongly to resemble that of the very jockey in question. 1901Greenough & Kittredge Words & their Ways (1902) vi. 61 Slang is fond of clipped words: as, monk for monkey. 1903A. M. Binstead Pitcher in Paradise xii. 285 He swore at the monkey freely, and the monk retaliated in cordial but vehement dumbshow with every bitter curse that was known to the forest. 1958G. Barker Two Plays 70 That's the one. His little monk's dead.
▪ III. † monk, v. Obs. rare.
[f. monk n.1]
1. trans.
a. To make a monk of.
b. nonce-use. ? To cause to look like a monk.
a1000Ecgberti Confess. xxvii. in Thorpe Laws II. 152 He hine mot munecian. c1205Lay. 12904 Þa þis child wes iwaxen Þæt hit cuðe riden, Þa lette his fader hit munekien [c 1275 monaki]. 1738Ld. S. Manners in Fam. Rose Kilravock (Spald. Club) 448, I don't care twopence what I wear, provided he [sc. Ramsay, the painter] does not monk me.
2. to monk it: to be a monk.
1756T. Amory Buncle (1770) III. 63 It pleased me so much to see these monks march off with their smiling partners..It is really a fine thing to monk it on this plan. |