| 释义 |
monism|ˈmɒnɪz(ə)m|
[ad. mod.L. monism-us, f. Gr. µόνος single: see -ism.]
1. Philos. A metaphysical system based on the assumption of a single ultimate principle or kind of being instead of two or more: opposed to dualism and pluralism in various applications.
a. The doctrine that only one being exists.
1862F. Hall Hindu Philos. Syst. 160 To the Vedántins the establishment of monism, or non-duality, is most essential. They wish to make out the soul to be Brahma, and the world to be false; whence it would follow, that Brahma solely is true, and that nought but him exists.
b. A general name for those theories which deny the duality (i.e. the existence as two ultimate kinds of substance) of matter and mind.
Thus materialism and idealism or spiritualism are both species of monism; the name, however, is often applied specifically to a third variety, viz. the doctrine that physical and psychical phenomena are alike manifestations of a reality which cannot be identified with either matter or mind.
1876tr. Haeckel's Hist. Creat. I. ii. 35 The Monism here maintained by us is often considered identical with Materialism. 1887Encycl. Brit. XXII. 564/1 Until dualism had been thought out, as in the Peripatetic school, it was impossible that monism (or at any rate materialistic monism) should be definitely and consciously maintained. 1898Illingworth Div. Imman. iii. 71 Monism..started from the physical side, from analysis of the cerebral conditions of thought.
c. The doctrine that there is only one Supreme Being, as opposed to the belief in a Good and an Evil Principle as co-ordinate powers.
1872Morris tr. Ueberweg's Hist. Philos. I. 334 Against the dualism of the Manichæans..Augustine defends the monism of the good principle.
d. In various uses indicating a theory or doctrine of a single force, source, or system from which all particular instances devolve.
1890W. James Princ. Psychol. I. x. 366 The contrast between the Monism thus reached and our own psychological point of view can be exhibited schematically. 1903B. Russell Princ. Math. i. iv. 43 The subject is important, since the issues between monism and monadism, between idealism and empiricism..all depend, in whole or in part, upon the theory we adopt in regard to the present question. Ibid. 44 Numerical identity and diversity are the source of unity and plurality; and thus the admission of many terms destroys monism. 1949P. A. Schilpp Albert Einstein xxiii. 591 The question is still open whether it is possible thereby to arrive at a real monism; for the conversion of Joule into mkg does not prove that the two forms of energy are in essence the same. 1964Gould & Kolb Dict. Soc. Sci. 440/1 Monism is the notion..that in any society there must be one supreme power or authority and this must be lodged in the state. 1970G. A. & A. G. Theodorson Mod. Dict. Sociol. 93 Cultural monism, a doctrine that advocates the assimilation of ethnic minorities into the dominant culture of a society to attain cultural uniformity. 1971R. F. C. Hull tr. Jung's Psychol. Types in Coll. Wks. VI. viii. 318 The idea-oriented attitude must tend towards monism.
2. (See quot.: perh. a misapprehension.)
1880Pascoe Zool. Classif. (ed. 2) 283 Monism, the descent of all organic beings from one primitive stock. |