| 释义 |
forced, ppl. a.|fɔəst|
[f. force v.1 + -ed1.]
1. Subjected to violence.
1621G. Sandys Ovid's Met. i. 705 She..implores the liquid Sisters Aid To change her Shape and pity a forc'd Maid. Ibid. iii. 694 Let his forc'd breath Expire in groans.
2. a. Compelled, imposed, or exacted by force; enforced, compulsory; not spontaneous, voluntary, or optional. spec. forced labour (also as attrib. phr.); † forced man: a pressed man.
1576Fleming Panopl. Epist. 261 Wherein is declared the merite of free obedience and forced duetie. 1621G. Sandys Ovid's Met. ii. 107 To this alone I give a forc'd Consent. 1661Papers on Alter. Prayer-bk. 77 They had many Lyturgies in one Princes Dominion, and those alterable, and not forced. 1702Dennis Comic. Gallant 49 A forced Marriage is but a lawful Rape. 1734tr. Rollin's Anc. Hist. (1827) VI. xv. xiii. 205 A forced peace is soon followed by war. 1748Anson's Voy. i iii. 28 Spaniards being no strangers to the dissatisfaction of their forced men. 1781Gibbon Decl. & F. III. 110 Forced or fictitious testaments. 1798Nelson 27 Jan. in Nicolas Disp. (1845) III. 4 There ought to be the greatest difference made between a forced man and the man who voluntarily offers his life to preserve his country. 1812Byron Ch. Har. ii. vii, There no forced banquet claims the sated guest. 18..R. C. Browne Milton's Poems Introd. p. li, From March 1626 to July 1627, when the system of forced loans was in full operation. 1866Crump Banking vii. 145 The forced paper currency. 1872Yeats Growth Comm. 35 The forced labour of slaves. 1931Economist 17 Jan. 105/2 Some of the worst features of the report..are those relating to what is euphemistically described as the official recruitment of labour, for export, mainly to Fernando Po, and to forced labour conditions. 1941Koestler Scum of Earth 276 They..were kept in the Moroccan forced-labour battalions to work in mines and quarries. 1942Ann. Reg. 1941 175 Trials of people for kindness towards prisoners of war and foreigners doing forced labour. 1960Guardian 15 Nov. 8/5 Lord Altrincham's call for conscription seems to be for both military service and civil jobs such as road making. The latter is ordinarily termed forced labour.
b. forced move: in a game, one rendered inevitable by the action of the adversary or the position of the piece. Cf. forced put, force-put.
1847H. Staunton Chess-Player's Handbk. i. ii. 22 When a player has only one legal move at command, it is said to be a forced move. 1890R. F. Green Chess 31 The capture of a Pawn en passant is a forced move, if none other be possible.
c. forced feeding = force-feeding (see force-feed v.).
1901G. C. Watson Farm Poultry ix. 161 It is quite possible to injure the digestion of laying hens by a system of forced feeding. 1923H. A. Roberts Commercial Poultry Raising xv. 207 Forced feeding must not be carried to the point where it affects and impairs stamina and health.
d. forced landing: the unpremeditated landing of an aircraft in an emergency; hence force-land v. intr., to make a forced landing.
1917‘Contact’ Airman's Outings 8 That aerial highwayman the forced landing. 1921Flight XIII. 440/2 They left Croydon..in a Goliath, which had, unfortunately, to force-land at Amiens. 1928[see crash v. 6 b]. 1936Jrnl. R. Aeronaut. Soc. XL. 28 An engine failure is defined as engine trouble (apart from fuel system) causing a forced landing. 1958Oxf. Mail 21 Jan. 1/1 A United States Navy plane..force-landed about 450 miles from its destination. 1961L. van der Post Heart of Hunter viii. 120 Some R.A.F. men..had made a forced landing in the desert.
e. forced-choice: used attrib. of a question, technique, etc., in which the participant must choose between a number of pre-arranged alternatives.
1944Shipley & Graham Summary Res. on Personal Inventory 1 Its items..are cast in forced-choice form to promote valid answering. 1957E. Bott Family & Social Network vi. 170 Answers to forced-choice questions need not represent the subject's attitudes. 1964D. B. Fry in D. Abercrombie et al. Daniel Jones 62 The listener is placed in a ‘forced choice’ situation. 1967J. F. Corso in H. Helson et al. Contemp. Approaches Psychol. vii. 304 To predict performance in a forced-choice test, an extension of the decision model is required. 1970Jrnl. Gen. Psychol. Jan. 96 These statements were mimeographed and presented in the form of a forced-choice true and false test. 1970Language XLVI. 304 Despite their close agreement in the ‘forced-choice’ selections, the preceptive reaction of UK and US subjects shows them sharply polarized in the judgment test.
3. a. Produced or maintained with effort; strained. forced march: ‘one in which the marching power of the troops is forced or exerted beyond the ordinary limit’ (Adm. Smyth).
1596Shakes. 1 Hen. IV, iii. i. 135 'Tis like the forc't gate of a shuffling Nagge. 1677A. Yarranton Eng. Improv. 132 No forc't hast; but Thrashing and carrying the corn to the Granary in times wherein his servants have leisure. 1769Robertson Chas. V, III. vii. 39 He..by a forced march got into Fertè. 1825Bentham Ration. Rew. 271 This being sold at a forced price, the merchant will take care not to replace it. 1840Thirlwall Greece VII. liv. 38 Alexander..by a forced night-march, reached the Hydrastes at day-break. 1889P. Milford Pocket Dict. Mining, Forced production, to work a mine so as to make it produce a greater output than can be maintained.
b. In literary usage: Strained, distorted. Cf. force v.1 3 b.
1583Fulke Defence i. §52. 67 Neither doth Caluine..thinke it.. a forced translation. 1678Cudworth Intell. Syst. 309 The Greek Etymologies of this word, seem to be all..Violent and Forced. 1724A. Collins Gr. Chr. Relig. 173 Forc'd interpretations. 1782Priestley Corrupt. Chr. I. ii. 163 Without any forced Construction it may be turned against this favourite opinion. 1812Woodhouse Astron. xxxvi. 360 Without any forced analogies.
c. Of actions, demeanour, gestures, etc.: Affected, artificial, constrained, unnatural.
1621Wither Motto B j a, For much I hate the forced Apish tricks, Of those our home-disdaining Politicks. 1687Dryden Hind & P. 111. 78 Her forc'd civilities, her faint embrace. 1891C. T. C. James Rom. Rigmarole 80 In spite of her forced calmness.
†4. Artificially made or prepared; as opposed to natural. Chiefly of soils. Obs.
1622Fletcher Beggar's Bush ii. i, Call in your crutches,..Forc'd eyes and teeth, with your dead arms. 1650Fuller Pisgah iii. x. 433 The very bottome or floor thereof (being forced ground). 1664Evelyn Kal. Hort. (1729) 200 Pot them [Tuberoses] in natural not forc'd earth. 1688Lond. Gaz. No. 2363/4 Lost..a light bay Gelding..6 years old, with a forced mark on the Forehead.
5. Of plants, a crop, etc.: Made to bear, or produced, out of the proper season. Cf. force v.1 12.
1695Congreve Love for L. v. ii, I'm..none of your forced trees, that pretend to blossom in the fall, and bud when they should bring forth fruit. 1866Mrs. Gaskell Wives & Dau. xxviii, Our forced strawberries are just ready.
†6. Fortified, made strong against attack. Obs.
1548Hall Chron., Hen. V (an. 6) 59 b, And beside that chayne he sette vp a new forced bridge. 1602Warner Alb. Eng. Epit. (1612) 356 Seuerus his forced vallie, with other strong..fabrications.
7. Of a draught: produced artificially; so forced-air, forced ventilation; forced (feed) lubrication, force-feed lubrication (see force-feed n.).
1865Webster s.v. Draught, Forced draught, the draft produced by a blower, as by compressing the air beneath a fire. 1885Marine Engineer VII. 39/1 (heading) On the Application of moderate forced draught to the furnaces of small steam vessels. 1887Encycl. Brit. XXII. 496/2 Where forced draught has been substituted for chimney draught. 1898Westm. Gaz. 18 May 2/3 In our service we are satisfied with a forced draught trial of four hours as a rule. 1901Feilden's Mag. IV. 441/2 The forced-air draught fans... Forced-air draught is preferable to steam blast. 1907J. G. Horner Encycl. Pract. Engin. V. 40/2 It is hardly possible to overrate the importance of forced lubrication in modern practice. 1907Westm. Gaz. 19 Nov. 4/2 Forced feed lubrication. 1909Ibid. 12 Aug. 4/2 Designing an engine on the forced-induction principle. 1930Engineering 28 Feb. 280/3 Forced lubrication is employed for the main engine and for the turbo-blower. 1960Farmer & Stockbreeder 19 Jan. 108/1 The forced-draught cabinet incubators. 1971Sci. Amer. May 73/3 In a forced-draft [cooling] tower the fan is at the bottom and pushes the air up through the tower. |