| 释义 |
township|ˈtaʊnʃɪp|
[OE. túnscipe, f. tún (see town) + -scipe, -ship. Cf., for sense, landscipe, and Ger. dorfschaft. After the OE. period the word was app. disused till 15th c: see sense 2.]
†1. In OE., The inhabitants or population of a tún or village collectively; the community dwelling in and occupying a tún (town n. 1). Obs.
c890tr. Bæda's Hist. v. xi. [x.] (1890) 416 Þa wæs he swiðe eorre; sende þa weord þider & heht ðone tunscipe ealne ofslean, & þone tun forbernan [orig. mittens occidit vicanos illos omnes, vicumque incendio consumpsit]. 962–3Laws K. Edgar iv. c. 8 Cyðe hit þonne he ham cyme, and..mid his tunscipes ᵹewitnysse on ᵹemænre læse ᵹebringe. ᵹif he swa ne deð ær fif nihtum, cyðan hit þæs tunes men þam hundrodes ealdre. 1154O.E. Chron. an. 1137 §4, ᵹif twa men oþer iii coman ridend to an tun, al þe tunscipe fluᵹæn fer heom. 1155–8in Calr. Charter Rolls (1912) IV. 183 Homines suos liberos et quietos de..placitis et querelis et portmannesmot et tuncipesmot.
2. a. The inhabitants of a particular manor, parish, or division of a hundred, as a community, or in their corporate capacity. Now chiefly Hist.
1444Rolls of Parlt. V. 111/1 [To] assesse well and duly every Tounship withinne the seid Hundredes. 1494Fabyan Chron. vii. 575 (anno 1410) With prouycion yt euery towneshyp shuld kepe all poore people of theyr owne dwellers, whiche myght nat labour for theyr lyuynge. 1547in E. Anglian May (1885) 69 Itm solde Ao primo Ed. sexti Regis &c. by the Towneshippe and Churchewardens [of Beccles] so moche plate as amounteth to the Summe of xl li. 1593Shakes. 2 Hen. VI, i. iii. 27 Alas Sir, I am but a poore Petitioner of our whole Towneship. 1628Wither Brit. Rememb. iv. 203 When halfe the Towneship, and the Hamlets nigh Are met to revell, at some Parish, by. 1817W. Selwyn Law Nisi Prius (ed. 4) II. 773 The court held, that all the subjects of England, of common right, might fish in the sea,..and that therefore a prescription for it as appurtenant to a particular township was void.
b. Applied to the manor, parish, etc. itself, as a territorial division. Now chiefly Hist.
1414Rolls of Parlt. IV. 571 The maner and Tounshipe of Chestreton. 1422tr. Secreta Secret., Priv. Priv. 172 He desyrith more grete lordshuppe, othyr lytill rente, than a townshup of londe othyr a grete Some of catele to charlys appertenynge. 1491Act 7 Hen. VII, c. 16 §1 Honours lordshippes townshippes maners londes..and all other hereditamentes. 1523Fitzherb. Husb. §57 That there be no maner of sycknes amonge the cattell in that towneshyp or pasture that thou byest thy catel oute of. 1527Plumpton Corr. (Camden) 227 For the right and intrest of one spring liing within the tewinship of Litle Ribston. 1610Holland Camden's Brit. (1637) 807 Hexham..a manour or Township belonging to the Archbishops of Yorke. 1670Pettus Fodinæ Reg. 33 All which are in the Township of Skibery Coed. a1677Hale Prim. Orig. Man. ii. x. 234 In this Book are entred the Names of the Mannors or inhabited Townships, Boroughs and Cities,..the Number of Plough-Lands that each contains, and the Number of the Inhabitants upon them. 1819Scott Ivanhoe xxv, A less orderly and a worse armed force, consisting of the Saxon inhabitants of the neighbouring township.
c. spec. Each of the local divisions of, or districts comprised in, a large original parish, each containing a village or small town, usually having its own church (formerly a chapel of the mother church of the original parish, whence such divisions were also known ecclesiastically as chapelries).
Township in this sense is chiefly retained in the north of England for the ancient divisions of such original parishes as Crosthwaite, Grasmere, Windermere, and Kendal, e.g. the townships of Borrowdale, Langdale, Rydal, and Ambleside; but it is applied in the Ordnance maps also to the ancient divisions of such original parishes as Cumnor and St. Giles', Camberwell, which for most purposes are now distinct parishes and are usually so called.
1540Test. Ebor. (Surtees) VI. 117 Beinge of the townshipe of Witley. 1662Act 14 Chas. II, c. 12 §21 That all and every the poore..persons within every Township or Village within the severall Counties aforesaid shall from and after the passing of this Act be maintained..and sett on worke within the several and respective Towneship and Village..and that there shall be yearely chosen and appointed..twoe or more Overseers of the Poore within every of the said Townships or Villages. 1764Burn Poor Laws 111 The head of a township or village is the constable; and there are many townships in a parish wherein there is no churchwarden. 1846McCulloch Anc. Brit. Empire (1854) I. 141 In the northern counties, where the parishes sometimes embrace 30 or 40 square miles, the poor laws, the due administration or which must always depend on an intimate knowledge of the situation and character of every one applying for relief, could not be properly carried into effect. To remedy this inconvenience, an act was passed in the 13th of Charles II, permitting townships and villages, though not entire parishes, severally and distinctly to maintain their own poor. Hence townships in the north of England may be regarded as divisions subordinate to parishes; and are, in practice, as distinctly limited as if they were separate parishes. 1891J. P. Earwaker Manch. Constables' Accts. I. Introd. 17 The two constables whose proceedings are recorded in the following pages, were appointed for the Township of Manchester alone; but, as that then embraced the whole of the town, they had entire charge of the town. 1906S. & B. Webb Eng. Local Govt. I. ii. 70 The great parish of Manchester, which extended over an area of quite 54 square miles, included no fewer than thirty semi-independent townships—one of them having, like the whole parish, the name of Manchester.
3. transf. Often rendering L. pagus, Gr. δῆµος (deme), and thus applied to independent or self-governing towns or villages of ancient Greece, Italy, and other lands, and sometimes to foreign towns or villages of mediæval or modern times.
1602W. Fulbecke Pandectes 57 So likewise Pagi, towneships, are deriued of the Doricke word πάγα, which signifieth a fountaine, and in the Atticall dialect is πήγη. 1681Nevile Plato Rediv. 74 The Swisses consist of Thirteen Soveraignties; some Cities..and some Provinces which have but a Village for their head Township. 1798W. Taylor in Monthly Mag. V. 3 Now, the land of Cush (Genesis x. 7,) comprehended the five subdivisions or townships of Seba, Havilah, Sabtha, Raamah, and Sabthechah. 1838Thirlwall Greece II. xi. 11 The incorporation of several scattered townships in one city, such as took place in Attica. 1841Elphinstone Hist. India I. 39 His internal administration is to be conducted by a chain of civil officers, consisting of lords of single townships or villages, lords of ten towns, lords of 100, and lords of 1000 towns. 1846Grote Greece ii. viii. II. 587 Rescuing the Arcadian townships from their dependence on Sparta. 1872Yeats Growth Comm. 301 An insignificant township named Calcutta. 1905Expositor Feb. 81 A Jebusite township existed around or beside the stronghold Zion. 1908S. A. Cook Relig. Anc. Palestine i. 8 The small townships of Palestine and Syria—the average city was a small fortified site surrounded by dwellings, sometimes with an outer wall.
4. Sc. A farm held in joint tenancy.
1813J. Hedrick Agric. Surv. Forfar. 561 A township is a farm occupied by two or more farmers, in common, or in separate lots, who reside in a straggling hamlet, or village. 1884Marquis of Lorne in Pall Mall G. 10 May 1/2 Recommending that the State should prop the fast vanishing feudal tenure of the ‘township’ of the crofter. 1886Sir K. Mackenzie ibid. 3 Mar. 11/2 Its Gaelic equivalent ‘Baile’..designates a farm held by a number of joint tenants, but it also designates a farm held by an individual tenant... To the Gaelic language, the distinction between farm and township is unknown; and the illusions which seem to hang round this word township would be dispelled if it were realized that it merely means a farm held in joint tenancy by a greater or less number of persons. 1901Scotsman 4 Mar. 7/2 They found..about forty men from the township of Lemreway [in Lewis] outside ready to resist.
5. U.S. and Canada. A division of a county having certain corporate powers of local administration; the same that in New England is called a town (town n. 6 a).
In the newer states, in which the divisions were laid off by government survey, a township is a division six miles square, and is so called even when still unsettled. The name is similarly used in the western provinces of Canada, from Ontario to British Columbia, and in Eastern Quebec and Prince Edward Island.
1685Penn Further Acc. Pennsylv. 5 We do settle in the way of Townships or Villages, each of which contains 5000 Acres in square, and at least Ten Families. 1714S. Sewall Diary 23 Feb., This Court a large Township, of 12 miles square, is granted near Wadchuset. 1775J. Adams in Fam. Lett. (1876) 120 The division of our..counties into townships..gives every man an opportunity of showing and improving that education which he received at college or at school. 1779Hist. Europe in Ann. Reg. 91 The settlement of Wyoming consisted of eight townships, each containing a square of five miles. 1801Farmer's Mag. Apr. 164 Method of clearing New Land,..as practised in several parts of New Hampshire, particularly in the Township of Dartmouth. 1824Syd. Smith Wks. (1859) II. 45/2 All the public lands..are divided into townships of six miles square, by lines running with the cardinal points, and consequently crossing each other at right angles. 1866J. E. H. Skinner After the Storm I. 85 A ‘township’ is here a territorial division like a parish with us, and need not necessarily contain any houses. 1871Athenæum 27 May 660 From 20 to 30 feet of pure graphite are stated to exist on the Ottawa river, in the township of Buckingham. 1888Bryce Amer. Commw. II. ii. xl. 91 note, A town or township means..generally in the United States, a small rural district, as opposed to a city. It is a community which has not received representative municipal government. 1899Crosskill Prince Edward Isl. (1904) 16 The parish lines are but little recognized, the more general sub-division being by lots or townships, of which there are 67 running numerically from west to east. 1912Province of Quebec for Brit. Emigr. 13 The Eastern townships have also a well deserved reputation as a grazing country.
6. a. In Australia and New Zealand, a site laid out prospectively for a town, meanwhile often consisting of a few ‘shanties’ grouped around a railway station, store, hotel, post office, or the like; a village or hamlet. (Cf. the town-site (town n. 10) of U.S. and Canada.)
1802Barrington Hist. N.S. Wales x. 419 The timber of 120 acres was cut down..a township marked out, and some few huts built. 1857R. B. Paul Lett. from Canterbury, N.Z. iv. 72 Malvern Hills, where Mr Cass thinks there is a site suited for a township. 1861L. A. Meredith Over the Straits II. 40 It used to seem to me a strange colonial anomaly to call a very small village a ‘township’, and a much larger one a ‘town’. But the former is the term applied to the lands reserved in various places for future towns. 1890Melbourne Argus 14 June 4/2 Will you come into the township to-night? 1892A. Sutherland Elem. Geog. Brit. Col. xiii. 276 Villages, which are always called ‘townships’, spring up suddenly round a railway station or beside some country inn. 1911W. H. Koebel In Maoriland Bush xviii. 241 Half an hour later the street of the township opens out before the rider. 1977N.Z. Herald 8 Jan. 4–1/5 (Advt.), From Henderson Township take Swanson Rd for 1 mile.
b. In South Africa, an area set aside for non-White occupation.
1934Lovedale Sol-fa Leaflet No. 17.4 When the Bantu Township of Nancefield or Klipspruit (eleven miles West of Johannesburg) was first settled as a Suburb of the Rand Municipality, the late Enoch Sontonga..was a teacher in one of the Methodist Mission Schools. 1946P. Abrahams Mine Boy viii. 98 This side of the township had mostly Coloured people. The other side was where the native people were. 1964L. Nkosi Rhythm of Violence 15 Which black township would you go to? 1971Sunday Express (Johannesburg) 28 Mar. 6/1 The non-Whites..are not going to be satisfied much longer with leading third-rate lives in third-rate townships. 1984Observer 9 Dec. 12/2 The flood [of people] has overflowed the inadequate African townships built by apartheid planners.
†7. The state or condition of a town; also, a jocular title for a town. Obs. rare.
1665Sir T. Herbert Trav. (1677) 193 They..have little or no civility save in Zagathai, where they associate in Township. 1780Mirror No. 105 ⁋2 Such people are apt to assume in conversation [a consequence], which, I think, goes beyond the just prerogative of township, and is a very unfair encroachment on the natural rights of their friends..in the country. 1809Malkin Gil Blas ii. ix. ⁋1 Olmédo looks like a..town. I beg its township's pardon, replied the barber.
8. By some 19th c. historical writers, adopted to designate what they consider to have been the simplest form of local or social organization in primitive Old English times.
This modern use of the term does not agree with the OE.; it appears to be founded on a confusion of OE. tún and túnscipe (sense 1), and the carrying back into early Anglo-Saxon or Teutonic times of the ME. sense 2, 2 b. (See W. J. Ashley The Anglo-Saxon ‘Township’ in Q. Jrnl. Economics (Harvard) VIII. Apr. 1894.)
1832Sir F. Palgrave Eng. Commw. i. iii. 65 (marg. Anglo-Saxon state composed of Townships.) Ascending in the analysis of the Anglo-Saxon State, the first and primary element appears to be the community, which, in England, during the Saxon period, was denominated the Town, or Township. 1853E. Creasy Eng. Const. iv. 45. 1867 Pearson Hist. Eng. i. 16 The stronger and more warlike tribes secured themselves from surprise in townships or camps,..fortified with felled timber and a ditch. 1874Stubbs Const. Hist. I. v. §39 The unit of the constitutional machinery, the simplest form of social organisation, is the township, the villata or vicus. It may represent the original allotment of the smallest subdivision of the free community, or the settlement of the kindred colonising on their own account, or the estate of the great proprietor who has a tribe of dependents. 1881Green Making of Eng. iv. 180. 1889 G. E. Howard Local Instit. Hist. U.S. i. i. 18 In the early records of English history the tunscipe or township, appears as the lowest form of self government and the primary division of the state. 1910J. W. Harper Soc. Ideal xxi. 243 The township is older than the manor..English feudalism destroyed the territorial organisation and reared itself on the ruins of the townships.
9. attrib. and Comb., esp. in senses 5, 6: township bridge, drain, road, a bridge, etc. made and kept up by the township; township farm = sense 4; township trustee (U.S.), a member of a committee elected to administer the affairs of a township.
1836New-Yorker 30 Apr. 92/1 The vote (by general ticket) for Township Trustees is stated as follows. 1868Rep. U.S. Commissioner Agric. (1869) 43 Harrison County, Ind.—The township trustee of Corydon has paid out to farmers, for loss of sheep by dogs..three hundred and ninety-eight dollars. 1888Bryce Amer. Commw. II. ii. xlviii. 235 note, Any county desiring to forsake township organization may do so by a vote of the electors. 1904Daily Chron. 19 Oct. 8/3 A simple and traditional dramatisation of some scene in early English township life. 1910W. L. Mathieson Awakening Scot. vi. 276 The type of agriculture..is still that of the township farm. |