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▪ I. † tharf, n. Obs.
Also 1 þearf, ðærf, 2 þerf, 3 (Orm.) þarrfe.
[f. tharf v. Cf. OS. tharf, OHG. darba, ON. þǫrf.]
Need, necessity.
Beowulf 1798 Sele-þeᵹn..se for andrysnum ealle beweotede þeᵹnes þearfe. 735Bæda Death-song 2 Thonc snotturra than him tharf sie. c1000Sax. Leechd. II. 84 ᵹif þearf sie, sele hwilum wyrtdrenc. c1175Lamb. Hom. 9 Nis hit nan þerf þet me her on þisse liue for his saule bidde pater noster. c1200Ormin 12247 Onn alle þa þatt haffdenn ned & þarrfe to þin hellpe. c1330Arth. & Merl. 16 And wele ysen, ȝif þai willen, Þat hem no þarf neuer spillen.
▪ II. tharf, a. Obs. or dial.
Forms: 1 þeorf, þearf, (ðorof, ðærf), 3 (Orm.) þeorrf, 4 þerf, -e, 4–5 therf, 5 tharf, -e. See also tharf-cake.
[OE. þeorf (:—þerf), unleavened, unsoured; of milk, sweet; Com. Teut. = OFris. therf, derf, MDu. derf (Kilian has ‘derf-brood, panis azymus’), OHG., MHG. derp unleavened, Ger. derb solid, compact, rough, coarse, ON. þjarfr unleavened, insipid. With sense 2, cf. the mod.Ger. sense of derb; app. referring to the solid, heavy, or stiff quality of unleavened bread. Pre-Teut. etymology unknown.]
†1. Of bread, etc.: Not prepared with leaven, unleavened. Obs. exc. in tharf-cake.
c950Lindisf. Gosp. Matt. xxvi. 17 Ða forma uutedlice doeᵹe ðara ðorofra [Rushw. ðefra for ðerfa] mæta. c1000ælfric Hom. II. 210 Þeorfe hlafas we bringað Gode to lace. c1000― Exod. xii. 39 Hi..worhton þeorfe heorþbacene hlafas. c1000ælfric Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 153/32 Azimus, ðeorf. c1200Ormin 997 Bræd All þeorrf wiþþutenn berrme. a1300Cursor M. 6079 Wit therf bred and letus wild. 1382Wyclif Gen. xix. 3 He made a feest, sethede therf breed, and thei eten. ― Mark xiv. 1 Pask and the feeste of therf looues was aftir the secunde day. c1400Mandeville (Roxb.) iii. 10 Þai say we erre þat makes þe sacrement of tharf breed. c1425Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 657/30 Panis siliginius, tharf⁓bred. c1440Promp. Parv. 490/2 Therf, wythe owte sowre dowe. 1483Cath. Angl. 381/2 Tharfe, azimus.
2. transf. Lumpish, stiff, heavy, slow; hence fig. reluctant, unwilling, diffident, tardy. dial. Hence ˈtharfish a. in same sense; ˈtharfly adv., in a tharf or tharfish manner.
1747Hooson Miner's Dict., Tharf [is] when a Vein or Pipe alters from its own intrinsical Nature to another, that is more Hask, Barren, and Dry, and more bound up, and stiff. 1828Craven Gloss., Tharf, stark, stiff, metaphorically, backward, unwilling. 1876Mid-Yorks. Gloss., Tharf,..Thauf, diffident; unwilling; reluctant; tardy... Also tharfish adj., and tharfly adv. 1876Whitby Gloss., Tharf, Tharfish, shy, diffident. Tharfly, slowly. ‘The rain comes nobbut tharfly’. 1894Northumbld. Gloss., Tharf, Tharfish, lumpish, heavy-countenanced, forbidding. Applied to substances it means ‘sad’, heavy, like liver in texture. Tharfly, slowly, reluctantly.
▪ III. † tharf, thar, v. Obs. exc. Sc. dial.
Forms: see below.
[A Com. Teutonic verb, belonging to the class of preterite-presents, in which the present tense is an original preterite (cf. can, dow, dare, etc.): OE. *þurfan, pres. þearf—þurfon, pa. þorfte, = OFris. *thurva, thurf(thorf)—thurvon, OS. thurƀan, tharf—thurƀun, thorfta, MDu. dorven, dorfte (Du. durven), ON. þurfa, þarf—þurfom, þurfta (Sw. tarfva), OHG. durfan, darf—durfun, dorfta (MHG. durfen, G. dürfen), Goth. *þaurban, þarf—þaurbum, þaurfta:—OTeut. *þarf-, *þurƀ-; corresp. to a pre-Teut. ablaut series *terp-, *torp-, *trp-, which has not been certainly identified. The ME. β-forms had lost the f or v, app. first in the 2nd sing. present þearft, þeart-tu, þer-tu, leaving a stem þar-, þer-, þor-, þur-, which was afterwards often confused with the dar-, dor-, dur- of dare v.1, so that the latter had forms in th, while there are here forms in d, esp. in the 2nd and 3rd person singular of the present: see γ. This confusion of tharf and dare is also found in the cognate languages: see dare v.1]
A. Inflexions.
1. Pres. Indic.
a. 1st sing. 1 þearf.
Beowulf 2007 Ic þæt eall ᵹe-wræc swa..[ne] ᵹylpan þearf grendeles maᵹa. a1000Cædmon's Gen. 2176 (Gr.) Ne þearf ic yrfestol eaforan bytlian.
b. 2nd sing. (α) 1 þearft, 2 þerft, (3 þerf).
Beowulf 1675 Þæt þu him on-drædan ne þearft. c1000Sax. Leechd. II. 180 Ne þearft þu þone wermod to don. c1175Lamb. Hom. 37 Soðliche ne þerft þu bidden namare. a1225Leg. Kath. 1160 Þu wenest ȝet þæt tu wenen ne þerf.
(β) 3 þært, þert, þer(tu), 3–4 þers(tou), 4 þertes(tow), 4–5 tharst, 5 thar, thare.
c1205Lay. 14482 Ne þært [MS. þræt] þu nauere habben kare of uncuðe leoden. a1225Ancr. R. 136 Ne þer tu nout dreden þe attrie neddre of helle. c1300St. Brandan 626 Ne therstou nothing drede. c1330R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 4877 Of Kent ne þertestow fle þat cost. 1390Gower Conf. II. 61 Me semeth that thou tharst noght care. a1450Le Morte Arth. 3285 Othure warke thou thare not wene. c1460Towneley Myst. ii. 293 Thar thou nowther flyte ne chyde.
(γ) 3 dert, 4 dars(tou, -tow).
c1205Lay. 22923 Ne dert [c 1275 þert] þu nauere adrede. c1320Cast. Love 975 Ne darstou on erþe þenchen elles nouht. 1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xiv. 55 Bi so þat þow be sobre..Darstow [v. rr. Tharst þow, Thardestow] neuere care for corne, ne lynnen cloth ne wollen.
c. 3rd sing. (α) 1 ðearf, þearf (ðorfæð, -eð), 2 þerf, 3 (Orm.) þarrf, 3–4 þarf, 4 tharf.
c888K. ælfred Boeth. xxiv. §4 Ne ðearf he nanes þinges. c950Lindisf. Gosp. John xiii. 10 Seðe ᵹeðuæn is ne ðorfæð [c 975 Rushw. ðorfeð] þætte aðoa hine. c975Rushw. Gosp. Matt. xxi. 3 Sæcgaþ þæt dryhten heora ðearf. c1175Lamb. Hom. 9 Nu ne þerf na mon his sunne mid wite abuggen. a1250Prov. ælfred 161 in O.E. Misc. 113 Monymon weneþ þat he wene ne þarf longes lyues. c1330Amis & Amil. 935 Tharf the neuer haue of him drede.
(β) 3 þerh, 4 (tar), thars, 4–5 þar, thar, þare, thare, there, 5 tharre, tharth, 9 Sc. dial. ther.
a1300Cursor M. 13554 Fra nu thar him namar be ledd. Ibid. 19870 (Edin.) Þat to do þare þe nochte lete. 1340Hampole Pr. Consc. 2167 He þat hates þis lyfes lykyng Thar noght drede þe dedes commyng. 1370Robt. Cicyle 325 More then thars be an c. folde. a1400–50Alexander 5377 Þe thare bot graunt me to geue quat guds as I craue. 1414Brampton Penit. Ps. (Percy Soc.) 45 Me thar no more but aske and have. c1425Cursor M. 10565 (Laud) For to aske there no man Yf they were glad & ioyfull þan. c1475Tharth [see B. 2].
(γ) 3 derf, 3–4 darf, 4 darh, 4–5 dar, dare.
a1240Ureisun in Cott. Hom. 187 Hwa derf beon unsauuet þe haueþ se mihti salue. 1297R. Glouc. (Rolls) 6471 Me ne dar noȝt esse weþer he were kene þo & prout. a1300Floriz & Bl. 315 Ich wene ne darf me axi noȝt. c1320Cast. Love 733 Ne dar he seche non oþer leche. a1327Pol. Songs (Camden) 250 Of gode knyhtes darh him nout fail. c1425Cursor M. 10461 (Laud) To myrthe me dare [early MSS. þar] the not wene. c1440Sir Gowther 615 The dare not drede of thi werkys wyld.
d. pl. (α) 1 þurfon, ðurfan, 1–3 þurfe, 3 þurven (-uen), þorhfe, þurve, þorve.
c888K. ælfred Boeth. xiv. §2 Þa ðurfon swiþe lytles, ðe maran ne willniað þonne ᵹenoᵹes. Ibid. xxiv. §4 Hwæt þurfon [v.r. þurfe] we nu ma..sprecan? c975Rushw. Gosp. Matt. xxvi. 65 Hwæt þurfe we leng ᵹewitnisse? c1205Lay. 24909 We ne þuruen [c 1275 þorhfe] na mare aswunden liggen here. a1225Ancr. R. 6. c 1290 S. Eng. Leg. I. 106/160 Ȝe þorue [Harl. MS. þore] habbe of heom no kare.
(β) 3 þore, 4 thore, 4–5 thar, 5 Sc. thair.
c1290St. Brandan 121 in S. Eng. Leg. I. 223 Ȝe ne þore noþing drede. c1386Chaucer Melib. ⁋102 Yet thar ye nat accomplice thilke ordinance but yow like. c1430Syr Gener. (Roxb.) 6868 Ye thar not drede of hem y-wis. 1438Bk. Alex. Grt. (Bann.) 9 Ȝe thair nocht dreid na chaissing. c1485Digby Myst. iii. 1437 Of þis cors we thar nat a-baffe. 1825Thair [see B. 1].
(γ) 4 dorre, durre, 5 dar.
1297R. Glouc. (Rolls) 4 Of fon hii dorre [v.r. heo durre] þe lasse doute bote hit be þorȝ gyle. c1477Caxton Jason 42 Ye dar not be aferd of dethe.
2. Pres. Subj. sing. 1 ðyrfe, 1–2 þurfe, 3 (Orm.) þurrfe, þurve. pl. 1 ðyrfen, þurfen.
c888K. ælfred Boeth. xxvi. §2 Sam hi þyrfen, sam hi na þurfon, hi willað þeah. c897― Gregory's Past. C. xliii. 312 Oft ðonne mon ma fæst ðonne he ðyrfe. c1000Ags. Gosp. John iv. 15 Syle me þæt wæter þæt..ic ne ðurfe [c 1160 Hatt. G. þurfe] her feccan. c1200Ormin 7766 Þatt ure nan ne þurrfe Ut off þe rihhte weȝȝe gan. c1275Woman Samaria 26 in O.E. Misc. 85 Yef me þar-of to drynke Þat ich ne þurve more to þisse welle swynke.
3. Past Indic. and Subj.
a. sing. (α) 1 ðorfte, 2–5 þurfte, 3 (Orm.) þurrfte, 4–5 thurfte.
αc888K. ælfred Boeth. xiv. §3 Ne þorfte he him nænne ondrædan. Ibid., Ne ðorftes þu ðe nanwuht ondrædan. Ibid. xxvi. §2 Ne ðorfte he no maran fultomes. c1200Ormin 16164 Swa þatt nan mann ne þurrfte off himm. a1325Poem Times Edw. II 321 in Pol. Songs (Camden) 338 Thurfte him noht seke tresor so fer. 14..Sir Beues 4219 (MS. M.) Thurfte he never after to aske leche, That sir Mylis myght ouer-reche.
(β) 3 þurhte, þorte, 3–5 þurte, 4 þurt, þort, þart, thourt, 4–5 thurt(e; 4 þurste, 4–5 þurst, 4–5, 9 Sc. thurst.
c1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 35 He ne þurte naure þolen hunger ne þurst. a1272Luue Ron 95 in O.E. Misc. 96 Ne þurhte þe neuer rewe. a1300Cursor M. 23443 Ya forsoth thurt [v.r. thort] naman mare. c1330Florice & Bl. 259 Now thourt him neuere ful iwis Willen after more blisse. 1393Langl. P. Pl. C. x. 257 Ho so þurste hit segge. a1425Chron. R. Glouc. (Rolls) 6389 (MS. β), He ne þurst neuer eft care of drynke ne cloþe. c1460Towneley Myst. xxv. 256 For no catelle thurt the craue. 1825Thurst [see B. 1].
b. pl. (α) 1 þorfton, -an. (β) 3 þeorte(n, 3–4 þurte(n, 4–5 thurte.
c897K. ælfred Gregory's Past. C. 9 Hi his sume ðorfton. a1000Guthlac 423 (452) No we þus swiðe swencan þorftan. c1275Lay. 18650 For ne þeorte þe cnihtes buten biwiten þat castel ȝat. c1460Towneley Myst. xxx. 473 Thai thurte bot aske and haue thare boyn.
B. Signification.
1. intr. To be under a necessity or obligation (to do something): = need v.2 6, 8.
c890–901K. ælfred Laws Introd. c. 28 ᵹif..he..ᵹewitnesse hæbbe, ne þearf he þæt ᵹeldan. a1000Cædmon's Gen. 611 (Gr.) Ic hit þe secgan ne þearf. a1200Moral Ode 44 Þer ne þerf he habben kare of ȝefe ne of ȝelde. a1225Juliana 68 Arude me þat þeos unselie ne þurue nawt seggen. c1230Hali Meid. 5 Ha nawiht ne þarf of oðer þing þenchen. 1825Jamieson s.v., ‘Ye thair n' fash’, you need not put yourself to the trouble. Ibid., ‘Ye thurstn'’, ye needed not.
2. impers. It needs, there is need, it is needful [= L. opus est, Gr. δεῖ]. Const. dat. of person and inf.
a. without subject it.
c1200Ormin 12886 Ne þarrf ȝuw nohht nu follȝhenn me. c1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 69 Þanne ne þarf us noðer gramien ne shamien. a1250Owl & Night. 190 Ne þarf þerof beo no tale. c1275Passion 17 in O.E. Misc. 37 Ne þerfþ þer non adrede. c1275Duty of Christians 37 ibid. 142 Ne þarf vs neuer a-gryse. c1320Sir Tristr. 3053 Who wil lesinges layt, Þarf him no ferþer go. c1330R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 4145 Ne neuere þurt hem haue drad no tyde. c1430Syr Gener. (Roxb.) 3 Ne thar him nat be idel long. c1440Alphabet of Tales 361 Sho said hym þurte not be seke her-for. c1475Rauf Coilȝear 538 Me tharth haue nane noy of myne erand.
b. with subject it. rare.
c1430Pilgr. Lyf Manhode i. lxxxvii. (1869) 39 It thurt not recche to wite of this anoon. c1460Towneley Myst. iv. 117 Myn ase shalle withe vs, if it thar. |