| 释义 |
reaction|riːˈækʃən|
[f. re- + action n.; cf. react v.1 and F. réaction (a 1610).
Florio (1611) uses ‘reaction’ to render It. reattione (mod. reazione): see reacting vbl. n.]
1. Repulsion or resistance exerted by a body in opposition to the impact or pressure of another body.
1644Digby Nat. Bodies xvi. 139 Of reaction..in locall motion, that each agent must suffer in acting and acte in suffering. 1748Hartley Observ. Man i. i. 47 It must be compressed in return, by the Re-action of the Skull. 1800Vince Hydrost. i. (1806) 11 The reaction of the sides of the vessel against the fluid. 1881Encycl. Brit. XII. 524/2 The reaction of the jets caused the rotation of the machine.
fig.1643Sir T. Browne Relig. Med. i. §5 It is the method of Charity to suffer without reaction. a1660Hammond Serm. xxi. Wks. 1684 IV. 687 In such a Soul as this, there is a perpetual re-action, an impatience of the presence of any thing which may trash, incumber or oppress it.
2. a. The influence which a thing, acted upon or affected by another, exercises in return upon the agent, or in turn upon something else.
1771Wesley Wks. (1872) V. 232 A continual action of God upon the Soul, and a re-action of the Soul upon God. 1792A. Young Trav. France 434 The effects of high or low prices on agriculture, and the re-action of culture on price. 1863Tyndall Heat i. 2 Action and reaction have thus gone on from prehistoric ages to the present time. 1876L. Stephen Eng. Th. 18th C. I. i. 12 Mr. Darwin's observations upon the breeds of pigeons have had a reaction on the structure of European Society.
b. Chem. (i) The action of one chemical agent on another, or the result of such action; also, any chemical change. Also extended to transformations of atomic nuclei and other particles.
1836J. M. Gully Magendie's Formul. (ed. 2) 9 The great care that is requisite to prevent the re-action of this acid is an objection to its use. 1862Miller Elem. Chem. (ed. 2) iii. 67 Owing to the feebler affinities of these elements, the reactions take place with less vehemence. Ibid. 435 The vegetable bases when in solution have generally a decidedly alkaline reaction upon test papers. 1926H. G. Rule tr. J. Schmidt's Text-bk. Org. Chem. 131 The Hofmann method, in which bromine and potassium hydroxide are brought into reaction with acid amides. 1936Nature 29 Feb. 344/1 The typical features of nuclear reactions are therefore perhaps most clearly shown by neutron impacts. 1950N. V. Sidgwick Chem. Elements I. 397 The reaction of boron trichloride with an alcohol is quite violent. 1956A. H. Compton Atomic Quest i. 53 The amount of U-235 needed to bring about a chain reaction was many times smaller than earlier measurements had indicated. 1972R. A. Jackson Mechanism i. 5 Unimolecular reactions occur as a result of reorganization of the bonds within a molecule, with or without rupture into fragments. Ibid. 6 Bimolecular reactions take place during a collision of two molecules. 1977J. Narlikar Struct. Universe ii. 36 The star's nuclear reactions generate energy which goes towards providing the necessary pressure to support the star against its tendency to contract with gravitation.
(ii) spec. (usu. with qualifying adj.) a reaction characteristic of acid or alkali; hence, acidity, neutrality or alkalinity.
1856W. A. Miller Elem. Chem. II. x. 710 A salt which affects neither the blue of litmus nor the yellow of turmeric is said to have a neutral reaction. 1899Jrnl. Physiol. XXIV. 289 On the addition of acid a dispersion of the flakes of coagulum occurs with production of an opalescent fluid having an acid reaction. 1900Proc. R. Soc. LXVI. 116 The effect of the acid or basic reaction of the salt on the hydrosol. 1938Jrnl. Inst. Brewing XLIV. 466/1 The highest grade of asbestos is a completely insoluble material, neutral in reaction and tasteless. 1956K. Imhoff et al. Disposal of Sewage iv. 23 The ‘Reaction’ of aqueous wastes may be described as acid, neutral, or alkaline, depending on the concentration of hydrogen ions. Pure water is neutral in reaction. 1968Passmore & Robson Compan. Med. Stud. I. vi. 2/2 It follows that the reaction of an aqueous solution may be expressed either in terms of [H+] or [OH-].
3. Phys. and Path.
a. The supervention of an opposite physical condition, as the return of heat after cold, or of vitality after shock.
1805W. Saunders Min. Waters 498 If an intire immersion in cold water be employed, and the body be in a fit state to produce reaction, a full..perspiration will follow. 1842Abdy Water Cure (1843) 165 The first impulse to the reaction of the heart has been found to have been given by these means. 1875H. C. Wood Therap. (1879) 652 The cold bath, when not followed by a healthy reaction, is anything but a tonic.
b. The response made by the system or an organ to an external stimulus.
reaction of degeneration, ‘a gradual diminution and final loss of faradic excitability of both nerves and muscles, consequent on degeneration and atrophy of both’ (Syd. Soc. Lex.). A variety of this is called reaction of exhaustion.
1896Allbutt's Syst. Med. I. 359 This condition is known as the reaction of degeneration, and is found in serious injury or disease in the motor nuclei of the anterior cornua. 1899Ibid. VII. 347 The reaction to light was lost in both eyes.
c. Psychol. A response to a stimulus which can be observed, estimated, or measured.
1887Jrnl. Mental Sci. XXXII. 604 The reaction is found to occupy less time in the insane than in the sane. 1943C. L. Hull Princ. Behav. xviii. 326 Many reactions..approach the all-or-none type, which differs appreciably from the galvanic skin reaction,..etc. Ibid., Reaction is a joint multiplicative function of habit strength and drive. 1968R. F. C. Hull tr. Jung's Analytical Psychol.: Tavistock Lectures ii. 54 Other characteristic disturbances are:..reaction expressed by facial expression, laughing, movements of the hands or feet or body..insufficient reactions like ‘yes’ or ‘no’.
d. In general use: a response (to an event, a statement, etc.); an action or feeling that expresses or constitutes a response.
1914H. James Notes of Son & Brother v. 117 His [sc. William James's] letters..mark the beginning of those vivacities and varieties of intellectual and moral reaction which were for the rest of his life to be the more immeasurably candid and vivid. 1922Joyce Ulysses 650 Did Bloom discover common factors of similarity between their respective like and unlike reactions to experience? 1932Kipling Limits & Renewals 134 Only the speed of my reactions saved me from bumping into Bunny when he pulled up without warning beside a lorry. 1946E. O'Neill Iceman Cometh i. 89 They all hoot him down in a chorus of amused jeering. Hugo is not offended. This is evidently their customary reaction. 1980D. Brierley Blood Group O 43 Reaction to the death of Desnos had set in.
e. Radio. A former name for positive feedback. Also ellipt., a reaction coil.
1917R. D. Bangay Elem. Princ. Wireless Telegr. ii. 205 We now come to the final and most efficient method of utilising the properties of the magnifying valve for the purposes of reception of spark signals. It is known as the reaction method. 1920Wireless World 24 July 327/2 The reaction may cause some howling if it is not in phase with the frame. 1922A. C. Lescarboura Radio for Everybody i. 32 This small coil is frequently called the ‘tickler’ or reaction. 1923Radio Times 28 Sept. 22 Two-valve long range receiving set with anode tuning and reaction. 1933Boys' Mag. XLVII. 117/2 To modernize an old set..swinging reaction can easily be altered to Reinartz reaction. 1943C. L. Boltz Basic Radio xi. 184 Other names for positive feed-back are reaction and regeneration. Ibid. xiv. 222 Reaction in the hands of the inveterate knob twiddler is a curse to everybody.
4. a. A movement towards the reversal of an existing tendency or state of things, esp. in politics; a return, or desire to return, to a previous condition of affairs; a revulsion of feeling.
In 1816 referred to as a French use of the word (Edinb. Rev. XXVII. 480).
1792A. Young Trav. France I. 557 A most curious political combination, which seems to shew, that..where evils are of the most alarming tendency, there is a re-action, an under⁓current, that works against the apparent tide, and brings relief. 1801Hel. M. Williams Fr. Rep. I. xii. 122 If I have delayed sending you the sketch of the re-action at Naples [etc.]. 1816Scott Old Mort. xliv. note, That perpetuating of factious quarrels, which is called in modern times Reaction. 1836Hor. Smith Tin Trump. (1876) 161 Like every other excess, fanaticism provokes a reaction. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) IV. 256 In the ancient as well as the modern world there were reactions from theory to experience. 1965New Statesman 7 May 724/2 In spite of his achievements as a social reformer, he became a symbol of black reaction to organised labour. 1969A. G. Frank Latin Amer. (1970) xxii. 341 After eliminating popular leadership in labor, student, and other organizations..reaction settled back into comfort. 1974tr. Sniečkus's Soviet Lithuania 29 Operating under conditions of extreme political reaction at home, the Communist Party of Lithuania skilfully combined legal and illegal forms of political activity.
b. Econ. A downward movement (of share prices, etc.) following an upward one.
1841[see inflation 6]. 1925Scribner's Mag. Sept. 338/1 The mercurial American..sees either a coming ‘business boom’ or a season of ‘reaction’, and he usually bases his belief on visible tendencies in trade and industry. 1930Daily Express 8 Sept. 10/2 It is safer to buy on reactions than on the top of a rise.
5. attrib. and Comb., as reaction drive, reaction experiment, reaction force, reaction mechanism, reaction period, reaction potential, reaction rate, reaction speed, reaction stage, reaction threshold, reaction time, reaction velocity, reaction vessel, reaction word; reaction chamber, (a) a vessel in which a chemical reaction occurs, esp. in an industrial process; (b) the combustion chamber of a rocket; reaction circuit, that part of the anode circuit of a thermionic valve which produces positive feedback in the grid circuit; reaction coil, an inductance coil included in the anode circuit of a thermionic valve so as to cause positive feedback in the grid circuit; reaction engine or machine, any engine in which motive power is derived from the reaction exerted by a jet of escaping fluid (usu. gas); reaction formation, a term originally used by Freud for the tendency of a repressed wish or feeling to be expressed in a contrasting or opposite form; reaction index Broadcasting (see quots.); reaction jet, a jet engine used to provide intermittent thrust for changing or correcting the velocity of a craft or the like; reaction motor = reaction engine; reaction pattern, an assumed pattern of behaviour or response established in the nervous system; reaction process, a method of treating galena, depending on the chemical reaction which follows upon roasting and fusing (Raymond 1881); reaction propulsion, any form of propulsion which utilizes the reaction exerted by escaping fluid as the source of motive power; spec. jet or rocket propulsion; reaction rim Petrol., a zone of one mineral enclosing another and formed by reaction of the latter with its surroundings; reaction shot Film and Television, the photographing of a person responding to an event or to a statement made by another; reaction time, the time taken by a person (or any living organism) to respond to a stimulus; reaction turbine, a turbine which is driven by the pressure drop experienced by the working fluid in passing across or through the rotor; reaction type, a physical or personality type whose members are expected to react in specific ways; reaction wheel, a water-wheel impelled by the reaction of escaping water; reaction wood, modified wood that forms in branches and leaning trunks and tends to restore upward direction of growth.
1924Chem. Abstr. XVIII. 2426 Liquid hydrocarbons are heated under pressures of 100–300 lbs. per sq. in. at temps of 350–550° and after partially cooling are passed through a series of vaporizing or *reaction chambers of successively diminishing pressure. 1952E. Burgess Rocket Propulsion iii. 61 The combustion chamber in which the burning takes place is sometimes known as the ‘blast’ or ‘reaction’ chamber. 1966H. O. Ruppe Introd. Astronautics I. i. 10 Usually, an oxidizer and a fuel are stored in separate tanks, and transported by a feed system to the reaction chamber. 1969H. T. Evans tr. G. Hägg's Gen. & Inorg. Chem. xxi. 529 The nitrose is pumped up to a denitrating and concentrating tower..where it is combined with the chamber acid pumped up from the reaction chamber.
1919Sci. Abstr. B. XXI. 291 The case of *reaction circuits is also dealt with, and conclusions are drawn as to the audion characteristics of importance in a particular arrangement. 1931Boys' Mag. XLV. 125/1 A simple capacity coupled inductive reaction circuit, better known as ‘swinging’ reaction.
1917R. D. Bangay Elem. Princ. Wireless Telegr. ii. 207 The amount of this extra E.M.F. induced in the grid coil by the *reaction coil can be controlled by adjusting the coupling between the two windings. 1943C. L. Boltz Basic Radio xiv. 221 With telephones on head hold the reaction coil in the hand and move towards the aerial coil.
1957‘T. Sturgeon’ Thunder & Roses 122 They fired up the *reaction drive and began to move toward the sun.
1868Model Steam Eng. (1895) 82 *Reaction or resistance engines, described at pages 7 and 8. 1967N. E. Borden Jet-Engine Fundamentals 9 All gas-turbine engines, together with pulsejets, ramjets, and rocket motors, belong to a class of power plants called reaction engines.
1893Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. VI. 242 Is the sensorial-muscular difference entirely conditioned by the technique of the ordinary *reaction-experiment? 1933J. C. Flugel Hundred Years Psychol. viii. 186 The reaction experiment was..a legacy both from the personal equation problems of the astronomers and from Helmholtz's measurement of the speed of the nervous impulse in the sensory nerves.
1965C. N. Van Deventer Introd. Gen. Aeronaut. ix. 201/2 The *reaction force, which is equal to the acceleration force, propels the balloon in the westerly direction shown.
1910A. A. Brill tr. Freud's Three Contributions to the Theory of Sex iii. 83 A sub-species of sublimation is the suppression through *reaction-formation, which..begins even in the latency period of infancy. 1924[see character-trait]. 1934Mind XLIII. 113 How rare is that love of virtue which does not bear the trace of neurotic reaction-formation. 1960Encounter XV. v. 25 A ‘reaction-formation’ in the psycho⁓analytic sense. 1974W. B. Arndt Theories of Personality xvii. 349 Another common example of reaction formation is where repressed hostility for a person, say a mother's hostility toward her child, is converted by the ego into excessive concern for his well being.
1967Listener 17 Aug. 195/3 The *reaction index? This is supposed to measure what the audience thought about the show. 1972Ibid. 7 Sept. 295/3 If radio had existed in the mid-1820s, a series of late Beethoven quartets would have had..a ‘Reaction Index’ (that's the measure of appreciation) too low to be mentioned.
1972P. Moore Can You speak Venusian? xv. 153 Dr. Barber..proposes to fit large *reaction jets to the tops of mountains on opposite sides of the world... When the tilt begins, one simply switches on the jets. 1978Nature 5 Oct. 378/2 Reaction jets are fired once or twice daily to reduce wheel momentum that accumulates due to disturbance torques on the spacecraft.
1863Ganot Physics §380 In *reaction machines steam acts by a reactive force like water in the hydraulic tourniquet. 1972D. G. Shepherd Aerospace Propulsion i. 4 It should also be recognized that the propeller operates by the same basic principle... Thus all propulsion systems are reaction machines, although this is often popularly attached only to jet engines.
1972R. A. Jackson Mechanism v. 80 Stereochemical studies allow us further insight into the details of a *reaction mechanism by providing information about the direction of approach of a reagent or of the movement of groups during a reaction.
1935C. G. Philp Stratosphere & Rocket Flight xi. 54 In its simplest terms the *reaction motor most favoured at present takes the form of a rocket. 1962F. I. Ordway et al. Basic Astronautics ii. 13 Archytas devised a wooden pigeon propelled by a steam reaction motor.
1923K. Dunlap in Psychol. Rev. XXX. 94 A feeling is always a real stimulus pattern which is the beginning of a *reaction pattern. 1926W. McDougall Introd. Social Psychol. (ed. 20) 417 Those who..imply that they can explain alleged instinctive behaviour by postulating in vague general terms a ‘reaction pattern’ in the nervous system corresponding to every movement and attitude displayed..have never succeeded in demonstrating the validity of such interpretation in any single case of instinctive behaviour. 1946F. P. Chisholm in W. S. Knickerbocker 20th Cent. English 177 Understanding the nature of language-situations is itself a very powerful developer of more mature reaction-patterns, and hence of more adequate ‘command of the language’. 1959Times Lit. Suppl. 27 Mar. 181/3 A psychic organism that..is bound up with instincts and emotions and is the source of innate reaction-patterns which go much farther to determine the behaviour of the individual than he cares to recognize.
1887Jrnl. Mental Sci. XXXII. 604 Guicciardi and Tanzi have made a series of observations on the ‘*reaction period’ in fourteen cases where there were hallucinations of hearing. 1897Syd. Soc. Lex. s.v., Reaction-period, the period of reaction or return of vitality after a shock.
1952C. L. Hull Behavior System i. 12 Absolute zero of *reaction potential. 1972G. R. Lefrancois Psychol. Theories Human Learning vi. 129 Reaction potential, sometimes called excitatory potential, is a measure of the potential that a stimulus has for eliciting a specific response.
1935C. G. Philp Stratosphere & Rocket Flight ii. 5 *Reaction propulsion may be said to date from 1919, in which year Professor Goddard..announced to the world the results of his researches made with rockets. 1962F. I. Ordway et al. Basic Astronautics ii. 18 Konstantin Tsiolkovsky..seems to be the first scientist who realized that it is only possible to travel in space by means of reaction propulsion. 1971P. J. McMahon Aircraft Propulsion iii. 80 Combining the thermodynamic and propulsion efficiencies gives the overall efficiency of the reaction propulsion engine.
1946Nature 6 Apr. 439/1 This is strong evidence for the conclusion that the decrease in the bimolecular *reaction-rate as the reactive carbon atom changes from primary to secondary is due to an increase in steric hindrance. 1972Weston & Schwarz Chem. Kinetics i. 3 Experimental studies of reactions generally involve the determination of reaction rates as a function of several variables: chemical composition, temperature, pressure, or volume.
[1886Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey No. 28. 52 Wherever it comes in contact with the olivine, the peculiar reactionary rims of amphibole described by Törnebohm..are finely developed.] 1892Amer. Jrnl. Sci. CXLIII. 516 The attention of the writer was repeatedly attracted by a fibrous growth around olivine, that resembles..the *reaction rims that have been described as existing between garnet and serpentine. 1921Mineral. Mag. XIX. 145 If the corona can be shown to be due to alteration or modification of the nucleus the term reaction rim is preferred. 1960Turner & Verhoogen Igneous & Metamorphic Petrol. (ed. 2) vi. 145 The very existence of solid-solution series in so many groups of igneous minerals, and the frequent development of reaction rims (coronas) of one mineral around central cores of another, are evidence of reaction.
1953*Reaction shot [see off screen, off-screen adv. (phr.) and a.]. 1966Guardian 11 Aug. 8/2 The Select Committee on televising the House of Commons..was understandably cautious about ‘reaction shots’, by which the committee meant pictures not only of the member addressing the House..but of other members reacting to his speech.
1930G. R. de Beer Embryol. & Evolution xv. 105 Atavism is..due to the reproduction of a set of conditions (a definite system of *reaction-speeds) which obtained in the ancestor. 1964A. Edel in I. L. Horowitz New Sociology xiv. 224 The comparable discovery of color blindness or different reaction-speed or influence of drugs or alcohol affects the concept of a reliable observer in other fields.
1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VI. 619 In the *reaction-stage of many cases of local asphyxia, there is distinct evidence of heat.
1970W. Sahakian Psychol. Learning xi. 230 The concept of the *reaction threshold is well established.
1879*Reaction-time [see psychometry 2]. 1883Mind Apr. 177 (heading) Reaction time and attention in the hypnotic state. 1893Outing (U.S.) XXII. 152/2 It appears..that the reaction time varies with the loudness of the report. 1908J. M. Cattell in Essays in Honor of W. James 574 The incoming currents and the pre-existing structure of the centres cause the discharge, and the perception, in my opinion, usually follows the discharge in time. This time order I pointed out more than twenty years ago in the case of the reaction-time. 1923R. A. Knox Memories of Future v. 73, I went round to his house, where he looked at my tongue, X-rayed me, felt my pulse, took my reaction-times, and shook his head importantly. 1971J. W. Kling et al. Woodworth & Schlosberg's Exper. Psychol. (1972) ix. 309/2 The simple reaction time of human subjects..is one form of latency measure. 1972K. Bonfiglioli Don't point that Thing at Me xiii. 96 Another shot rang out, followed one fifth of a second later by the bang of the car door... There is still nothing wrong with the Mortdecai reaction-time.
1881Encycl. Brit. XII. 524/1 Turbines in which part only of the available energy is converted into kinetic energy, before the water enters the turbine wheel, may be termed *Reaction Turbines. 1929T. M. Naylor Steam Turbines i. 3 The only pure reaction turbines in use are of very small power, and are used for fluids other than steam, e.g. the garden sprinkler.., distributors on sewage filter beds, [etc.]. 1969W. Thomson Thrust for Flight 111 The reaction turbine is one in which the whole of the pressure drop and the velocity increase occur as the gas flows through the rotor blade passages.
1904Psychol. Bull. I. 230 The chief directions in which Kraepelin has stimulated his associates to work psychologically, are a number of more biological than purely psychological *reaction-types, such as retardation and inhibition, flight of ideas, etc. 1917C. E. Long tr. Jung's Analytical Psychol. iii. 158 Relatives, and especially related women, have therefore on the average, resemblance in reaction-type. 1917A. Meyer Coll. Papers (1951) II. 44 The organic reaction types. 1922[see ecophene]. 1934E. B. Strauss tr. Kretschmer's Text-bk. Med. Psychol. xiii. 184 In our description of the various reaction-types we shall make use of psychopathological instead of normal material. 1953H. Read True Voice of Feeling ii. iii. 262 The artist..reveals an inward unity and concentration of personality in marked contrast with the extraneous dissipations and diversities of the average reaction-type.
1904Brit. Med. Jrnl. 10 Sept. 564/2 The *reaction velocity of the chemical or physical processes that result in the agglutination of bacteria, is a very variable factor.
1926Jrnl. Inst. Petroleum Technologists XII. 202A When the apparatus is shut down for cleaning, the *reaction vessel is opened and steam or water is pumped through the tubes. 1973Materials & Technol. VI. viii. 504 The mixture is stirred in a reaction vessel and the monomer becomes suspended as an emulsion of tiny droplets.
1881Encycl. Brit. XII. 524/2 The old *reaction wheel consisted of a vertical pipe balanced on a vertical axis, and supplied with water.
1949H. P. Brown et al. Textbk. Wood Technol. I. xii. 288 The existence of internal forces in living trees, independently of the presence of *reaction wood, has also been suggested. 1980Family Handyman Sept. 70/3 The fruitwoods (cherry, apple) are more difficult [to dry out], depending upon the size of the log and the presence or absence of reaction wood.
1920T. P. Nunn Educ. v. 44 The subject's memory does not throw up a number of suggestions from which a suitable *reaction-word is consciously selected.
Hence reˈactional a., characterized by reaction; reˈactionally adv.
1856J. Grote in Cambr. Ess. 87 Under certain circumstances the mind may be likely to move reactionally. 1897Hughes Medit. Fever v. 207 This artificial reduction of temperature is followed by a slight reactional rise. |