| 释义 |
goiter
goi·ter G0178200 (goi′tər)n. A noncancerous enlargement of the thyroid gland, visible as a swelling at the front of the neck, that is often associated with iodine deficiency. Also called struma.
[French goitre, back-formation from Old French goitron, throat, gullet, from Vulgar Latin *guttūriō, guttūriōn-, from Latin guttur.]
goi′trous (-trəs) adj.goi•ter (ˈgɔɪ tər)
n. an enlargement of the thyroid gland on the front and sides of the neck. Also, esp. Brit.,goi′tre.[1615–25; < French goitre « Latin guttur throat]goi′trous (-trəs) adj. goi·ter (goi′tər) An enlarged thyroid gland, visible as a swelling at the front of the neck. It is often associated with a diet that contains too little iodine.goiterAn abnormal growth of thyroid tissue due to lack of iodine, causing a bulge in the neck.Thesaurus| Noun | 1. |  goiter - abnormally enlarged thyroid gland; can result from underproduction or overproduction of hormone or from a deficiency of iodine in the dietgoitre, struma, thyromegalydisease - an impairment of health or a condition of abnormal functioning |
Translationsgoiter
German goiterold-fashioned A large distended belly, as might result from heavy consumption of beer; a beer belly. Primarily heard in US, South Africa. I'd like to run a marathon some day, but first I need to do something about this German goiter of mine. The sheriff sported a German goiter so big that his uniform could barely contain it.See also: german, goiterMilwaukee goiterold-fashioned slang A particularly large, distended belly, especially as a result of drinking excessive amounts of alcohol; a beer belly. The sheriff of the small town stood a mere five-foot-five, with a Milwaukee goiter so big that it looked as though he hadn't put a bottle down in five years. I always kept in pretty good shape, but after I had kids, I noticed myself starting to get a bit of a Milwaukee goiter.See also: goiterMilwaukee goiter and German goiter (mɪlˈwɔki ˈgoɪdɚ and ˈdʒɚmən ˈgoɪdɚ) n. a beer belly. (Refers to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, a major beer-brewing city, and to Germany.) By the time he was twenty-six, he was balding and had a Milwaukee goiter that would tip him over if he turned too fast. If you want to get rid of that German goiter, stop drinking beer! See also: goiterGerman goiter verbSee Milwaukee goiterSee also: german, goitergoiter
goiter: see thyroid glandthyroid gland,
endocrine gland, situated in the neck, that secretes hormones necessary for growth and proper metabolism. It consists of two lobes connected by a narrow segment called the isthmus. The lobes lie on either side of the trachea, the isthmus in front of it.
..... Click the link for more information. .Goiter in man, enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by the proliferation of its functional lymphoid tissue (parenchyma) or of its connective-tissue stroma. The proliferation of thyroid epithelium may embrace the entire thyroid parenchyma (diffuse goiter), or it may originate in a particular portion of the parenchyma (nodular goiter). Slight enlargement of the gland may occur in puberty or during menstruation, pregnancy, and lactation. Goiter may be associated with a number of conditions—diffuse toxic goiter, thyroiditis, thyroid tumor, and sporadic and endemic goiter. A goiter may be unilateral or bilateral. Most often it is found in the neck; sometimes it is located behind the sternum (substernal goiter). A goiter usually alters the contours of the neck; although with substernal and deep-lying goiters the contours of the neck may remain normal. A goiter results in malfunction of the thyroid gland, but in the euthyroid form there need not be any functional impairment. Sporadic goiter is found in a number of localities and is caused by an endogenous (depending on internal factors) iodine deficiency in the body. Endemic goiter is found in certain biogeochemical areas where there is an insufficiency of iodine in the air, water, soil, and food products (instead of 200–220 μg, 20–80 μg of iodine or less enters the human body). Insufficiency of iodine in the environment may be aggravated by unfavorable exogenous (social, everyday, and sanitary-hygienic conditions) or endogenous (pregnancy, lactation, hypovitaminoses, helminthiases) factors. Iodine deficiency may result from infectious diseases or intoxications. A relative deficiency may occur when the ratio of iodine to certain chemical compounds (calcium, fluorine, and so forth) in the body is upset. Endemic goiter is found in almost every country, especially in mountainous regions, valleys, foothills, and watersheds and in swampy, sandy, and peaty regions. It is almost never found in chernozem zones. Goiter prevention includes correcting unhealthy conditions in the throat and mouth, vermifuge treatment, and improvement of the conditions of sanitation and hygiene of daily life (keeping dwellings clean, maintaining the water supply properly, sound nutrition); individual and group iodine prophylaxis (iodized table salt); and early detection and dispensary observation of goiter patients. Treatment, depending on the form and symptoms of goiter, includes iodine preparations, thyroidin, triiodothyronine, and diiodothyrosine. Surgery is indicated for nodular and mixed goiter; it is also recommended for diffuse goiter if more conservative treatment proves ineffective. L. M. GOL’BER goiter[′gȯid·ər] (medicine) An enlargement of all or part of the thyroid gland; may be accompanied by a hormonal dysfunction. goitre (US), goiter Pathol a swelling of the thyroid gland, in some cases nearly doubling the size of the neck, usually caused by under- or overproduction of hormone by the gland
See goitergoiter
Goiter DefinitionGoiter refers to any visible enlargement of the thyroid gland.DescriptionThe thyroid gland sits astride the trachea (windpipe) and is shaped like a butterfly. It makes thyroxin, a hormone that regulates the metabolic activity of the body, rather like the gas pedal on a car. Too much thyroxin increases the metabolism, causing weight loss, temperature elevation, nervousness, and irritability. Too little thyroxin slows the metabolism down, deepens the voice, causes weight gain and water retention, and retards growth and mental development in children. Both conditions also alter hair and skin growth, bowel function, and menstrual flow.Curiously, the thyroid gland is often enlarged whether it is making too much hormone, too little, or sometimes even when it is functioning normally. The thyroid is controlled by the pituitary gland, which secretes thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in response to the amount of thyroxin it finds in the blood. TSH increases the amount of thyroxin secreted by the thyroid and also causes the thyroid gland to grow.- Hyperthyroid goiter-If the amount of stimulating hormone is excessive, the thyroid will both enlarge and secrete too much thyroxin. The result—hyperthyroidism with a goiter. Graves' disease is the most common form of this disorder.
- Euthyroid goiter—The thyroid is the only organ in the body to use iodine. If dietary iodine is slightly inadequate, too little thyroxin will be secreted, and the pituitary will sense the deficiency and produce more TSH. The thyroid gland will enlarge enough to make sufficient thyroxin.
- Hypothyroid goiter—If dietary iodine is severely reduced, even an enlarged gland will not be able to make enough thyroxin. The gland will keep growing under the influence of TSH, but it may never be able to make enough thyroxin.
Causes and symptomsExcess TSH (or similar hormones), cysts, and tumors will enlarge the thyroid gland. Of these, TSH enlarges the entire gland while cysts and tumors enlarge only a part of it.The only symptom from a goiter is the large swelling just above the breast bone. Rarely, it may constrict the trachea (windpipe) or esophagus and cause difficulty breathing or swallowing. The rest of the symptoms come from thyroxin or the lack of it.DiagnosisThe size, shape, and texture of the thyroid gland help the physician determine the cause. A battery of blood tests are required to verify the specific thyroid disease. Functional imaging studies using radioactive iodine determine how active the gland is and what it looks like.TreatmentGoiters of all types will regress with treatment of the underlying condition. Dietary iodine may be all that is needed. However, if an iodine deficient thyroid that has grown in size to accommodate its deficiency is suddenly supplied an adequate amount of iodine, it could suddenly make large amounts of thyroxin and cause a thyroid storm, the equivalent of racing your car motor at top speed.Hyperthyroidism can be treated with medications, therapeutic doses of radioactive iodine, or surgical reduction. Surgery is much less common now than it used to be because of progress in drugs and radiotherapy.PrognosisAlthough goiters diminish in size, the thyroid may not return to normal. Sometimes thyroid function does not return after treatment, but thyroxin is easy to take as a pill.PreventionEuthyroid goiter and hypothyroid goiter are common around the world because many regions have inadequate dietary iodine, including some places in the United States. International relief groups are providing iodized salt to many of these populations. Because mental retardation is a common result of hypothyroidism in children, this is an extremely important project.ResourcesOrganizationsInternational Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders. 43 Circuit Road, Chester Hill, MA, 02167. (207) 335-2221. 〈http://www.tulane.edu/∼icec/icciddhome.htm〉.Micronutrient Initiative (c/o International Development Research Centre). 250 Albert St., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1G 3H9. (613) 236-6163, ext. 2050. 〈http://www.idrc.ca/mi/index.htm〉.Key termsCyst — A liquid-filled structure developing abnormally in the body.Euthyroid — Having the right amount of thyroxin stimulation.Hyperthyroid — Having too much thyroxin stimulation.Hypothyroid — Having too little thyroxin stimulation.Pituitary gland — The master gland, located in the middle of the head, that controls most of the other glandss by secreting stimulating hormones.Radiotherapy — The use of ionizing radiation, either as x rays or radioactive isotopes, to treat disease.Thyroxin — The hormone secreted by the thyroid gland.goiter [goi´ter] enlargement of the thyroid gland" >thyroid gland, causing a swelling in the front part of the neck; called also struma. adj., adj goit´rous. If there is evidence of pressure against the throat, or the possibility of a malignancy, the goiter may be removed surgically. Simple endemic goiter is usually caused by lack of iodine in the diet. In graves' disease, goiter is accompanied by excessive thyroid hormones in the blood and symptoms of hyperthyroidism.aberrant goiter goiter of a supernumerary thyroid gland.adenomatous goiter that caused by adenoma or multiple colloid nodules of the thyroid gland.Basedow goiter a goiter" >colloid goiter that has become hyperfunctioning after administration of iodine.colloid goiter one that is large and soft and has distended spaces filled with colloid.cystic goiter one with cysts formed by mucoid or colloid degeneration.diffuse toxic goiter exophthalmic goiter.endemic goiter goiter occurring widely in a geographic region where the food or water is deficient in iodine. Treatment consists of iodine replacement; although this will not cure the condition, it can stop it from enlarging, and iodine administered in advance will prevent development of goiter.exophthalmic goiter any type accompanied by exophthalmos.fibrous goiter goiter in which the thyroid capsule and stroma are hyperplastic.follicular goiter parenchymatous goiter.intrathoracic goiter one with part of the enlarged gland in the thoracic cavity.iodide goiter that occurring in reaction to iodides at high concentrations, due to inhibition of iodide organification.multinodular goiter one with circumscribed nodules within the gland.nontoxic goiter that occurring sporadically and not associated with hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism.parenchymatous goiter one with increase in follicles and proliferation of epithelium.perivascular goiter one that surrounds a large blood vessel.retrovascular goiter one with processes behind a large blood vessel.substernal goiter one whose lower part lies beneath the sternum.suffocative goiter one that causes dyspnea due to pressure.toxic multinodular goiter hyperthyroidism arising in a goiter" >multinodular goiter, usually of long standing.vascular goiter one due chiefly to dilatation of the blood vessels of the thyroid gland.goi·ter (goy'tĕr), A chronic enlargement of the thyroid gland, not due to a neoplasm, occurring endemically in certain localities, especially regions where glaciation occurred and the soil is low in iodine, and sporadically elsewhere. Synonym(s): struma (1) [Fr. from L. guttur, throat] goiter (goi′tər)n. A noncancerous enlargement of the thyroid gland, visible as a swelling at the front of the neck, that is often associated with iodine deficiency. Also called struma.
goi′trous (-trəs) adj.goiter guttur, Latin, throat Endocrinology A nonneoplastic thyroid enlargement of any cause, which may be euthyroid, hypothyroid, or hyperthyroid, endemic or sporadic, simple–colloid or multinodular; goiters are most often due to ↑ pituitary secretion of TSH, stimulated by ↓ levels of circulating thyroid hormone; congenital goiter occurs in the rare Pendred syndrome–accompanied by deafness or with in utero exposure to antithyroid drugs or iodides; acquired goiter is idiopathic or may be due to goitrogens–eg, lithium carbonate, amiodarone; endemic goiter is subdivided into: 1. A nervous system syndrome, with ataxia, spasticity, deaf-mutism and mental retardation.2. A myxedematous syndrome characterized by poor growth, mental and sexual development and myxedema; in nodular goiters the lack of available iodine induces hyperplasia with excess colloid being stored in nodular, enlarged follicles; goiters are common in Graves disease in hyperactive middle-aged ♀ and are multinodular and 'hot', displaying hyperactivity on a gallium-67 scan Goitrogenic foods & medications Large amounts of iodine are in seaweed, expectorants–eg SSKI, Lugol's solution–for cough, asthma, COPD, amiodarone–Cardorone, an iodine-rich medication used for arrhythmias. See Toxic multinodular goiter.goi·ter (goy'tĕr) A chronic enlargement of the thyroid gland, not due to a neoplasm, occurring endemically in some localities, especially regions where glaciation occurred and depleted the soil of iodine, and sporadically elsewhere.
Synonym(s): struma, goitre. [Fr. from L. guttur, throat]goiter (goyt'er) [Fr. goitre fr L. guttur, throat]  GOITEREnlargement of the thyroid gland . An enlarged thyroid gland may be caused by thyroiditis, benign thyroid nodules, malignancy, iodine deficiency, or any condition that causes hyperfunction or hypofunction of the gland. Synonym: struma See: illustrationaberrant goiterA supernumerary goiter.acute goiterA goiter that grows rapidly.adenomatous goiterAn outdated term for multinodular goiter. colloid goiterA goiter in which there is a great increase of the follicular contents.congenital goiterA goiter present at birth.cystic goiterA goiter in which a cyst or cysts are formed, possibly resulting from the degeneration of tissue or liquefaction within an adenoma.diffuse goiterA goiter in which the thyroid tissue is diffuse, in contrast to its nodular form as in adenomatous goiter. diving goiterA movable goiter, located either below or above the sternal notch.endemic goiterGoiter development in certain geographic localities, esp. where the iodine content in food and water is deficient. Goiters are more prevalent in fresh water and lake areas and less so on the seacoast, owing to the lack of iodine in fresh water. The treatment consists of iodine taken orally or in iodized salt. exophthalmic goiterGoiter associated with exopthalmos, as in Graves ophthalmopathy. Synonym: thyroid cachexiafibrous goiterA goiter with a hyperplastic capsule. intrathoracic goiterA goiter in which a portion of the thyroid tissue lies within the thoracic cavity.lingual goiterThe abnormal finding of thyroid glandular tissue within the tongue. multinodular goiterA goiter having many circumscribed nodules. nodular goiterA goiter that contains nodules.parenchymatous goiterA usually diffuse goiter characterized by multiplication of cells lining the follicles or alveoli. Colloid is usually reduced and the follicular cavities assume various sizes and are often obliterated by the infoldings of their walls. Fibrous tissue may increase markedly. The iodine content of the gland is low. perivascular goiterA goiter surrounding a large blood vessel. retrovascular goiterA goiter that develops behind a large blood vessel. simple goiterA goiter unaccompanied by constitutional symptoms. substernal goiterAn enlargement of the lower part of the thyroid isthmus.suffocative goiterA goiter that causes shortness of breath owing to pressure.toxic goiterAn exophthalmic goiter or a goiter in which there is an excessive production of the thyroid hormone.vascular goiterA goiter due to distention of the blood vessels of the thyroid gland.goi·ter (goy'tĕr) Chronic enlargement of the thyroid gland, not due to a neoplasm, occurring endemically in certain localities, where soil is low in iodine.
Synonym(s): struma (1) . [Fr. from L. guttur, throat]goiter
Related to goiter: colloid goiter, toxic goiter, multinodular goiterSynonyms for goiternoun abnormally enlarged thyroid glandSynonymsRelated Words |