| 单词 | ectoplasm | ||||||
| 释义 | ectoplasmenUKec·to·plasmE0034300 (ĕk′tə-plăz′əm)ectoplasm(ˈɛktəʊˌplæzəm)ec•to•plasm(ˈɛk təˌplæz əm)n. ectoplasm
ectoplasmenUKectoplasm Ectoplasm(religion, spiritualism, and occult)The word “ectoplasm” comes from the Greek ektos and plasma, meaning “exteriorized substance.” Professor Charles Richet (1850–1935) coined the term in 1894. Ectoplasm has been described as the spiritual counterpart of protoplasm. It is a white substance that appears to stream out of the body of some mediums during a séance. It can come from any orifice, such as the ears, nose, eyes, mouth, nipples, vagina, or even from the navel. It can form itself into a materialized spirit, or part of a spirit (an arm, hand, or face, for example) in a materialization séance. It can also extrude from the medium’s body and extend to support a trumpet or a levitating table. It is often accompanied by a slight smell of ozone. Harry Edwards’s book The Mediumship of Jack Webber (1940) contains a number of excellent photographs, taken in infrared light, showing ectoplasm issuing from the British medium Jack Webber. Ectoplasm can be photographed with infrared film but seems to disappear in white light. If exposed to a sudden flash of white light, ectoplasm will immediately snap back into the medium’s body, often times causing injury to the medium. As early as 1700, Emanuel Swedenborg (1688–1722) spoke of “a kind of vapour streaming from the pores of my body.” Gustav Geley (1868–1924), when investigating Eva Carriere (known as “Eva C”), spoke of a dimly phosphorescent column which formed beside him. A luminous hand slowly emerged out of this column, perfectly formed and of natural size. This spirit hand then patted him several times on the arm in a friendly way. Some mediums who do not usually produce materializations often speak of feeling a “cobwebby type of feeling” over the face, which is probably a beginning form of ectoplasm. Elizabeth Hope (1855–1919), who used the name “Madame d’Esperance,” described a feeling of being “covered with luminous spider webs.” She said, “I feel that the air is filled with substance, and a kind of white and vaporous mass, quasi-luminous, like the steam from a locomotive, is formed in front of the abdomen.” At another time she said, “It seemed that I could feel fine threads being drawn out of the pores of my skin.” Guiley states, “In experiments in the early 1900s with her colleague, Juliette Bisson, and later with German physician Baron Albert von Schrenck-Notzing, [Marthe] Beraud would produce masses of amorphous white or gray material. She was thoroughly examined before each sitting, often wearing tights or a veil. Schrenck-Notzing even had Bisson examine Beraud’s genitalia to verify that she concealed nothing.” The ectoplasm was described as “sticky, gelatinous icicles dripping from her mouth, ears, nose and eyes and down her chin onto the front of her body.” If touched, the ectoplasm would immediately withdraw into the body. It could, however, pass through fabric material without leaving a trace. A Canadian medium, “Mary M.” produced ectoplasm in which miniature human faces appeared. Medium Florence Cook (1856–1904) produced enough ectoplasm to form the life size figure of her spirit guide Katie. Unfortunately some fraudulent mediums produce what looks like ectoplasm but is actually fine cheesecloth, gauze, or similar. Helen Duncan (1897–1956) was once caught with ectoplasm made from a combination of wood pulp and egg white, and another time with cheesecloth. One fraudulent medium admitted that he had drawn a face on gauze rolled in goose fat. Sources: Ectoplasmthe peripheral layer of animal and plant cell protoplasm characterized by a lower concentration of organelles and other components than in the endoplasm, the other major part of the cytoplasm. The ectoplasm is very distinct in many protozoan and some tissue cells, for example, fibroblasts. The subdivision of cytoplasm into ectoplasm and endoplasm is arbitrary. ectoplasm[′ek·tə‚plaz·əm]ectoplasmenUKec·to·plasm(ek'tō-plazm),ectoplasm(ĕk′tə-plăz′əm)ectoplasmthe outer layer of cytoplasm as distinct from the ENDOPLASM of a cell. It is often much more gel-like (see PLASMA GEL than the liquid endoplasm, from which there is no clear line of distinction. It is important in the movement of unicellular animals such as Amoeba.ectoplasmenUK
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