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单词 cough
释义

cough


cough

C0680800 (kôf, kŏf)v. coughed, cough·ing, coughs v.intr.1. To expel air from the lungs suddenly and noisily, often to keep the respiratory passages free of irritating material.2. To make a noise similar to noisy expulsion of air from the lungs: The engine coughed and died.v.tr. To expel by coughing: coughed up phlegm.n.1. The act of coughing.2. An illness marked by frequent coughing.Phrasal Verb: cough up Slang 1. To hand over or relinquish (money or another possession), often reluctantly.2. To confess or disclose: When he saw that the police might arrest him, he coughed up the details of what he had seen.3. Sports a. To lose possession of (the ball or puck), especially because of defensive pressure from the opposing team.b. To fail to maintain (a lead in a game).
[Middle English coughen, ultimately of imitative origin.]

cough

(kɒf) vb1. (Physiology) (intr) to expel air or solid matter from the lungs abruptly and explosively through the partially closed vocal chords2. (intr) to make a sound similar to this3. (tr) to utter or express with a cough or coughs4. (intr) slang to confess to a crimen5. an act, instance, or sound of coughing6. (Pathology) a condition of the lungs or throat that causes frequent coughing[Old English cohhetten; related to Middle Dutch kochen, Middle High German kūchen to wheeze; probably of imitative origin] ˈcougher n

cough

(kɔf, kɒf)

v.i. 1. to expel air from the lungs suddenly with a harsh noise, often involuntarily. 2. (of an internal-combustion engine) to make a similar noise as a result of the failure of one or more cylinders to fire in sequence. 3. to make a similar sound, as a machine gun firing in spurts. v.t. 4. to expel by coughing (usu. fol. by up or out). 5. cough up, Informal. to produce or relinquish, esp. reluctantly; hand over. n. 6. the act or sound of coughing. 7. an illness characterized by frequent coughing. 8. a sound similar to a cough, as of an engine firing improperly. [1275–1325; Middle English coghen, appar. continuing Old English *cohhian (compare its derivative cohhettan to cough); akin to Middle Dutch kuchen to cough, Middle High German kūchen to breathe] cough′er, n.

cough


Past participle: coughed
Gerund: coughing
Imperative
cough
cough
Present
I cough
you cough
he/she/it coughs
we cough
you cough
they cough
Preterite
I coughed
you coughed
he/she/it coughed
we coughed
you coughed
they coughed
Present Continuous
I am coughing
you are coughing
he/she/it is coughing
we are coughing
you are coughing
they are coughing
Present Perfect
I have coughed
you have coughed
he/she/it has coughed
we have coughed
you have coughed
they have coughed
Past Continuous
I was coughing
you were coughing
he/she/it was coughing
we were coughing
you were coughing
they were coughing
Past Perfect
I had coughed
you had coughed
he/she/it had coughed
we had coughed
you had coughed
they had coughed
Future
I will cough
you will cough
he/she/it will cough
we will cough
you will cough
they will cough
Future Perfect
I will have coughed
you will have coughed
he/she/it will have coughed
we will have coughed
you will have coughed
they will have coughed
Future Continuous
I will be coughing
you will be coughing
he/she/it will be coughing
we will be coughing
you will be coughing
they will be coughing
Present Perfect Continuous
I have been coughing
you have been coughing
he/she/it has been coughing
we have been coughing
you have been coughing
they have been coughing
Future Perfect Continuous
I will have been coughing
you will have been coughing
he/she/it will have been coughing
we will have been coughing
you will have been coughing
they will have been coughing
Past Perfect Continuous
I had been coughing
you had been coughing
he/she/it had been coughing
we had been coughing
you had been coughing
they had been coughing
Conditional
I would cough
you would cough
he/she/it would cough
we would cough
you would cough
they would cough
Past Conditional
I would have coughed
you would have coughed
he/she/it would have coughed
we would have coughed
you would have coughed
they would have coughed
Thesaurus
Noun1.cough - a sudden noisy expulsion of air from the lungs that clears the air passagescough - a sudden noisy expulsion of air from the lungs that clears the air passages; a common symptom of upper respiratory infection or bronchitis or pneumonia or tuberculosiscoughingrespiratory disease, respiratory disorder, respiratory illness - a disease affecting the respiratory systemsymptom - (medicine) any sensation or change in bodily function that is experienced by a patient and is associated with a particular disease
Verb1.cough - exhale abruptly, as when one has a chest cold or congestion; "The smoker coughs all day"whoop, hack - cough spasmodically; "The patient with emphysema is hacking all day"cough out, cough up, expectorate, spit up, spit out - discharge (phlegm or sputum) from the lungs and out of the mouthclear the throat, hawk - clear mucus or food from one's throat; "he cleared his throat before he started to speak"cough out, cough up, expectorate, spit up, spit out - discharge (phlegm or sputum) from the lungs and out of the mouthcough up, pony up, spit up - give reluctantly; "He coughed up some money for his children's tuition"

cough

verb1. clear your throat, bark, hawk, hack, hem He began to cough violently.noun1. frog or tickle in your throat, bark, hack He put a hand over his mouth to cover a cough.cough something up (Informal) fork out, deliver, hand over, surrender, come across (informal), shell out (informal), ante up (informal, chiefly U.S.) I'll have to cough up $10,000 a year for private tuition.
Translations
咳嗽引起咳嗽的病

cough

(kof) verb to make a harsh sound when bringing air or harmful matter from the lungs or throat. He's coughing badly because he has a cold. 咳嗽 咳嗽 noun1. an act of coughing. He gave a cough. 咳嗽 咳嗽2. an illness causing coughing. a smoker's cough. 引起咳嗽的疾病 引起咳嗽的病ˈcough-mixture noun a medicine used for relieving coughing. 咳嗽藥 咳嗽药cough up a slang expression for to pay. It's time you coughed up (the money I lent you). (俚語)付錢 被迫付出

cough

→ 咳嗽zhCN
  • I have a cough → 我咳嗽了

cough


cough (one's) head off

To cough intensely, as from an illness. Natalie has still been coughing her head off, so I don't think the antibiotic you gave her has helped.See also: cough, head, off

cough out

To speak while coughing. A noun or pronoun can be used between "cough" and "out." Although she tried to cough out her presentation, she ultimately had to stop and drink a glass of water.See also: cough, out

cough up

1. To expel something through coughing. A noun or pronoun can be used between "cough" and "up." While I was sick, I found myself constantly coughing up phlegm. The child was able to cough up the bit of food he was choking on, thank goodness.2. To vomit. A noun or pronoun can be used between "cough" and "up." When I had food poisoning, I felt like I coughed up everything I'd ever eaten in my life.3. slang To divulge something. A noun or pronoun can be used between "cough" and "up." I'm sure he'll cough up the name of his accomplice once we send in our toughest investigator.4. slang To give something to someone, often after a period of evasion. A noun or pronoun can be used between "cough" and "up." Joey's thugs cornered me and made me cough up the money I owed them. There wasn't even that much pressure on him, and he totally coughed up the basketball!5. slang To surrender the lead in a game or competition. A noun or pronoun can be used between "cough" and "up." With their shaky defense, I wouldn't be surprised if they coughed up this 10-point lead.See also: cough, up

cough it up

slang To give something to someone, often after a period of evasion. Often used as an imperative. If you owe Joey money, his thugs will eventually make you cough it up. Cough it up—show us what you're looking at!See also: cough, up

cough one's head off

Fig. to cough long and hard. (See also laugh one's head off.) I had the flu. I nearly coughed my head off for two days.See also: cough, head, off

cough something out

to say something while coughing. He coughed the words out, but no one could understand him. He coughed out the name of his assailant.See also: cough, out

cough something up

 1. to get something out of the body by coughing. She coughed some matter up and took some more medicine. She coughed up phlegm all night. 2. Euph. to vomit something. The dog coughed the rabbit up. The dog coughed up the food it had eaten. 3. Sl. to produce or present something, such as an amount of money. You will cough the money up, won't you? You had better cough up what you owe me, if you know what's good for you.See also: cough, up

cough up

1. Hand over or relinquish, especially money; pay up. For example, It's time the delinquent members coughed up their dues. [Slang; late 1800s] 2. Confess or divulge, as in Pretty soon she'd cough up the whole story about last night. This idiom transfers the act of vomiting to telling the entire truth. [Slang; late 1800s] See also: cough, up

cough up

v.1. To force something from the throat or lungs and out of the mouth by coughing: After years of smoking, he started coughing up blood. The medicine loosened the phlegm so she could cough it up.2. Slang To pay or hand over something, as money, often reluctantly: Cough up the money or you're going to jail. I know you're short on the rent money, but you'll have to cough it up.3. Slang To confess or disclose something: When the police arrived, we coughed up the details of the incident. When the lawyers threatened me for not disclosing the tax returns, I coughed them up.See also: cough, up

Cough it up!

tv. to give something—typically money—to someone, especially if done unwillingly. You owe me twenty bucks. Cough it up! See also: cough

cough something up

tv. to produce something (which someone has requested), usually money. Cough up what you owe me! See also: cough, something, up

cough


cough,

sudden, forceful expiration of air from the lungs caused by an involuntary contraction of the muscles controlling the process of breathing. The cough is a response to some irritating condition such as inflammation or the presence of mucus (sputum) in the respiratory tract, as in infectious disease, or to heavy dust or industrial or tobacco smoke. Coughing may also be a reflex action to factors outside the respiratory tract; diseases that are not respiratory in nature (e.g., congestive heart failure or mitral valve disease) often bring on coughing. If there is mucus or a foreign substance in the respiratory tract, the cough should not be hindered since by this action the offending matter is expelled from the body. If, however, the cough becomes exhausting, sedation is indicated.

Cough

 

a reflex act usually occurring as a result of the irritation of the mucous membrane in the respiratory tract during an inflammatory process caused by pathological products (for example, sputum) or foreign bodies. A cough is one of the principal indications of disease in the respiratory organs (larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs). The cough center in the brain can sometimes be stimulated without irritation of the respiratory tracts. This is the so-called nervous cough that occurs in cases of fear and embarrassment. A distinction is made between a dry cough (without the formation and secretion of sputum) and a wet cough (with sputum).

The cough stimulus begins by deep inhalation, followed by a tensing of the bronchial and all the respiratory muscles resulting in forced expulsion. In so doing, the rima glottidis is closed, and intrathoracic pressure rises sharply. With the opening of the rima glottidis, the air bursts forth from the respiratory tract, carrying with it the sputum that has accumulated in the bronchi and pulmonary alveoli, dust particles, and so forth. Thus, a cough can be beneficial in helping to cleanse the respiratory tract. However, a protracted and severe cough that occurs with infections of the pleura, liver, and some other organs is harmful to the organism, since a systematic elevation of the intrathoracic and intrabronchial pressure leads to the gradual formation of pulmonary emphysema and impedes the flow of blood through the veins to the heart. This can lead to cardiopulmonary insufficiency.

Treatment is directed at the affliction that has caused thecough. With a wet cough, particularly if it is difficult to bring upthe sputum, expectorants are used; with a dry, persistent cough, cough suppressants are administered.

cough

[kȯf] (medicine) A sudden, violent expulsion of air after deep inspiration and closure of the glottis.
See cough

cough


Cough

 

Definition

A cough is a forceful release of air from the lungs that can be heard. Coughing protects the respiratory system by clearing it of irritants and secretions.

Description

While people can generally cough voluntarily, a cough is usually a reflex triggered when an irritant stimulates one or more of the cough receptors found at different points in the respiratory system. These receptors then send a message to the cough center in the brain, which in turn tells the body to cough. A cough begins with a deep breath in, at which point the opening between the vocal cords at the upper part of the larynx (glottis) shuts, trapping the air in the lungs. As the diaphragm and other muscles involved in breathing press against the lungs, the glottis suddenly opens, producing an explosive outflow of air at speeds greater than 100 mi (160 km) per hour.In normal situations, most people cough once or twice an hour during the day to clear the airway of irritants. However, when the level of irritants in the air is high or when the respiratory system becomes infected, coughing may become frequent and prolonged. It may interfere with exercise or sleep, and it may also cause distress if accompanied by dizziness, chest pain, or breathlessness. In the majority cases, frequent coughing lasts one to two weeks and tapers off as the irritant or infection subsides. If a cough lasts more than three weeks it is considered a chronic cough, and physicians will try to determine a cause beyond an acute infection or irritant.Coughs are generally described as either dry or productive. A dry cough does not bring up a mixture of mucus, irritants, and other substances from the lungs (sputum), while a productive cough does. In the case of a bacterial infection, the sputum brought up in a productive cough may be greenish, gray, or brown. In the case of an allergy or viral infection it may be clear or white. In the most serious conditions, the sputum may contain blood.

Causes and symptoms

In the majority of cases, coughs are caused by respiratory infections, including:
  • colds or influenza, the most common causes of coughs
  • bronchitis, an inflammation of the mucous membranes of the bronchial tubes
  • croup, a viral inflammation of the larynx, windpipe, and bronchial passages that produces a bark-like cough in children
  • whooping cough, a bacterial infection accompanied by the high-pitched cough for which it is named
  • pneumonia, a potentially serious bacterial infection that produces discolored or bloody mucus
  • tuberculosis, another serious bacterial infection that produces bloody sputum
  • fungal infections, such as aspergillosis, histoplasmosis, and cryptococcoses
Environmental pollutants, such as cigarette smoke, dust, or smog, can also cause a cough. In the case of cigarette smokers, the nicotine present in the smoke paralyzes the hairs (cilia) that regularly flush mucus from the respiratory system. The mucus then builds up, forcing the body to remove it by coughing. Post-nasal drip, the irritating trickle of mucus from the nasal passages into the throat caused by allergies or sinusitis, can also result in a cough. Some chronic conditions, such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and cystic fibrosis, are characterized in part by a cough. A condition in which stomach acid backs up into the esophagus (gastroesophageal reflux) can cause coughing, especially when a person is lying down. A cough can also be a side-effect of medications that are administered via an inhaler. It can also be a side-effect of beta-blockers and ACE inhibitors, which are drugs used for treating high blood pressure.

Diagnosis

To determine the cause of a cough, a physician should take an exact medical history and perform an exam. Information regarding the duration of the cough, other symptoms may accompanying it, and environmental factors that may influence it aid the doctor in his or her diagnosis. The appearance of the sputum will also help determine what type of infection, if any, may be involved. The doctor may even observe the sputum microscopically for the presence of bacteria and white blood cells. Chest x rays may help indicate the presence and extent of such infections as pneumonia or tuberculosis. If these actions are not enough to determine the cause of the cough, a bronchoscopy or laryngoscopy may be ordered. These tests use slender tubular instruments to inspect the interior of the bronchi and larynx.

Treatment

Treatment of a cough generally involves addressing the condition causing it. An acute infection such as pneumonia may require antibiotics, an asthma-induced cough may be treated with the use of bronchodialators, or an antihistamine may be administered in the case of an allergy. Physicians prefer not to suppress a productive cough, since it aids the body in clearing the respiratory system of infective agents and irritants. However, cough medicines may be given if the patient cannot rest because of the cough or if the cough is not productive, as is the case with most coughs associated with colds or flu. The two types of drugs used to treat coughs are antitussives and expectorants.

Antitussives

Antitussives are drugs that suppress a cough. Narcotics—primarily codeine—are used as antitussives and work by depressing the cough center in the brain. However, they can cause such side effects as drowsiness, nausea, and constipation. Dextromethorphan, the primary ingredient in many over-the-counter cough remedies, also depresses the brain's cough center, but without the side effects associated with narcotics. Demulcents relieve coughing by coating irritated passageways.

Expectorants

Expectorants are drugs that make mucus easier to cough up by thinning it. Guaifenesin and terpin hydrate are the primary ingredients in most over-the-counter expectorants. However, some studies have shown that in acute infections, simply increasing fluid intake has the same thinning effect as taking expectorants.

Alternative treatment

Coughs due to bacterial or viral upper respiratory infections may be effectively treated with botanical and homeopathic therapies. The choice of remedy will vary and be specific to the type of cough the patient has. Some combination over-the-counter herbal and homeopathic cough formulas can be very effective for cough relief. Lingering coughs or coughing up blood should be treated by a trained practitioner.Many health practitioners advise increasing fluids and breathing in warm, humidified air as ways of loosening chest congestion. Others recommend hot tea flavored with honey as a temporary home remedy for coughs caused by colds or flu. Various vitamins, such as vitamin C, may be helpful in preventing or treating conditions (including colds and flu) that lead to coughs. Avoiding mucous-producing foods can be effective in healing a cough condition. These mucous-producing foods can vary, based on individual intolerance, but dairy products are a major mucous-producing food for most people.

Prognosis

Because the majority of coughs are related to the common cold or influenza, most will end in seven to 21 days. The outcome of coughs due to a more serious underlying disease depends on the pathology of that disease.

Prevention

It is important to identify and treat the underlying disease and origin of the cough. Avoiding smoking and direct contact with people experiencing cold or flu symptoms is recommended. Washing hands frequently during episodes of upper-respiratory illnesses is advised. Parents should follow recommended vaccination schedules for pertussion (whooping cough) to help prevent the disease from occurring.

Key terms

Antitussives — Drugs used to suppress coughing.Expectorant — Drug used to thin mucus.Gastroesophageal reflux — Condition in which stomach acid backs up into the esophagus.Glottis — The opening between the vocal cords at the upper part of the larynx.Larynx — A part of the respiratory tract between the pharynx and the trachea, having walls of cartilage and muscle and containing the vocal cords.Sputum — The mixture of mucus, irritants, and other substances expelled from the lungs by coughing.

Resources

Periodicals

"Whooping Cough on the Rise." Consumer Reports May 2004: 51.

Organizations

National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. PO Box 30105, Bethesda, MD 20824-0105. (301) 251-1222. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov.

cough

 [kof] 1. a sudden noisy expulsion of air from the lungs; called also tussis.2. to produce such an expulsion of air.dry cough cough without expectoration.productive cough cough attended with expectoration of material from the bronchi.reflex cough a cough due to the irritation of some remote organ.wet cough productive cough.whooping cough see whooping cough.

cough

(cawf), 1. A sudden explosive forcing of air through the glottis, occurring immediately on opening the previously closed glottis, excited by mechanical or chemical irritation of the trachea or bronchi or by pressure from adjacent structures. 2. To force air through the glottis by a series of expiratory efforts. [echoic]

cough

(kôf, kŏf)v. coughed, coughing, coughs v.intr. To expel air from the lungs suddenly and noisily, often to keep the respiratory passages free of irritating material.v.tr. To expel by coughing: coughed up phlegm.n.1. The act of coughing.2. An illness marked by frequent coughing.

cough

noun A voluntary or involuntary explosive expulsion of air from the lungs verb To explosively expulse air from the lungs after previously halting same at the glottis. See Brassy cough, Whooping cough.

cough

(kawf) 1. A sudden expulsion of air through the glottis, occurring immediately on opening the previously closed glottis, and excited by mechanical or chemical irritation of the trachea or bronchi, or by pressure from adjacent structures. 2. To force air through the glottis by a series of expiratory efforts.

cough

A protective reflex by which a sudden blast of compressed air is released along the bronchial tubes and windpipe (trachea) and through the voice box (larynx). Coughing expels irritating and potentially infective or obstructive material. It is a sign of most respiratory infections and many respiratory disorders. Persistent (chronic) chest disorders feature regular coughing because of the production of excessive bronchial secretions. The quality of the cough may be diagnostic, as in WHOOPING COUGH (pertussis), partial obstruction of the larynx or paralysis of the nerves to the larynx, but is usually non-specific. It is often early in lung cancer and late in TUBERCULOSIS. Sputum may be scanty or, as in BRONCHIECTASIS, voluminous. It may contain blood (HAEMOPTYSIS).

cough

(kawf) Sudden explosive forcing of air through the glottis, occurring immediately on opening the previously closed glottis, excited by irritation of the trachea or bronchi or by pressure from adjacent structures.

Patient discussion about cough

Q. What Causes Cough With Fever? Often during winter I become sick with fever and on going cough. What causes it?A. Cough with fever can be a first sign to many respiratory tract infections with viruses or bacterias, starting from simple ones as the common cold (or "flu") up to more serious conditions such as pneumonia, that requires medical care and medications.

Q. What Treats Cough With Fever? I have the flu and so my entire body hurts, and I can't stop coughing. What type of medications can I buy over-the-counter to help me feel better?A. Simple analgesics are good for lowering fever and easing pain. As for the cough, there is a question whether or not cough suppressants are actually recommended. http://www.5min.com/Video/Do-Cough-Syrups-Work-5602143

Q. Addiction to a cough syrup?? Is it true you can get addicted to cough syrup? And is so- why is that? Is it dangerous? Should I not take cough syrup?A. here is a story about an air force pilot who had an addiction to cough suppressant who ended bad and about the phenomenon in general:
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/4608341/

More discussions about cough

COUGH


AcronymDefinition
COUGH➣Campuses Organized and United for Good Health

cough


Related to cough: bronchitis, whooping cough, dry cough
  • all
  • verb
  • noun
  • phrase

Synonyms for cough

verb clear your throat

Synonyms

  • clear your throat
  • bark
  • hawk
  • hack
  • hem

noun frog or tickle in your throat

Synonyms

  • frog or tickle in your throat
  • bark
  • hack

phrase cough something up

Synonyms

  • fork out
  • deliver
  • hand over
  • surrender
  • come across
  • shell out
  • ante up

Synonyms for cough

noun a sudden noisy expulsion of air from the lungs that clears the air passages

Synonyms

  • coughing

Related Words

  • respiratory disease
  • respiratory disorder
  • respiratory illness
  • symptom

verb exhale abruptly, as when one has a chest cold or congestion

Related Words

  • whoop
  • hack
  • cough out
  • cough up
  • expectorate
  • spit up
  • spit out
  • clear the throat
  • hawk
  • pony up
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更新时间：2025/3/15 21:17:39