Wandering kidney
| (Med.) | a morbid condition in which one kidney, or, rarely, both kidneys, can be moved in certain directions; - called also floating kidney, movable kidney. |
See also: Wandering
Anatomy
The top of each kidney is opposite the 12th thoracic vertebra; the bottom is opposite the third lumbar vertebra. The right kidney is slightly lower than the left one. Each kidney weighs 113 to 170 g (4 to 6 oz), and each is about 11.4 cm (4 1 2 in) long, 5 to 7.5 cm (2 to 3 in) broad, and 2.5 cm (1 in) thick. The kidneys in the newborn are about three times as large in proportion to body weight as they are in the adult.
Each kidney is surrounded by adipose tissue and by the renal fascia, a fibrous membrane that helps hold the kidney in place. On the medial side of a kidney is an indentation called the hilus or hilum, at which the renal artery enters and the renal vein and ureter emerge. The microscopic nephrons are the structural and functional units of the kidney; each consists of a renal corpuscle and renal tubule with associated blood vessels. In frontal section, the kidney is composed of two areas of tissue and a medial cavity. The outer renal cortex is made of renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules. The renal medulla consists of 8 to 18 wedge-shaped areas called renal pyramids; they are made of loops of Henle and collecting tubules. Adjacent to the hilus is the renal pelvis, the expanded end of the ureter within the kidney. Urine formed in the nephrons is carried by a papillary duct to the tip (papilla) of a pyramid, which projects into a cuplike calyx, an extension of the renal pelvis. See: illustration
Nephron
The nephron consists of a renal corpuscle and renal tubule. The renal corpuscle is made of a capillary network called a glomerulus surrounded by Bowman's capsule. The renal tubule extends from Bowman's capsule. The parts, in order, are as follows: proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting tubule, all of which are surrounded by peritubular capillaries. See: illustration
Formation of Urine
Urine is formed by filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. As blood passes through the glomerulus, water and dissolved substances are filtered through the capillary membranes and the inner or visceral layer of Bowman's capsule; this fluid is now called glomerular filtrate. Blood cells and large proteins are retained within the capillaries. Filtration is a continuous process; the rate varies with blood flow through the kidneys and daily fluid intake and loss. As the glomerular filtrate passes through the renal tubules, useful materials such as water, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals are reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries. Most of these have a renal threshold level, i.e., a limit to how much can be reabsorbed, but this level is usually not exceeded unless the blood level of these materials is above normal. Reabsorption of water is regulated directly by antidiuretic hormone and indirectly by aldosterone. Most waste products remain in the filtrate and become part of the urine. Hydrogen ions, creatinine, and the metabolic products of medications may be actively secreted into the filtrate to become part of the urine. The collecting tubules unite to form papillary ducts that empty urine into the calyces of the renal pelvis, from which it enters the ureter and is transported to the urinary bladder. Periodically the bladder is emptied (a reflex subject to voluntary control) by way of the urethra; this is called micturition, urination, or voiding. If a normally hydrated individual ingests a large volume of aqueous fluids, in about 45 min a sufficient quantity will have been excreted into the bladder to cause the urge to urinate. See:
Urine
Urine is about 95% water and about 5% dissolved substances. The dissolved materials include minerals, esp. sodium, the nitrogenous waste products urea, uric acid, and creatinine, and other metabolic end products. The volume of urine excreted daily varies from 1000 to 2000 ml (averaging 1500 ml). The amount varies with water intake, nature of diet, degree of body activity, environmental and body temperature, age, blood pressure, and many other factors. Pathological conditions may affect the volume and nature of the urine excreted. However, patients with only one kidney have been found to have normal renal function even after half of that kidney was removed because of cancer. There is no evidence that forcing fluids is detrimental to the kidneys.
Nerve Supply
The nerve supply consists of sympathetic fibers to the renal blood vessels. These promote constriction or dilation, esp. of arteries and arterioles.
Disorders
Frequently encountered diseases of the kidney include infection (pyelonephritis), stone formation (nephrolithiasis), dilation (hydronephrosis), protein loss (nephrosis), cancer (hypernephroma), and acute or chronic renal failure. See: dialysis; glomerulonephritis; nephropathy; nephritis; renal failure
Examination
The kidneys are examined by palpation, intravenous pyelography, ultrasonography, computed tomography scan, cystoscopy, retrograde cystoscopy, or magnetic resonance imaging. Kidney function is also frequently examined with blood tests (e.g., for electrolytes, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine) and by urinalysis or timed collections of urine.
amyloid kidney
Symptoms
Infected persons typically lose large quantities of protein in the urine and may present with edema or symptoms of fluid overload, nephrosis, or renal failure.
artificial kidney
Dialyzer.cake kidney
contracted kidney
cystic kidney
embolic contracted kidney
fatty kidney
flea-bitten kidney
floating kidney
fused kidney
Goldblatt kidney
See: Goldblatt, Harrygranular kidney
horseshoe kidney
hypermobile kidney
medullary sponge kidney
movable kidney
myeloma kidney
Cast nephropathy.polycystic kidney
red contracted kidney
Granular kidney.sacculated kidney
small indented calcified kidney
Abbreviation: SICKsyphilitic kidney
wandering kidney
Hypermobile kidney.waxy kidney
Amyloid kidney.kidney
One of the paired, reddish brown, bean-shaped structures lying in pads of fat on the inside of the back wall of the ABDOMEN on either side of the spine, just above the waist. The kidneys filter the blood, removing waste material and adjusting the levels of various essential chemical substances, so as to keep them within necessary limits. In so doing, they produce a sterile solution of varying concentration known as urine. This passes down the ureters to the bladder where it is stored until it can be conveniently disposed of. The kidneys are largely responsible for regulating the amount of water in the body and controlling the acidity of the blood. Most drugs or their products are eliminated through the kidney. Kidneys control fluid and chemical levels by both filtration and selective reabsorption under the control of various hormones such as ALDOSTERONE from the adrenal gland, the ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE from the pituitary gland and PARATHYROID hormone from the parathyroid glands. Sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, glucose, amino acids, vitamins and many other substances are returned to the blood and conserved. Proteins, fats and all the cells of the blood remain in the circulation. The kidneys produce ERYTHROPOIETIN, which stimulates the rate of formation of blood cells in the bone marrow. When blood pressure falls below normal the kidneys release the enzyme renin into the blood. This results in the formation of a further hormone, angiotensin, which rapidly causes blood vessels throughout the body to constrict and raise the blood pressure.
kidney
an organ, found in pairs in a dorsal situation in vertebrates, that serves the dual purposes of EXCRETION and OSMOREGULATION. See Fig. 200 . Ultrafiltration takes place in the glomerulus of the Bowman's capsule, where the glomerular filtrate contains all the constituents of blood except for blood cells and plasma proteins. Pores of about 0.1 μm diameter in the basement membrane lining the Bowman's capsule allow the passage of the filtrate under pressure. The high pressure is produced by the action of the heart and by the efferent blood vessels from the glomerulus being narrower than the afferent vessels, together with the branching of vessels in the glomerulus. The filtrate, which is modified in its flow along the tubule, eventually emerges from the kidney as urine. The LOOP OF HENLE employs the principle of a hairpin COUNTERCURRENT MULTIPLIER. Active transfer of salt (NaCl) takes place from the ascending limb to the descending limb, so raising the concentration in the latter. This results in a region of high salt concentration deep in the medulla of the kidney through which the collecting duct passes. Water is extracted by osmosis from the distal-convoluted tubule and collecting duct, so concentrating the urine (see ADH). Over 99% of kidney fluid is thus reabsorbed by the kidney tubules. see NEPHRON.Kidney
kid·ney
(kid'nē) [TA]Patient discussion about kidney
Q. Why do i get kidney stones? I am 38 and have had three stones pass so far. Is it the coffee, the meat, the stress, or the damned DNA?! My uncle is in his 50s and has passed over 30 stones!
Q. How can i overcome kidney ache? in the morning it appears.after wake up.
Q. what cause pain around kidney uncomfortable pressure swelling right side back
Anatomy
The top of each kidney is opposite the 12th thoracic vertebra; the bottom is opposite the third lumbar vertebra. The right kidney is slightly lower than the left one. Each kidney weighs 113 to 170 g (4 to 6 oz), and each is about 11.4 cm (4 1 2 in) long, 5 to 7.5 cm (2 to 3 in) broad, and 2.5 cm (1 in) thick. The kidneys in the newborn are about three times as large in proportion to body weight as they are in the adult.
Each kidney is surrounded by adipose tissue and by the renal fascia, a fibrous membrane that helps hold the kidney in place. On the medial side of a kidney is an indentation called the hilus or hilum, at which the renal artery enters and the renal vein and ureter emerge. The microscopic nephrons are the structural and functional units of the kidney; each consists of a renal corpuscle and renal tubule with associated blood vessels. In frontal section, the kidney is composed of two areas of tissue and a medial cavity. The outer renal cortex is made of renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules. The renal medulla consists of 8 to 18 wedge-shaped areas called renal pyramids; they are made of loops of Henle and collecting tubules. Adjacent to the hilus is the renal pelvis, the expanded end of the ureter within the kidney. Urine formed in the nephrons is carried by a papillary duct to the tip (papilla) of a pyramid, which projects into a cuplike calyx, an extension of the renal pelvis. See: illustration
Nephron
The nephron consists of a renal corpuscle and renal tubule. The renal corpuscle is made of a capillary network called a glomerulus surrounded by Bowman's capsule. The renal tubule extends from Bowman's capsule. The parts, in order, are as follows: proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting tubule, all of which are surrounded by peritubular capillaries. See: illustration
Formation of Urine
Urine is formed by filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. As blood passes through the glomerulus, water and dissolved substances are filtered through the capillary membranes and the inner or visceral layer of Bowman's capsule; this fluid is now called glomerular filtrate. Blood cells and large proteins are retained within the capillaries. Filtration is a continuous process; the rate varies with blood flow through the kidneys and daily fluid intake and loss. As the glomerular filtrate passes through the renal tubules, useful materials such as water, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals are reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries. Most of these have a renal threshold level, i.e., a limit to how much can be reabsorbed, but this level is usually not exceeded unless the blood level of these materials is above normal. Reabsorption of water is regulated directly by antidiuretic hormone and indirectly by aldosterone. Most waste products remain in the filtrate and become part of the urine. Hydrogen ions, creatinine, and the metabolic products of medications may be actively secreted into the filtrate to become part of the urine. The collecting tubules unite to form papillary ducts that empty urine into the calyces of the renal pelvis, from which it enters the ureter and is transported to the urinary bladder. Periodically the bladder is emptied (a reflex subject to voluntary control) by way of the urethra; this is called micturition, urination, or voiding. If a normally hydrated individual ingests a large volume of aqueous fluids, in about 45 min a sufficient quantity will have been excreted into the bladder to cause the urge to urinate. See:
Urine
Urine is about 95% water and about 5% dissolved substances. The dissolved materials include minerals, esp. sodium, the nitrogenous waste products urea, uric acid, and creatinine, and other metabolic end products. The volume of urine excreted daily varies from 1000 to 2000 ml (averaging 1500 ml). The amount varies with water intake, nature of diet, degree of body activity, environmental and body temperature, age, blood pressure, and many other factors. Pathological conditions may affect the volume and nature of the urine excreted. However, patients with only one kidney have been found to have normal renal function even after half of that kidney was removed because of cancer. There is no evidence that forcing fluids is detrimental to the kidneys.
Nerve Supply
The nerve supply consists of sympathetic fibers to the renal blood vessels. These promote constriction or dilation, esp. of arteries and arterioles.
Disorders
Frequently encountered diseases of the kidney include infection (pyelonephritis), stone formation (nephrolithiasis), dilation (hydronephrosis), protein loss (nephrosis), cancer (hypernephroma), and acute or chronic renal failure. See: dialysis; glomerulonephritis; nephropathy; nephritis; renal failure
Examination
The kidneys are examined by palpation, intravenous pyelography, ultrasonography, computed tomography scan, cystoscopy, retrograde cystoscopy, or magnetic resonance imaging. Kidney function is also frequently examined with blood tests (e.g., for electrolytes, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine) and by urinalysis or timed collections of urine.
amyloid kidney
Symptoms
Infected persons typically lose large quantities of protein in the urine and may present with edema or symptoms of fluid overload, nephrosis, or renal failure.
artificial kidney
Dialyzer.cake kidney
contracted kidney
cystic kidney
embolic contracted kidney
fatty kidney
flea-bitten kidney
floating kidney
fused kidney
Goldblatt kidney
See: Goldblatt, Harrygranular kidney
horseshoe kidney
hypermobile kidney
medullary sponge kidney
movable kidney
myeloma kidney
Cast nephropathy.polycystic kidney
red contracted kidney
Granular kidney.sacculated kidney
small indented calcified kidney
Abbreviation: SICKsyphilitic kidney
wandering kidney
Hypermobile kidney.waxy kidney
Amyloid kidney.kidney
One of the paired, reddish brown, bean-shaped structures lying in pads of fat on the inside of the back wall of the ABDOMEN on either side of the spine, just above the waist. The kidneys filter the blood, removing waste material and adjusting the levels of various essential chemical substances, so as to keep them within necessary limits. In so doing, they produce a sterile solution of varying concentration known as urine. This passes down the ureters to the bladder where it is stored until it can be conveniently disposed of. The kidneys are largely responsible for regulating the amount of water in the body and controlling the acidity of the blood. Most drugs or their products are eliminated through the kidney. Kidneys control fluid and chemical levels by both filtration and selective reabsorption under the control of various hormones such as ALDOSTERONE from the adrenal gland, the ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE from the pituitary gland and PARATHYROID hormone from the parathyroid glands. Sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, glucose, amino acids, vitamins and many other substances are returned to the blood and conserved. Proteins, fats and all the cells of the blood remain in the circulation. The kidneys produce ERYTHROPOIETIN, which stimulates the rate of formation of blood cells in the bone marrow. When blood pressure falls below normal the kidneys release the enzyme renin into the blood. This results in the formation of a further hormone, angiotensin, which rapidly causes blood vessels throughout the body to constrict and raise the blood pressure.kidney
an organ, found in pairs in a dorsal situation in vertebrates, that serves the dual purposes of EXCRETION and OSMOREGULATION. See Fig. 200 . Ultrafiltration takes place in the glomerulus of the Bowman's capsule, where the glomerular filtrate contains all the constituents of blood except for blood cells and plasma proteins. Pores of about 0.1 μm diameter in the basement membrane lining the Bowman's capsule allow the passage of the filtrate under pressure. The high pressure is produced by the action of the heart and by the efferent blood vessels from the glomerulus being narrower than the afferent vessels, together with the branching of vessels in the glomerulus. The filtrate, which is modified in its flow along the tubule, eventually emerges from the kidney as urine. The LOOP OF HENLE employs the principle of a hairpin COUNTERCURRENT MULTIPLIER. Active transfer of salt (NaCl) takes place from the ascending limb to the descending limb, so raising the concentration in the latter. This results in a region of high salt concentration deep in the medulla of the kidney through which the collecting duct passes. Water is extracted by osmosis from the distal-convoluted tubule and collecting duct, so concentrating the urine (see ADH). Over 99% of kidney fluid is thus reabsorbed by the kidney tubules. see NEPHRON.Kidney
kid·ney
(kid'nē) [TA]Patient discussion about kidney
Q. Why do i get kidney stones? I am 38 and have had three stones pass so far. Is it the coffee, the meat, the stress, or the damned DNA?! My uncle is in his 50s and has passed over 30 stones!
Q. How can i overcome kidney ache? in the morning it appears.after wake up.
Q. what cause pain around kidney uncomfortable pressure swelling right side back
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