单词 | philadelphia chromosome |
释义 | Philadelphia chromosomePhiladelphia chromosome[¦fil·ə¦del·fyə ′krō·mə‚skōp]Philadelphia chromosomechromosome[kro´mo-sōm]During cell division the material composing the chromosome is compactly coiled, making it visible with appropriate staining and permitting its movement in the cell with minimal entanglement. Each organism of a species is normally characterized by the same number of chromosomes in its somatic cells, 46 being the number normally present in humans, including 22 pairs of autosomes and the two sex chromosomes (XX or XY), which determine the sex of the organism. (See also heredity.) Before the chromosomes could be precisely identified they were placed in seven groups: A (chromosomes 1–3), B (4–5), C (6–12 and X), D (13–15), E (16–18), F (19–20), and G (21–22 and Y). Cytogenetic disorders with visible chromosomal abnormalities are evidenced by either an abnormal number of chromosomes or some alteration in the structure of one or more chromosomes. In the language of the geneticist, trisomy refers to the presence of an additional chromosome that is homologous with one of the existing pairs so that that particular chromosome is present in triplicate. An example of this type of disorder is a form of down syndrome (trisomy 21). Another example is patau's syndrome (trisomy 13), which produces severe anatomical malformations and profound mental retardation. The term monosomy refers to the absence of one of a pair of homologous chromosomes. Monosomy involving an autosome usually results in the loss of too much genetic information to permit sufficient fetal development for a live birth. Either trisomy or monosomy involving the sex chromosomes yields relatively mild abnormalities. A condition known as mosaicism results from an error in the distribution of chromosomes between daughter cells during an early embryonic cell division, producing two and sometimes three populations of cells with different chromosome numbers in the same individual. Mosaicism involving the sex chromosomes is not uncommon. Other abnormal structural changes in the chromosome are consequences of some kind of chromosomal breakage, with either the loss or rearrangement of genetic material. translocation involves the transfer of a segment of one chromosome to another. inversion refers to a change in the sequence of genes along the chromosome, which occurs when there are two breaks in a chromosome and the segment between the breaks is reversed and reattached to the wrong ends. deletion occurs when a portion of a chromosome is lost. An example of this type of chromosomal abnormality is cri du chat syndrome, a deletion in the short arm of chromosome 5, marked by mental retardation and sometimes congenital heart defects. When deletion occurs at both ends of the chromosome, the two damaged ends can unite to form a circle and the rearrangement produces a chromosome" >ring chromosome. isochromosomes form when the centromere divides along the transverse plane rather than the normal long axis of the chromosome so that both arms are identical. All of the previously described structural abnormalities can affect both autosomal and sex chromosomes. The causes of chromosomal errors are not completely understood. In some conditions such as Down syndrome, late maternal age seems to be a factor. Other factors may include the predisposition of chromosomes to nondisjunction (failure to separate during meiosis), exposure to radiation, and viruses. Phil·a·del·phi·a chro·mo·some (Ph1),Philadelphia chromosome(fĭl′ə-dĕl′fē-ə)Origin of PC Pluripotent stem cell, which generates myeloid, erythroid, megakaryocytic and lymphoid lines Management High-dose chemotherapy, Bone marrow transplantation Philadelphia chromosomeA small acrocentric chromosome from the distal long–q arm of chromosome 22, transferred to chromosome 9q[t(9;22)(q34;q11)] in 95% of CML; PC is present in 3 to 5% of childhood ALL–for whom prognosis is poor, and 25% of adults Origin of PC Pluripotent stem cell, which generates myeloid, erythroid, megakaryocytic and lymphoid lines Molecular pathology Reciprocal translocation, with juxtaposition of the c-abl gene on chromosome 9 with a gene of unknown function, with a bcr–breakpoint cluster region on chromosome 22; the resulting hybrid abl/bcr gene encodes P210bcr/abl, a phosphoprotein unique to CML that resembles v-abl, as it has disregulated protein-tyrosine kinase activity Management High-dose chemotherapy, BMT. See P210bcr/abl.Phil·a·del·phi·a chro·mo·some(fil'ă-del'fē-ă krō'mŏ-sōm)Philadelphia chromosomeAn acquired chromosomal defect in which the long arm of chromosome 22 is deleted and attached (translocated) to another chromosome, usually number 9. Clones of cells with this defect cause chronic myeloid LEUKAEMIA.Philadelphia chromosomePhiladelphia,city in Pennsylvania. |
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