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paratyphoid fever
par·a·ty·phoid fever P0067000 (păr′ə-tī′foid′)n. An acute intestinal disease of humans, similar to typhoid fever but usually less severe, caused by ingesting food or water contaminated with salmonella bacteria having the serotype Paratyphi.paratyphoid fever n (Pathology) pathol a disease resembling but less severe than typhoid fever, characterized by chills, headache, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea, caused by bacteria of the genus Salmonella Thesaurus| Noun | 1. | paratyphoid fever - any of a variety of infectious intestinal diseases resembling typhoid feverparatyphoidinfectious disease - a disease transmitted only by a specific kind of contact |
paratyphoid fever
paratyphoid fever Pathol a disease resembling but less severe than typhoid fever, characterized by chills, headache, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea, caused by bacteria of the genus Salmonella paratyphoid fever[¦par′tī‚fȯid ′fē·vər] (medicine) A bacterial disease of humans resembling typhoid fever and caused by Salmonella paratyphi. paratyphoid fever
Paratyphoid Fever DefinitionParatyphoid fever, which is sometimes called Salmonella paratyphi infection, is a serious contagious disease caused by a gram-negative bacterium. It is also grouped together with typhoid fever under the name enteric fever.DescriptionEnteric fever is increasingly rare in the United States. Of the 500 cases reported in an average year, about 60% are infections acquired during travel in Mexico, India, or South America.Paratyphoid fever has three stages: an early stage marked by high fever; a toxic stage with abdominal pain and intestinal symptoms, and a long period of recovery from fever (defervescence). In adults, these three phases may cover a period of four to six weeks; in children, they are shorter and may cover 10 days to two weeks. During the toxic stage there is a 1-10% chance of intestinal perforation or hemorrhage.Causes and symptomsParatyphoid fever is caused by any of three strains of Salmonella paratyphi: S. paratyphi A; S. schottmuelleri (also called S. paratyphi C); or S. hirschfeldii (also called S. paratyphi B). It can be transmitted from animals or animal products to humans or from person to person. The incubation period is one to two weeks but is often shorter in children. Symptom onset may be gradual in adults but is often sudden in children.Paratyphoid fever is marked by high fever, headache, loss of appetite, vomiting, and constipation or diarrhea. The patient typically develops an enlarged spleen. About 30% of patients have rose spots on the front of the chest during the first week of illness. The rose spots develop into small hemorrhages that may be hard to see in African or Native Americans.Patients with intestinal complications have symptoms resembling those of appendicitis: intense cramping pain with soreness in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen.DiagnosisThe diagnosis is usually made on the basis of a history of recent travel and culturing the paratyphoid organism. Because the disease is unusual in the United States, the doctor may not consider paratyphoid in the diagnosis unless the patient has the classic symptoms of an enlarged spleen and rose spots. The doctor will need to rule out other diseases with high fevers, including typhus, brucellosis, tularemia (rabbit fever), psittacosis (parrot fever), mononucleosis, and Kawasaki syndrome. S. paratyphi is easily cultured from samples of blood, stool, urine, or bone marrow.TreatmentMedicationsParatyphoid fever is treated with antibiotics over a two- to three-week period with trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra); amoxicillin (Amoxil, Novamoxin); and ampicillin (Amcill). Thirdgeneration cephalosporins (ceftriaxone [Rocephin], cefotaxime [Claforan], or cefixime [Suprax]) or chloramphenicol (Chloromycetin) may be given if the specific strain is resistant to other antibiotics.SurgeryPatients with intestinal perforation or hemorrhage may need surgery if the infection cannot be controlled by antibiotics.Supportive carePatients with paratyphoid fever need careful monitoring for signs of complications as well as bed rest and nutritional support. Patients with severe infections may require fluid replacement or blood transfusions.PrognosisMost patients with paratyphoid fever recover completely, although intestinal complications can result in death. With early treatment, the mortality rate is less than 1%.PreventionImmunizationVaccination against paratyphoid fever is not necessary within the United States but is recommended for travel to countries with high rates of enteric fever.Hygienic measuresTravelers in countries with high rates of paratyphoid fever should be careful to wash hands before eating and to avoid meat, egg, or poultry dishes unless they have been thoroughly cooked.Key termsDefervescence — Return to normal body temperature after high fever.Enteric fever — A term that is sometimes used for either typhoid or paratyphoid fever.Rose spots — Small slightly raised reddish pimples that are a distinguishing feature of typhoid or paratyphoid infection.ResourcesBooksFauci, Anthony S., et al., editors. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997.paratyphoid [par″ah-ti´foid] 1. resembling typhoid fever.2. paratyphoid fever.paratyphoid fever infection caused by Salmonella of all groups except S. typhosa. The disease is usually milder than typhoid fever" >typhoid fever and has a shorter incubation period, more abrupt onset, and a lower mortality rate. Clinically and pathologically, however, the two diseases cannot be distinguished.par·a·ty·phoid fe·veran acute infectious disease with symptoms and lesions resembling those of typhoid fever, although milder in character; associated with the presence of the paratyphoid organism of which at least three varieties (types A, B, and C) have been described. Synonym(s): paratyphoidparatyphoid fever (păr′ə-tī′foid′)n. An acute intestinal disease of humans, similar to typhoid fever but usually less severe, caused by ingesting food or water contaminated with salmonella bacteria having the serotype Paratyphi.par·a·ty·phoid fe·ver , paratyphoid (par'ă-tī'foyd fē'vĕr) An acute infectious disease with symptoms and lesions resembling those of typhoid fever, although milder in character; associated with the presence of the paratyphoid organism, of which at least three varieties (types A, B, and C) have been described. paratyphoid fever An infectious disease, closely similar to but milder than, TYPHOID. It is caused by the organism Salmonella paratyphi and is spread in the same ways as Salmonella typhi .Schottmueller, (Schottmüller), Hugo A.G., German physician, 1867-1936. Schottmueller bacillus - a species causing enteric fever. Synonym(s): Salmonella schottmulleriSchottmueller disease - an acute infectious disease with symptoms and lesions resembling those of typhoid fever. Synonym(s): paratyphoid feverpar·a·ty·phoid fe·ver , paratyphoid (par'ă-tī'foyd fē'vĕr) Acute infectious disease with symptoms and lesions resembling those of typhoid fever, although milder in character. paratyphoid fever
Related to paratyphoid fever: enteric feverSynonyms for paratyphoid fevernoun any of a variety of infectious intestinal diseases resembling typhoid feverSynonymsRelated Words |