Nemoral Flora and Fauna

a group of plant and animal species that are genetically connected with broad-leaved forests. Nemoral flora and fauna are most typical in Central Europe. In the USSR they are found in the European portion and in the Caucasus, primarily in oak and beech forests; similar groups of plants and animals are found in the Far East and in eastern North America. Nemoral flora includes oak, linden, hornbeam, maple, ash, beech, and early-flowering herbaceous perennials. Among the vertebrates are a number of ungulates (for example, the red deer); invertebrates include earthworms (family Lumbricidae), myriapods (subclass Diplopoda), and insects whose feeding is connected with broad-leaved trees and early-flowering herbaceous perennials. Nemoral flora and fauna originated in the Paleogene; during the Neogene and Anthropogene they underwent substantial changes (in recent millennia, principally because of man).