Kagan

(until 1935, Novaia Bukhara), a city in BukharaOblast, Uzbek SSR. Situated in the Bukhara Oasis, it is a junc-tion for railroad lines to Tashkent, Krasnovodsk, and Dushanbe, as well as for a branch line to Bukhara. Population, 34, 000(1970). It has a cotton ginning plant, an oil mill, a flour millingcombine, a building materials combine, and railroad shops. It developed as a settlement around a railroad station at the end of the 19th century and became a city in 1929. Natural gas is produced nearby.

(Turkic), title of the ruler of many Turkic-speaking peoples during the early Middle Ages. The term first appears in Chinese chronicles under the year 312. It was first used by the leaders of the Juan-juan, and in the middle of the sixth century, by the rulers of the Turkic Kaganate, from where it passed on to other Turkic-speaking peoples and states that were related to them in origin (or example, the Avars, Enisei Kirghiz, Pe-chenegs, and Khazars). After the Polianians freed themselves from the domination of the Khazars in the late eighth and early ninth century, the princes of Kiev took the title (it continued to exist in Rus’ until the end of the 12th century) for themselves, thereby emphasizing the independence of Kievan Rus’ from the Khazar Kaganate. In the Mongol empire, the title was used in the sense of emperor, while the rulers who were subordinate to the empire were known as khans. [1 1–363–1]