immunization
im·mu·nize
I0051000 (ĭm′yə-nīz′)im·mu·ni·za·tion
(ĭm′yə-nĭ-zā′shən)| Noun | 1. |  immunization - the act of making immune (especially by inoculation) |
| 单词 | immunization | |||
| 释义 | immunizationim·mu·nizeI0051000 (ĭm′yə-nīz′)im·mu·ni·za·tion(ĭm′yə-nĭ-zā′shən)
immune(iˈmjuːn) adjectiveimmunizationimmunization:see immunityimmunity,ability of an organism to resist disease by identifying and destroying foreign substances or organisms. Although all animals have some immune capabilities, little is known about nonmammalian immunity. ..... Click the link for more information. ; vaccinationvaccination, means of producing immunity against pathogens, such as viruses and bacteria, by the introduction of live, killed, or altered antigens that stimulate the body to produce antibodies against more dangerous forms. ..... Click the link for more information. . Immunizationa method of creating artificial immunity in man and animals. Active and passive immunization are distinguished. Active immunization involves injecting antigens into the body. The commonest form of active immunization is vaccination—that is, the use of vaccines, preparations obtained from microorganisms (bacteria, rickettsias, and viruses) or their metabolic products (toxins) for the specific prevention of infectious diseases in man and animals. Active immunization is produced by applying a preparation (for example, a vaccine) to the skin, by injecting it subcutaneously, intracutaneously, intramuscularly, intraperitoneally, or intravenously, or by administering it orally or by inhalation. The dose of the vaccine influences the efficacy of immunization (to a certain limit, the immunizing effect increases with increasing dosage; hence, optimum doses, determined experimentally, are used). The immunization schedule, the reactivity of the organism, and the quality of the preparation are important factors. The antigen is usually injected several times to create immunity. A second immunization (reimmunization) is carried out no sooner than one or two weeks after the first, so that the antibodies and antibody-forming cells will not be neutralized by excess antigen and thereby reduce the strength of the growing immunity. Immunizations repeated at intervals of several months or years are very effective. Antigens adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide, phosphates, or alums or mixed with mineral oils are frequently used for purposes of immunization. These substances, called adjuvants, intensify the immunizing effect of the antigen, bring about its gradual absorption from the injection site, and stimulate nonspecific antibody formation. Active immunization produces prolonged immunity (for a year or more) through the formation of specific antibodies and immune cells, and through the stimulation of nonspecific immunity factors. Passive immunization is produced by injecting serum or serum fractions from the blood of immune animals and persons subcutaneously, intramuscularly, or, in certain emergencies, intravenously. Such preparations contain preformed antibodies, which neutralize toxin, inactivate the causative agent, and prevent the agent from spreading. Passive immunization creates temporary immunity (to a month). It is used to prevent disease in cases of contact with a source of infection (measles, diphtheria, tetanus, gas gangrene, plague, anthrax, influenza [seroprophylaxis] or, if the disease has already set in, to mitigate its course [serotherapy]). Sometimes combined immunization is used: first the immune serum is injected to help the patient cope with the infection, and then the vaccine is introduced in order to create a more stable immunity. Homologous serums (that is, serums obtained from human blood) are preferred for the seroprophylaxis of infections in man. These serums generally do not provoke allergic reactions and are effective in infections (measles, infectious hepatitis) for which appropriate serums cannot be obtained from animals. Heterologous serums, or those obtained from animals (horse serum is used most frequently), may cause sensitization and provoke allergic reactions (anaphylactic shock, serum sickness). The use of heterologous serums is being curtailed. Seroprophylaxis with protein fractions (gamma globulin, polyglobulin and so forth) of human venous, placental, and abortion blood is commonly used instead. Immunization is widely used against animal diseases caused by pathogenic viruses (foot-and-mouth disease, cattle plague), rickettsias (hydropericarditis), and bacteria (anthrax, blackleg, brucellosis). It is carried out in a planned regime, with account taken of the local conditions and the particular characteristics of the diseases. A. KH. KANCHURIN and N. V. MEDUNITSYN immunization[‚im·yə·nə′zā·shən]immunizationimmunization[im″u-nĭ-za´shun]The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has an Advisory Committee on Immunization Practice that reviews childhood immunization schedules yearly. The recommended childhood immunization schedule is reprinted in Appendix 7-1. In Canada, the Health Protection Branch Laboratory Center for Disease Control, Health Canada, National Advisory Committee on Immunization publishes a recommended childhood vaccination schedule for Canada (reprinted in Appendix 7-3). Adult immunization schedules for the United States and Canada are found in Appendices 7-2 and 7-4. Since active immunization induces the body to produce its own antibodies and to go on producing them, protection against disease will last several years, in some cases for life. Active immunization is not without risks, although research supports the efficacy of immunization programs as a measure to reduce the incidence of infectious disease. Paradoxically, the more successful an immunization program and the higher the immunization rate, the more likely it becomes that a vaccine will cause more illness and injury than its target disease. Thus the risk of disease is less threatening than the risk of an adverse reaction to the vaccine that will prevent it. In an effort to immunize larger numbers of children against preventable infectious diseases public health officials and health care professionals in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Guam now enforce laws requiring children to be immunized before they enter school. Those children who come to school with incomplete or nonexistent records of immunizations are refused admittance until they are immunized. Circumstances that require postponement of immunization include acute febrile illness, immunologic deficiency, pregnancy, immunosuppressive therapy, and administration of gamma globulin, plasma, or whole blood transfusion 6 to 8 weeks prior to the scheduled immunization. Because of their potential for triggering anaphylaxis in hypersensitive persons, all immunizing agents should be given with caution and only after a health history has been completed on the patient. Emergency equipment and drugs should be readily at hand in all clinics and other facilities where immunizing agents are administered. im·mu·ni·za·tion(im'myū-ni-zā'shŭn),See also: vaccination, allergization. immunizationImmunology The process of inducing immunity by administering an antigen to allow the immune system to prevent infection or illness when it subsequently encounters the same pathogen. See Adult immunization, Alloimmunization, Anthrax immunization, Childhood immunization, Intracellular immunization, Passive immunization, Vaccination.im·mu·ni·za·tion(im'yū-nī-zā'shŭn)See also: vaccination immunizationThe process of conferring a degree of protection or IMMUNITY against infection or the effects of infection. The terms ‘immunization’ and ‘vaccination’ are interchangeable. See also INOCULATION.immunizationthe administration of an ANTIGEN, in the form of a vaccine, to produce an IMMUNE RESPONSE to that antigen and so protect against future exposure to the antigen. see ATTENUATION.Immunizationim·mu·ni·za·tion(im'yū-nī-zā'shŭn)Patient discussion about immunizationQ. Is there a vaccination against hepatitis? I want to volunteer in a charity organization abroad soon, and I heard that currently there’s and outbreak of hepatitis in the town I intend to go to. Is there anything I can do to prevent me from getting hepatitis? Is there a way to get a vaccination against it? Q. Why does the body attack itself in autoimmune diseases? And if it’s possible - How come it doesn’t happen most of the time? immunizationImmunizationPrice ImmunizationimmunizationSee IZ immunization
Synonyms for immunization
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