Transfectants were independently obtained by two transfection methods, episomal transfection and genome integration.
Masahito Asada, Kazuhide Yahata, Hassan Hakimi, Naoaki Yokoyama, Ikuo Igarashi, OsamuKaneko, Carlos E. Suarez, Shin-ichiro Kawazu 2015, 'Transfection of Babesia bovis by Double Selection with WR99210 and Blasticidin-S andIts Application for Functional Analysis of Thioredoxin Peroxidase-1', PLOS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0125993. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
However, the existence of extra-chromosomal prophages, both plasmidial and episomal,remains obscure.
Bryan Utter, Douglas R Deutsch, Raymond Schuch, Benjamin Y Winer, Kathleen Verratti,Kim Bishop-Lilly, Shanmuga Sozhamannan, Vincent A Fischetti 2014, 'Beyond the chromosome: the prevalence of unique extra-chromosomal bacteriophages withintegrated virulence genes in pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus.', PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4070920?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Southern blot hybridization and rolling circle amplification showed the episomal viral genome in the tumors.
Florante N. Dela Cruz, Federico Giannitti, Linlin Li, Leslie W. Woods, Luis Del Valle,Eric Delwart, Patricia A. Pesavento 2013, 'Novel Polyomavirus associated with Brain Tumors in Free-Ranging Raccoons, WesternUnited States', Emerging Infectious Diseaseshttps://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/19/1/12-1078_article. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
We uncovered the presence of additional episomal prophages in 5 of 15 samples, but did not identify any plasmidial prophages.
Douglas R. Deutsch, Bryan Utter, Kathleen J. Verratti, Heike Sichtig, Luke J. Tallon,Vincent A. Fischetti 2018, 'Extra-Chromosomal DNA Sequencing Reveals Episomal Prophages Capable of Impacting VirulenceFactor Expression in Staphylococcus aureus', Frontiers in Microbiologyhttps://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01406/full. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Analysis of residual transgenes expression showed that the episomal vectors were eliminated from the cell line.
Marta Trevisan, Enzo Di Iorio, Giulia Masi, Silvia Riccetti, Luisa Barzon, GualtieroAlvisi, Luciana Caenazzo, Vanessa Barbaro, Giorgio Palù 2018, 'Induced pluripotent stem cells line (UNIPDi003-A) from a patient affected by EEC syndromecarrying the R279H mutation in TP63 gene', Stem Cell Researchhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1873506118300527. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Our observations may contribute to the understanding of long-term episomal stability and the facilitation of viral persistence.
Kai O. Hensel, Franziska Cantner, Felix Bangert, Stefan Wirth, Jan Postberg 2018, 'Episomal HBV persistence within transcribed host nuclear chromatin compartments involvesHBx', Epigenetics & Chromatinhttp://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13072-018-0204-2. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Finally, we demonstrate that our episomal nonviral vectors are able to reduce atherosclerosis by ≃40% after 12 weeks in vivo.
Alastair G Kerr, Lawrence CS Tam, Ashley B Hale, Milena Cioroch, Gillian Douglas,Keith M Channon, Richard Wade-Martins 2016, 'Episomal Nonviral Gene Therapy Vectors Slow Progression of Atherosclerosis in a Modelof Familial Hypercholesterolemia', Molecular Therapy: Nucleic Acidshttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2162253117301051. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Functional analysis of 10 different composite elements of thyroid hormone responsive genes was performed using episomal constructs.
Oliver Weth, Christine Weth, Marek Bartkuhn, Joerg Leers, Florian Uhle, Rainer Renkawitz 2010, 'Modular insulators: genome wide search for composite CTCF/thyroid hormone receptorbinding sites.', PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC2852416?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected and erythroblasts were expanded for cell reprogramming with the use of non-integrative episomal vectors.
Gabriele Louise Soares Martins, Bruno Diaz Paredes, Carine Machado Azevedo, GabrielaLouise De Almeida Sampaio, Carolina Kymie Vasques Nonaka, Bruno Raphael Ribeiro Cavalcante,Katia Nunes Da Silva, Ciro Silveira E. Pereira, Milena Botelho Pereira Soares, RicardoRibeiro Dos Santos, Bruno Solano De Freitas Souza 2018, 'Generation of integration-free iPS cell lines from three sickle cell disease patientsfrom the state of Bahia, Brazil', Stem Cell Researchhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1873506118302356. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Episomal envelope sequences, but not proviral envelope sequences, were highly similar to sequencesin rebounding virus.
Mark Sharkey, Dunja Z Babic, Thomas Greenough, Roy Gulick, Daniel R Kuritzkes, MarioStevenson 2011, 'Episomal viral cDNAs identify a reservoir that fuels viral rebound after treatmentinterruption and that contributes to treatment failure.', PLoS Pathogenshttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3044693?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)