The simulations indicate that osmotic and electro-osmotic convections in the membrane are major mechanisms contributing to species crossover.
K.W. Knehr, E.C. Kumbur 2012, 'Role of convection and related effects on species crossover and capacity loss in vanadiumredox flow batteries', Electrochemistry Communicationshttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1388248112003013. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)