federalfed‧e‧ral /ˈfedərəl/ ●●● W1 AWL adjective 
Switzerland is a federal republic.2relating to the central government of a country such as the US, rather than the government of one of its states: federal law federal taxes
WORD ORIGINfederal
Origin:
1600-1700 Latin foedus ‘formal agreement or joining together’EXAMPLES FROM OTHER DICTIONARIES
- federal agencies
- Federal funding for the project was cut last year
- federal income tax
- It is against federal law to discriminate against someone because of religion.
- Medicaid is a large federal health care program for the poor.
- Most people want to see new federal gun laws introduced.
- Several federal officials have been charged with corruption.
- the Federal Bureau of Investigation
- The Federal Republic of Germany was the official name of West Germany.
- A federal court ruled this month that Napster helped users to violate music copyright laws.
- Besides, the boundaries of the leprosarium were permeable, and surveillance at the federal level was almost nonexistent.
- By 1981 the federal government was running a deficit.
- Model cities stressed local planning flexibility and the coordination of federal grant programs.
- That he might have surrendered and taken his chances in federal court defended by a lawyer?
- The Fed last trimmed its target for federal funds, or overnight loans between banks, on Dec. 19.
- The number of state and federal inmates rose by 89, 707, which was the largest annual increase in history.
- The river of federal cash has one source: election-year politics.
Longman Language Activatorbelonging to, provided by, or involving a particular country
· Alitalia is the national airline of Italy.· a national policy for energy· the National Museum of Film and Photography in Bradford
controlled by or involving the central government, rather than the governments of the separate states that make up a large country: · Medicaid is a large federal health care program for the poor.· Several federal officials have been charged with corruption.· Most people want to see new federal gun laws introduced.
owned or paid for by the government public libraries, hospitals etc are provided and paid for by the government, not by private companies: · You can get the information from your local public library· We need to raise taxes to pay for better public healthcare.public services: · garbage collection and other public servicespublic spending/expenditure (=money spent by the government to provide public services): · There's been a big increase in public spending over the past three years.the public sector (=all the industries and services that are owned or paid for by the government): · I've worked in the public sector all my life, mainly in local government.· public sector employees
owned, controlled, or paid for by the government. In the US state usually refers to the government of a particular state , not the national government: · The government has promised increased spending on the the state education system.· China's state radio station· Britain's state aid for industry generally falls far short of the sums seen in other countries.
provided, paid for, or run by the government: · How much government money is to be poured into this program?· The camps have been attacked several times by government forces.· The industry secretary has just announced a government initiative to address the problem.
owned or paid for by the national government of the US or a country organized in a similar way: · Federal funding for the project was cut last year· federal agencies· the Federal Bureau of Investigation
also nationalise British if a government nationalizes an industry or service, it buys it or takes control of it: · The mines were nationalized by the Labour Party.· Castro speeded up his land reforms and began to nationalize foreign holdings in Cuba.
WORD SETSagitate, verbagitation, nounagitator, nounbipartisan, adjectivebipartite, adjectivebloc, nounBolshevik, nouncapitalism, nouncentrist, adjectivecoalition, nouncommie, nouncommunism, nouncommunist, nouncommunist, adjectiveCon, confederacy, nounconfederate, nounconfederation, nouncongress, nounconservatism, nounDem., disloyal, adjectivedissident, noundivide, verbdivisive, adjectivefascism, nounfascist, nounfederal, adjectivefederate, verbfederation, nounfront, nounginger group, nounhegemony, nounheterodox, adjectiveIndependent, nouninfighting, nouninterest group, nounIRA, nounIron Curtain, the, Lab, Labour, nounleftie, nounleftist, adjectiveleft-of-centre, adjectiveleft-wing, adjectivelefty, nounLib Dem, nounLiberal, nounLiberal Democrats, nounLiberal Party, loyalist, nounLuddite, nounmachine, nounmajority leader, nounminority leader, nounmoderate, adjectivemoderate, nounmonarchist, nounmovement, nounnationalism, nounnationalist, adjectivenationalist, nounNazi, nounneutral, adjectivenon-partisan, adjectivepalace revolution, nounparamilitary, adjectivepartisan, adjectivepartisan, nounparty, nounparty political, adjectiveparty politics, nounpinko, nounpro-, prefixpro-choice, adjectiveR, rabble-rousing, nounradical, nounrally, nounreactionary, adjectiverealign, verbrebel, nounrebellion, nounrebellious, adjectivered, adjectivered, nounrepublican, nounrevolt, nounrevolt, verbrevolutionary, adjectiverevolutionary, nounrightist, adjectiveright-of-centre, adjectiveright-wing, adjectiveroyalist, nounseparatist, nounspecial interest group, nounsplinter group, nounsplit, verbsubcommittee, nounsubversion, nounsuffragette, nounsympathizer, nounsympathy, nountendency, nounTory, nounTrotskyite, nountrue-blue, adjectiveUnionist, nounuprising, nounWhig, nounwing, noun
COLLOCATIONS FROM OTHER ENTRIES the state legislature of Virginia
· He has a plan to balance the federal budget.
· the National Commission on Terrorism
(=relating to a central government, not a state)· Canada was granted a federal constitution in 1867.
(=a national court rather than a state court)
(=to elect a federal government)· The federal elections are scheduled for May 2.
(=in the US, the government of the whole country rather than of the individual states)· The state, rather than the federal government, would have to pay the extra cost.
(=a judge in a particular court)
(=the law of the US, not a particular state)· Under federal law, it is illegal to discriminate against employees because of race or sex.
American English· Federal legislation is drafted primarily by the staffs of the congressional committees.
the state legislature of Virginia American English (=a very serious offence against the law of the US, rather than against a state’s law)· The turtles are rare, and it is a federal offense to take them to another state.
· Small businessman are fed up with government regulations.
· He said his goal could be reached by slashing federal spending.
COLLOCATIONS FROM THE CORPUSNOUN· Next are the priority needs of federal agencies and organizations, then imports of energy, and finally imports of consumer goods.· But he noted that federal agencies are working to improve their ability to predict space weather storms.· Congress has surrendered vast powers to independent federal agencies over which it and the president have little or no authority.· In effect, Congress repeatedly gave away a sizable chunk of power to the unelected civil servants who staff federal agencies.· They are behind federal agencies in other parts of the country and overseas in whittling away at piles of backlogged work.· This latest edition, the first mandated by federal law, is to be promoted by federal agencies.· Some information was obtained through electronic eavesdropping conducted by federal agencies.
· The cult has been barricaded in a block of buildings since a shootout with federal agents on 28 February.· Ninety federal agents arrested the seven Bay Area defendants Wednesday and seized more than 800 additional guns.· Four federal agents and perhaps up to 15 cult members died.· He figured he stood better chances shooting it out with federal agents who had more firepower.· Starting in the early 1990s, federal agents began setting up sting operations, including several in Maryland.· The plane crash involves Dave with drug dealers, killers and federal agents, all of whom threaten his peace and family.· When critical habitat is designated, it does not mean federal agents in unmarked helicopters start circling private property.· In the past several months federal agents have arrested at least four women accused of participating in the scheme, Scalzo said.
· The governor had not asked for federal aid, and none was offered.· In accordance with the form in Emergency Plan White, a presidential proclamation extending federal aid was drafted.· Another source of increasing tension in the federal aid system concerned citizen participation in decisionmaking.· Administrative organization is another factor that impeded attempts to acquire federal aid.· The mayor should have declared it a national disaster-area to obtain federal aid for emergency elocution-instruction.· In Phoenix any aggressive tendencies were dampened by the location of these agencies within a government structure that frowned on federal aid.· To the states' taxpayers who will have to take up the slack as federal aid recedes?· The fiscal problems of the city, since 1979, have not been attributable to decreases in federal aid.
· Forty percent of death sentences have been overturned at federal appeal in recent years.· His case raises a number of issues about controversial speech and illustrates how one federal appeals court treated them.· The Louisiana legislation had also been declared unconstitutional in September by a federal appeals court.· It imperiously overruled not only the Florida court but also the federal appeals court in Atlanta.· A federal appeals court has lifted the injunction, allowing for extraditions until the constitutionality of the statute is decided next year.· A federal appeals court ruled in James's favor.· A federal appeals court upheld the ban, approved by California voters in 1996.
· It was also reported that the Governor of Sokoto had decided to take up the issue with the federal authorities in Lagos.· On Wednesday, he was in the custody of federal authorities in Baton Rouge.· Later this month, federal authorities are expected to announce plans to reduce their supplies of water to farmers by three-quarters.· Sanchez Ortega dropped out of sight within days of his being questioned by federal authorities and has not been seen since.· Amid an increasingly hostile war of words, Finley has criticized Racicot for reneging on a promise to cooperate with federal authorities.· The leak continues for 16 days before the company tells state and federal authorities.· According to court records, two of the killers told Fiato about their role in the murder and Fiato told federal authorities.· The case against Thanong represents one of the largest marijuana prosecutions ever brought by federal authorities, officials said.
· Since convening in January 1995, the House has voted for amendments that required a balanced federal budget and forbade flag desecration.· Though sharply reduced in the last couple of years, federal budget deficits continue.· They have kept the government shut to pressure the president to agree to a seven-year plan to balance the federal budget.· Clinton and congressional Republicans have been at odds over a plan to balance the federal budget in seven years.· Medicare, Medicaid and other entitlement programs that comprise two-thirds of the federal budget.· In fact, the federal budget is designed to deflect responsibility away from politicians.· Traders pointed to the federal budget stalemate and worries the gridlock could continue indefinitely.· Many financial stocks were weak, as the collapse of federal budget talks pushed interest rates higher.
· A federal court has ordered that this must be done by June 1st; voters have already turned down one plan.· Controversial from the start, Barkett has raised the ire of conservatives for a number of decisions since joining the federal court.· They were backed by the attorney-general, Janet Reno, and a federal court.· No, ruled a federal court in a Texas case.· A lower federal court ruled that, irrespective of the circumstances, such disciplinary action is never permitted without a prior hearing.· The two alleged gunmen are awaiting trial in federal court.· The lower federal court created both the 15-foot zone around the clinic entrances and the floating zone.· Under the legislation, federal courts would be required to consider local land disputes if Fifth Amendment questions are involved.
· The federal deficit is at a 23-year low.· Because the rest of the government borrows from it, it masks the size of the federal deficit.· When you hear some figure referred to as the federal deficit, that is after this convenient bit of jiggery-pokery.· Dole, by contrast, did best among voters who listed the federal deficit as their chief concern.· The trade and federal deficits were worsening.· But Clinton showed that hundreds of federal programs will be on a strict diet during the struggle to eliminate the federal deficit.· The Act would have forced across-the-board cutbacks if the federal deficit grew too high.· Congress is currently considering whether to auction off the frequencies and using the proceeds to reduce the federal deficit.
· Fiers appeared in a federal District court on July 9 and pleaded guilty to two misdemeanour counts of withholding information from Congress.· The decision was announced by federal district judge William Hoeveler at a pre-trial hearing on Jan. 11.· The case bounced back and forth between a federal district judge and a court of appeals three times.· The country is divided into 20 states, two federal territories, a federal district around the capital and 72 federal dependencies.· Decisions of the federal district courts are reported in the Federal Supplement and are similarly cited.· The federal district court, upon the request of the school board, ordered noninterference with desegregation.· The suit was filed Monday in federal District Court in Manhattan.
· A total of 24 parties, movements and coalitions contested the federal elections.· It is also barred by federal election law from advising PACs on how to distribute their campaign funds.· The new party was setting its sights on multiparty federal elections expected by the end of the year.· No one believes that money given to the two campaigns' national committees was not intended to influence a federal election.· She is now certain to play a key role in federal elections later this year.· It underscored the party's role in the next federal election, expected to be called by November.· She hopes to exploit the preferential voting system in the federal elections to unseat the ruling coalition.
· For example, a federal employee who was thinking of buying a new car is going to postpone that decision.· Only 13 percent of top federal employees said they would recommend a career in public service.· He remains a federal employee and is handling preparations for the upcoming meeting of the seven major industrial nations.· And, unlike federal employees, they have no guarantee of pay for lost time.
· The United States has forbidden the use of federal funds for human cloning research.· The Fed lowered the key federal funds rate on overnight bank loans twice last year, in July and December.· In all, $ 2.2 million in federal funds was illegally diverted by those convicted, prosecutors said.· Last year, both programs spent $ 260 billion in federal funds.· Y., has introduced a bill to ban federal funds from being spent on programs that teach ebonics as a language.· Medicaid is paid for by a combination of state and federal funds.· That in turn could mean an end to federal funds.· They last lowered the benchmark federal funds target for loans between banks on Dec. 19.
· New transitional government Calfa's federal government resigned on June 26.· The states still could, but the federal government had left the field: the forty-eight governors stood there alone.· Employers who hire a worker must contact the federal government, which checks to ensure that the new bloke has his papers.· When the federal government runs a deficit, it borrows the extra money by selling more Treasury bonds to the public.· This has prompted state appeals for help from the federal government.· With corporations announcing big layoffs and the federal government partly shut down, consumers seemed reluctant to spend money.· Each province has its own elected governor and legislature, concerned with all matters not delegated to the federal government.· It is crucial to the story that the practical examples of change cited here were ordered by the federal government.
· On homelessness, he boasted about a multimillion-dollar federal grant Rep.· Model cities stressed local planning flexibility and the coordination of federal grant programs.· On Tuesday, Kansas became the first state to furlough state employees, paid through federal grants, who process unemployment claims.· The proposal was approved and the program was given a $ 50, 000 Eisenhower federal grant for six months.· With a $ 4 million federal grant, Sweetwater is beginning to train 900 teachers in the use of computers.· Last September, they cut off our federal grant.· The term refers to the idea that federal grants should be concentrated on areas or groups presumed to have the greatest need.· Funding for this program, undertaken with a federal grant, now depends precariously on state support.
· Last year, she said, they paid more than $ 3, 000 in federal income taxes.· Experts say there is a good chance Congress will eventually convert the decades-old federal income tax into something else.· Politicians, sensing wide and profound dissatisfaction with the status quo, have proposed significant changes in our federal income tax.· Others have proposed replacing the federal income tax with something else entirely, such as a national sales tax.· Dole has proposed a 15 percent cut in federal income taxes.· He would scrap the federal income tax and replace it with a national sales tax, a radical idea.
· The convictions capped a two-year federal investigation that showed the ex-officers accepted payoffs for protecting the drug shipments.· But political fisticuffs may be less worrisome for him than the mess created by the indictments and the continuing federal investigations.· The soft drink deal was placed on hold last year after the Postal Service Board of Governors learned of the federal investigation.· Woodward placed a quick call to a source working on the federal investigation.· Zimmermann was the target of a federal investigation for his role in creating a publicly available cryptography program called Pretty Good Privacy.· Traficant, who has a number of constituents alleging problems with the implants, has been calling for federal investigations since 1995.
· A federal judge ordered Bher reinstated.· It was also last month that a federal judge refused to dismiss the state lawsuit against Desert Diamond Casino.· On March 6 a federal judge, Gabriel Cavallo, repealed two amnesty laws that had guaranteed immunity for 1,180 army officers.· They could run naked in the streets, and no law, no federal judge, could stop them.· A federal judge, John W.. Oliver, agreed, and a new era was upon us.· Environmentalists hate loggers and loggers hate federal judges.· Then there is the question of the selection of federal judges and their interpretation of the Constitution.· Kennedy again called upon a federal judge in New York to have his client released.
· The suspension of over 40 federal laws in the republic was announced the following day.· The bill was blocked last year by conservative Republicans and liberal Democrats concerned about over-zealous federal law enforcement.· A federal law spells out the penalties for missing the deadline to cut air pollution.· The problem was to find a claim we could bring under federal law.· This is obviously a case that should not have been tried under federal law in the first place.· The Administration argues that federal law and prison policy conform to this approach for the most part.· This latest edition, the first mandated by federal law, is to be promoted by federal agencies.
· Third, at federal level the parties are accordingly much less unified by political ideologies.· Under the new rules, state prisoners would have only one chance to appeal their convictions at the federal level.· Other problems, however, need a helping hand at the federal level.· Besides, the boundaries of the leprosarium were permeable, and surveillance at the federal level was almost nonexistent.· At federal level the Liberal-National opposition needed only a swing of 1.4 percent for victory.· There have been some strides at the federal level in cleaning up diesels.· At the federal level, things may be even worse.· At the federal level, Sen.
· Supreme Court would not allow federal money to be used.· His interest in the workings of Washington was confined primarily to obtaining federal money and laws for Chicago.· Not a penny of federal money could come into Chicago without clearing through Daley.· No additional federal money could be used to purchase land to expand Headwaters, according to the agreement.
· The federal officials presented a draft of their plan for the extension.· But state, local and federal officials in Los Angeles said the situation was not as dire.· Arrangoiz did try to reduce expenses by lowering the salaries of federal officials from twenty-five to thirty-three and one-third per cent.· Beard said federal officials had offered three years ago to buy out the whole town because it is prone to flooding.· Suddenly interested in the achievement of poor black schoolchildren, pundits, federal officials and policy-makers unanimously condemn Ebonics for lowering standards.· From their perspective, the discretion used by federal officials produced reluctant justice at best.· Attempts to radio Denver failed, and moments later his signal vanished, federal officials said.
· Heber is serving his three-year term in a federal prison in Bastrop, Texas.· Postal investigators recovered the letter at about 6: 30 a. m. Friday morning at a post office outside Leavenworth federal prison.· We open in familiar Grisham territory, in a low-security federal prison.· Former longtime President Peter MacDonald is serving a 14-year federal prison sentence after being convicted of riot charges in 1992.· She had served 23 months in federal prison.· McVeigh is scheduled to die by lethal injection May 16 at a federal prison in Terre Haute.· Two were sent to the federal prison and another was found in the postal system.· While serving a federal prison sentence for mail fraud and tax evasion, &.
· To match federal program cuts, that proportion would have to dramatically increase.· But Clinton showed that hundreds of federal programs will be on a strict diet during the struggle to eliminate the federal deficit.· It is one of the few federal programs from which large budget savings are potentially available.· In the Phoenix case, and from the perspective of local officials, the federal program contains conflicting objectives.· Congress is poised to block-grant to the states huge chunks of federal programs.
· Before the pardon was granted, federal prosecutors began investigating new allegations of money laundering and tax evasion.· Mr Caserta, who left Spectrum in 1994, is already the subject of a similar criminal action brought by federal prosecutors.· When the trial kicks off Wednesday, federal prosecutors hope to turn Kaczynski indirectly into their star witness.· Working with Mr Sablosky as investigative counsel was William Callahan, a former federal prosecutor.
· The Emissions Trading Policy marks a new chapter in flexibility in administrating federal regulations.· In response, new laws and federal regulations now require better inspection and safer food-handling practices.· Now our elected representatives are learning firsthand how petty and obnoxious federal regulation can be.· Under the federal regulations, five thousand cattle were to be bought in the whole state of Wyoming.· The federal regulations said the Soil Conservation man had to approve the damsite.· Under the proposed federal regulation, Texas could not give beneficiaries more than two years to find a job.· The regulations of the states may be more stringent than federal regulations.
· Four days after he opened, federal regulators demanded a redesign to better accommodate the disabled.· Approval from Boston Five stockholders and state and federal regulators is required.· That transaction must be approved by federal regulators, who are expected to scrutinize it closely.· The banks, in turn, claimed that their hands were tied by federal regulators who discouraged them from lending.· Last year, complaints from investors led federal regulators to start looking into the firm.· Although federal regulators say Nader is overstating the problem, they, too, point to examples of unreported safety defects.· Clinton officials later admitted that the gathering improperly mixed political donors with federal regulators.
· Talks about the modalities of dividing the Czechoslovak federal state had resumed on Aug. 4.· Federalism Article 50 extends the provisions of the Covenant to all parts of federal states.· There is little evidence to support the claim that federal states are decentralised.· Some federal states are so centralised that it is doubtful whether one should continue to refer to them as federal.· The immediate effects of changing the system has been characterised by economic difficulties in the new federal states.
· A Chancellor's control over party, especially in a federal system, is crucial.· The more rabid federalists became impatient with procedural delays and wanted to effect a return to the federal system at once.· The solution has been a federal system.· Due respect for the reach of congressional power within the federal system mandates that we do so now.· Mr Babangida and his predecessors have tried to meet competing ethnic demands by spreading power around regional governments in a federal system.· His lawyers had exhausted appeals in the state courts, but Kirkpatrick had not filed for a stay in the federal system.· The simple answer is that there is no evidence that the inhabitants of the United kingdom want a federal system.· And he laid out welfare measures that he would put in place if Congress and the president abolish the current federal system.
· They offer investors federal tax credits -- and, in some cases, matching provincial credits.· That would push the top federal tax rate for these under-$ 60, 000 earners to 40 % or more.· This was to be financed without raising federal taxes.· The proposals surfaced after Congress decided to explore ways to overhaul the cumbersome federal tax system.· By Jan. 1, 2000, there will be no state or federal taxes of any kind.· Kawaja owes $ 66, 541 in unpaid income taxes and penalties, according to federal tax liens.· And they would shred the 40, 500-page federal tax code and replace it with a set of clear, concise rules.· Y., congressman made no effort to hide his disdain for almost every type of federal tax.
· With luck, in a year the place should begin to teem with federal workers.· About 900 of the nearly 3, 500 federal workers at Johnson continued to work in November.· Gramm suggested recently that the partial government shutdown was evidence that furloughed federal workers were unnecessary.· But because of the blizzard nearly all federal workers here were forced to spend another day away from the office.· Some 800, 000 federal workers were sent home for six days in November.· They want cash for their services, and we as federal workers want cash for our services.· But federal workers and private contractors not being paid are frightened about failing to meet mortgage and other financial obligations.
PHRASES FROM OTHER ENTRIES
- Arnold Schwarzenegger undergoes more perils as a federal marshal who erases the pasts of government informers and relocates them.
- Bottles, bricks and rocks were hurtling toward the federal marshals surrounding the campus administration building.
- Governor Ross Barnett of Mississippi did not want federal marshals to displace his authority.
WORD FAMILYnounfederalismadjectivefederal
1a federal country or system of government consists of a group of states which control their own affairs, but which are also controlled by a single national government which makes decisions on foreign affairs, defence etc: Switzerland is a federal republic.2relating to the central government of a country such as the US, rather than the government of one of its states: federal law federal taxes