canaln.
/kəˈnal/, U.S. /kəˈnæl/ 1. † a. A pipe used for conveying water or liquid; (also) a tube or tubular cavity. Obsolete.
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society > occupation and work > equipment > conveyor > [noun] > conduit, channel, or tube > pipe
pipeOE
canal?a1425
conduit-pipec1425
tube1658
the world > space > shape > curvature > curved three-dimensional shape or body > cylinder > [noun] > quality of being hollow cylinder > hollow cylinder or tube
pipeOE
channela1387
cannela1400
canal?a1425
trump?1440
tunnel1545
clyster1578
cannon1588
bugle1615
tube1658
?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 42 (MED) If forsoþ þer wer so mych streytnesse þat he myȝt noȝt swolwe..be þer put in a canale [?c1425 Paris pype; L. canula] of golde..in helpyng to breþyng.
c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 497 Crist..passid forth thoruȝ her [sc. the Virgin Mary] as thoruȝ a pipe or a canal.
1578 T. Nicholas tr. F. Lopez de Gómara Pleasant Hist. Conquest W. India 193 The water is brought..in two pipes or Canalls.
1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. 467 These canales (as I may so say of gold ore) follow the veins of such marble and stone in the quarry.
1698 J. Keill Exam. Theory Earth (1734) 95 We take the Diameters and Axis..as small Canals or Tubes.
1729 A. Motte tr. I. Newton Math. Princ. Nat. Philos. II. ii. 170 (heading) If water ascend and descend alternately in the erected legs of a canal or pipe.
1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps ii. §25. 366 We could see the water escape from it [a moulin] through a lateral canal at its bottom.
1869 J. Phillips Vesuvius xi. 308 We found it [Vesuvian lava] pipy or full of canals.
b. Medicine. A wound in the form of a passage or groove, esp. one caused by a bullet or other object passing through flesh.
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the world > health and disease > ill health > injury > [noun] > wound > gunshot wound
shot1599
pistolade1604
canal1795
exit wound1833
entrance wound1852
entry wound1885
pink1885
1795 Brit. Critic 5 371 Whatever cavities the balls had entered, there the surrounding parts had adhered, so that the passage of the ball was by this means become a complete canal.
1807 S. Cooper First Lines Pract. Surg. I. xix. 88 The canal of the wound becomes still more dilated, so that not only matter, but foreign bodies, may find an easy exit.
1876 St. Louis Med. & Surg. Jrnl. Nov. 577 He found gunshot wound canals in lungs, brain, liver and spleen without suppuration.
1907 Bot. Gaz. 44 435 These traumatic canals are very common in this species.
1977 N. F. Gamaleya in M. L. Wolbarsht Laser Applic. in Med. & Biol. 3 iii. 79 Necrosis and extensive hemorrhages developed at the edges of the wound canal.
2014 A. D. Gean Brain Injury iv. 86 Shotgun ammunition consists of multiple pellets and thereby produces numerous wound canals.
2.
a. Anatomy, Zoology and Botany. A tubular passage, channel, or cavity; a duct. Cf. channel n.1 8.Alimentary canal, Haversian canal, neural canal, etc.: see the first element.
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the world > life > biology > physical aspects or shapes > shape > [noun] > tube or canal
conduit1340
pipec1385
channela1387
porea1398
canal?a1425
cannel?1553
strait1558
canaliculus1661
tube1661
duct1667
tubule1677
ductus1699
funnel1712
cannule1719
infundibulum1799
meatus1800
tubulet1826
tubulus1826
canalicule1839
canalization1840
ductule1883
?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 12 (MED) Þe noseþrillez forsoþ bene 2 canalez [?c1425 Paris holowe pipes; L. canales] ascendyng vn to þe bonez of þe collatorie.
?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 18v (MED) By which descendeþ & is put out þe sperme in þe canale [?c1425 Paris pype; L. canali] of þe ȝerde.
1581 R. Mulcaster Positions xxii. 92 Leaping and springing without intermission..by reason of much bending and so pressing the backe, it oftimes breaketh some canall in the breast or lungues.
1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 212 The Pipe or Canale of the yarde which in greeke they call οὐρήθραν, the vrinall pipe.
1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §30 A small Quantity of Spirits, in the Cels of the Braine, and Cannals of the Sinewes, are able to move the whole Body.
a1711 T. Ken Hymnarium 25 in Wks. (1721) II. Through ev'ry soft Canal, Make vital Spirits sail.
1764 T. Reid Inquiry Human Mind ii. i. 39 There is manifest appearance of design in placing the organ of smell in the inside of that canal, through which the air is continually passing.
1797 R. Hooper Anatomist's Vade-mecum 123 Ducti hepatici, arise from the acini of the liver, form a common canal, which unites with the cystic duct.
1801 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 5 172 The duplicature of membrane within the cranium and spinal canal.
1848 R. Dunglison Med. Lexicon (ed. 7) 143/1 Canalof Schlemm, a minute circular canal..situate at the point of union of the cornea and sclerotica.
1866 T. H. Huxley Lessons Elem. Physiol. (1869) xii. 318 All bones, except the smallest, are traversed by small canals.
1907 Practitioner Aug. 323 The lymph then passes into the canal of Cloquet, a tubular lymph space running from the posterior part of the lens capsule to the optic disc.
1960 K. Esau Anat. Seed Plants i. 6 Intercellular cavities or canals lined with secretory cells (resin ducts, oil ducts).
1984 N.Y. Times 19 May 8/1 The polyp..was 4 millimeters in size and was 40 centimeters from the end of the anal canal.
2009 S. A. Gelfand Hearing (ed. 5) ii. 24/1 The wax and oil lubricate the canal and help to keep it free of debris and foreign objects.
b. Zoology. A groove or duct exuding from the aperture of certain gastropods through which the siphon protrudes.
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the world > animals > invertebrates > subkingdom Metazoa > grade Triploblastica or Coelomata > phylum Mollusca > [noun] > Testacea (shelled molluscs) > shelled mollusc > shell > part of
auricle1665
heel1673
lip1681
mouth1681
whirl1681
rib1711
antihelix1721
canal1734
columella1755
vesture1755
body whirl1776
fent1776
pillar1776
pillar-lip1776
septum1786
aperture1794
body whorl1807
costa1812
seam1816
spine1822
umbo1822
varix1822
peristome1828
summit1828
nucleus1833
concameration1835
lunula1835
nympha1836
nymph1839
lunule1842
peritreme1848
body chamber1851
axis1866
umbone1867
liration1904
1734 R.-M. Massey in Philos. Trans. 1733–4 (Royal Soc.) 38 191 He [sc. J. B. Breynius] defines a Tabulous Shell divided into several Cavities, conical, straight, or regularly Spiral, with a Pipe, or Canal, passing through each Cavity.
1777 T. Pennant Brit. Zool. (ed. 4, octavo) IV. vi. 123 Murex..Erinaceus... Consists of six spires on the whole; a most rugged shell. The aperture exactly oval; the gutter or canal covered.
1835 W. Kirby On Power of God in Creation of Animals I. ix. 296 Lamarck's canaliferous Zoophagans, called so from the long straight canal which terminates the mouth of their shells.
1851 S. P. Woodward Man. Mollusca i. 34 Protected by the canal of the shell.
1958 J. E. Morton Molluscs iv. 71 The foremost part of the shell aperture is produced into a long or short spout known as the anterior canal.
1979 N.Z. Jrnl. Geol. & Geophysics 22 97/2 Shell small, smooth and polished, well rounded with low, conic spire, and with base slightly extended into a very short, widely open canal.
2013 G. Patterson Coastal Guide Nature & Hist. Port Phillip Bay 137 Most predatory and scavenging molluscs can be identified by a hollow at one end of the shell, the siphonal canal.
3. A natural waterway connecting larger bodies of water; a channel, a strait; (occasionally) a narrow inlet. Now only in certain proper names.
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the world > the earth > water > sea or ocean > channel > [noun]
meatusc1425
channel1427
canal1542
tide-gate1589
euripe1600
Euripus1601
interflow1610
sleeve1614
tides-way1627
gat1723
tideway1798
lane1835
seaway1866
1542 tr. A. Geuffroy Order Greate Turckes Courte sig. f.iiv The Canal of Constantinople, called somtyme Propontis.
a1552 J. Leland Itinerary (1711) II. 35 The..cahales [sic] of eche partes of Sowey River kept from Abundance of Wedes.
1660 F. Brooke tr. V. Le Blanc World Surveyed i. xxiii. 90 It happened once to a Portuguese vessel..having passed the Canall [Fr. le canal] of Micobar, and Sombrero, called by the Indians, Jenibra, lying between Sumatra and the Continent.
1716 London Gaz. No. 5473/1 The Turkish Fleet having entred the Canal of Corfu.
1750 W. Beawes Lex Mercatoria (1752) 8 In the bottom of the Adriatick Sea there were a quantity of small marshy isles, separated only by narrow canals.
1829 Sun 17 Sept. 1/5 The canal of Constantinople, or of the Bosphorus, gives vent to the waters of the Black Sea, which flow..by the canal of the Dardanelles or of the Hellespont.
1856 tr. A. Vulliet Geogr. of Nature ix. 510 The St. Lawrence is less a river than a long strait or canal of fresh water, through which flow the great lakes of North America.
1928 A. T. Walden Dog-puncher on Yukon i. 3 Here our tug anchored about a mile out, at the head of the Lynn Canal, and our outfits were put on a lighter.
2015 V. Konrad in E. Brunet-Jailly Border Disputes II. 533 The Pearse Canal links with the Portland Canal at the north end of Pearse Island.
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the world > the earth > water > rivers and streams > stream > [noun] > watercourse or channel
runeOE
sitchOE
pipeOE
sichetc1133
guttera1300
siket1300
sikec1330
watergate1368
gole?a1400
gotea1400
flout14..
aa1430
trough1513
guta1552
race1570
lode1572
canala1576
ditch1589
trink1592
leam1601
dike1616
runlet1630
stell1651
nullah1656
course1665
drain1700
lade1706
droke1772
regimen1797
draught1807
adit1808
sluit1818
thalweg1831
runway1874
a1576 Bp. J. Pilkington Godlie Expos. Nehemiah (1585) (iii. 7) f. 44v The sinkes, Canals, and conduits, did wash and conuey away al the sweepings and filth of the streetes into the Brooke Cedron.
1674 W. Petty Disc. before Royal Soc. 37 The different Velocity of Bodies..experimented in large Canales, or Troughs of water, fitted with a convenient Apparatus for that purpose.
1757 W. Watson in Philos. Trans. 1756 (Royal Soc.) 49 900 One of the canals, which carries off the waste water from the baths.
1771 H. Cavendish in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 61 607 The fluid shall be able to pass readily from one body to the other by that canal.
5. A man-made watercourse constructed for some purpose. (Now the most common sense.)
a. An artificial or artificially enhanced waterway made for the passage of boats or ships inland, sometimes connecting rivers, lakes, or seas, and usually having locks by means of which the water level can be raised or lowered (see lock n.2 11).Also (with capital initials) in the names of specific waterways of this type, as Erie Canal, Grand Canal, Manchester Ship Canal, Panama Canal, Suez Canal, etc.
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the world > the earth > water > body of water > channel of water > [noun] > navigable waterway > canal
channel1579
canal1597
cut river1677
navigation1720
shipway1840
canalette1869
klong1898
1597 M. Drayton Englands Heroicall Epist. f. 60v Much is reported of the Graund Canale in Venice, for that the fronts on eyther side are so gorgeous.
1673 W. Temple Observ. United Provinces iii. 126 The great Rivers, and the strange number of Canals that are found in this Province.
1703 L. Huddleston (title) Method of conveying Boats or Barges from a higher to a lower level on Canals.
1797 J. Rennie (title) Report concerning a Canal proposed between Edinburgh and Glasgow.
1833 A. C. Flagg Let. 6 Sept. in Flagg Corr. (1986) 46 It is expected that the tolls upon the New-York and Ohio canals will be so much reduced the coming year, as to enable forwarders to transport merchandise from New-York City.
1857 H. T. Buckle Hist. Civilisation Eng. I. iii. 142 If we have no rivers, we make Canals.
1882 Times 3 July 5/1 The momentous Indian interests at stake in the preservation of the Suez Canal.
1910 L. G. McPherson Transportation in Europe 28 The charges made by the watercraft for transportation on the rivers and canals are not regulated.
1915 Naut. Gaz. 31 Mar. 4/1 The Panama Canal has brought us the steam schooner and other..curiosities.
1926 Washington Post 7 Dec. 14/7 ‘Water taxis’ are to be installed here [sc. in Amsterdam] for service in the canals which wind about the city.
1989 A. Aird 1990 Good Pub Guide 66/1 A flight of locks on the Grand Union Canal.
2015 S. Jasmon Summer of Secrets iv. 36 A minor road crossed the canal by way of a small hump-backed bridge.
b. An artificial channel dug to drain land or to convey water for irrigation; an irrigation or drainage canal. Cf. sense 4.
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1691 N. Luttrell Diary in Brief Hist. Relation State Affairs (1857) II. 199 They..are making canalls to drain the moras.
1787 A. Young Ann. Agric. 8 268 In the flat vales, where canals of irrigation are made, at a small expence.
1838 A. W. C. Lindsay Lett. on Egypt, Edom & Holy Land vi. 205 Fields of the richest verdure, irrigated by innumerable little canals, about a foot wide.
1899 F. H. King Irrigation & Drainage vi. 246 A long, sharp lip, over which the water may spill back into the canal.
1901 Oakland (Calif.) Tribune 22 June 4/3 The Abana River..supplies the city of Damascus and irrigates 150 square miles, with 500 canals.
1972 M. Kline Math. Thought i. 11 Canals, drains, and other irrigation projects.
2006 P. C. Hoffer Brave New World 191 Using dikes to hold out the North Sea and cutting canals to drain the marshes, the Dutch made the sea their partner.
6. A long, narrow piece of ornamental water in a garden or park. (In later use probably extended from or influenced by sense 5.)The feature in St. James's Park in London formerly called the canal was reshaped into a lake in the early 19th cent.
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the world > the earth > water > lake > pond > [noun] > ornamental
canal1664
water feature1841
1664 S. Pepys Diary 14 Mar. (1971) V. 83 My Lord Southamptons canaille.
1666 S. Pepys Diary 15 July (1972) VII. 207 Walked..to the park, and there, it being mighty hot, and I weary, lay down by the Canaille.
1725 London Gaz. No. 6388/3 A Canal or Fish-Pond well stocked.
1726 H. de Saumarez in Philos. Trans. 1725 (Royal Soc.) 33 412 Having a Boat on the Canal in St. James's Park.
1751 S. Johnson Rambler No. 142. ⁋4 The wall which inclosed the gardens..and the canals.
1826 W. Hone Every-day Bk. (1827) II. 102 Skating..on the Canal in St. James's..park.
1967 Monroe (Louisiana) News-Star 10 Nov. 21/4 Included in the plans are boat rides on a lagoon system to be refined, taking advantage of existing canals in the park.
2014 Times 20 May 4 The canals in the garden covered with illuminated boats.
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society > communication > [noun] > medium of
conveyance1548
internunce1674
canal1722
mulga wire1927
the world > action or operation > advantage > usefulness > use (made of things) > instrumentality > [noun]
ministration1495
moyena1578
ministry1581
agency1625
instrumentalness1632
instrumentality1646
instrumency1652
canal1722
instrumentation1841
1722 R. Wodrow Corr. (1843) II. 658 You will not fail to send..a full account of your Synod, and I shall be a canal to your friends at Edinburgh.
1751 T. Smollett Peregrine Pickle III. xcii. 293 Ignorant of the canal through which he obtained that promotion.
1779 Sir W. Hamilton in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 70 43 The Royal Society..through the respectable canal of its worthy president.
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society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > building or constructing with stone > [noun] > stonework or masonry > types of
ashlar-work1398
rough wall1398
keying1483
corbelling1548
rustic1610
channel1611
rustic work1615
ledge1624
coffer-work1668
rubble work1675
canal1723
rockwork1755
ashlaring1758
rubble1815
ragwork1840
striped work1842
1723 E. Chambers tr. S. Le Clerc Treat. Archit. I. 60 The large Canal [Fr. Canal] that forms the Mouchette or Chin of the Larmier.
1842 J. Gwilt Encycl. Archit. Gloss. 942 Canal, the flutings of a column or pilaster. The canal of the volute is the spiral channel, or sinking on its face, commencing at the eye, and following in the revolutions of the volute. The canal of the larmier is the channel or groove sunk on its soffite to throw off the rain.
1889 Jrnl. Hellenic Stud. 10 9 The canalof the volute instead of being hollow is raised precisely as in the capital of the archaic temple at Samos.
9. Astronomy. Any of a number of linear markings on the planet Mars formerly reported by some telescopic observers. Now historical.The ‘canals’ of Mars were described by the Italian astronomer Schiaparelli in 1878 ( G. V. Schiaparelli Osservazioni astronomiche e fisiche sull'asse di rotazione e sulla topografia del pianeta Marte 32), employing the Italian word canale, which has a broadly similar range of meanings to English canal and channel. Discussion of these supposed features was popularized by the U.S. astronomer Percival Lowell in the 1890s and early 1900s, who proposed that they represented former waterways made by an advanced civilization and drew extensive maps. Observations of the surface of Mars by space probes in the 1960s revealed that the linear markings were optical illusions.
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the world > the universe > planet > primary planet > superior planet > [noun] > Mars > canal
canal1879
1879 Mem. Royal Astron. Soc. 1877–79 44 125 It is possible that this tendency of the eye to see, or suppose that it sees, a continuation to an indefinite shape, may account to some extent for the attenuated lines in some of Mr. Dawes' views of the planet, and also for the remarkable dark canals, extending into the lighter portion of the surface, so strongly depicted in the maps of Professor Schiaparelli.
1888 Edinb. Rev. Jan. 26 Indications derived as to the nature of the mysterious Martian canals.
1895 P. Lowell Mars iv. 165 That what we see is not the canal proper, but the line of land it irrigates, disposes incidentally of the difficulty of conceiving a canal several miles wide.
1926 H. C. Macpherson Mod. Astron. iv. 56 These lines he [sc. Schiaparelli] designated by the Italian word ‘canali’, which actually means ‘channels’, but was translated into English as ‘canals’.
1969 Times 19 Feb. 13/4 The close-ups will pick out detail down to 900 ft. across and may resolve the question of the curious linear markings nicknamed canals.
2010 D. A. Rothery Planets: Very Short Introd. ii. 56 The notorious ‘canals’ of Mars mapped by the Italian Giovanni Schiaparelli in 1877, and subsequently championed by the American Percival Lowell who..thought they were giant works of engineering by intelligent Martians, are illusory.
Compounds
C1. General attributive.
canal barge n. [barge n.1]
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1773 R. Whitworth Rep. & Surv. Canal Waltham-Abbey to Moorfields 2 Most Canal Barges go indifferently with either End first, and therefore no Provision is made for turning them.
1857 West London Standard 22 July 15/3 The captain of a canal barge..said he had known the prisoner many years.
1972 Mariner's Mirror 58 108 'Butty' as a mate or companion on a towed canal barge appears late in the eighteenth century.
2003 R. H. Rubin Chesapeake & Ohio Canal 22 (caption) Today, visitors can ride a canal barge from either Georgetown or Great Falls.
canal bridge n.
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1773 J. Sharp Addr. Lord-Mayor London 6 (margin) in R. Whitworth Rep. & Surv. Canal Waltham-Abbey to Moorfields Canal Bridges occasion no Delay.
1810 in Rec. Early Hist. Boston (1904) XXXIII. 446 A remonstrance from a great number of inhabitants..against the use of the wharf adjoining the canal bridge.
a1911 D. G. Phillips Susan Lenox (1917) I. xviii. 314 She rested from time to time..leaning upon the rail of a canal bridge.
2005 Cycling World Oct. 8/2 Soon after crossing the canal bridge I heard a woodpecker drumming.
canal carrier n.
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1800 Bancks's Manch. & Salford Directory 196 Worthington and Gilbert, canal carriers, Castle-Quay.
1819 Post Office London Directory 319 Canal-carriers to Manchester, Liverpool, and Staffordshire Potteries.
1921 Greater New York 24 Jan. 13/2 The lake carrier is far more economical than the ocean carrier; and the economy of the canal carrier is still greater.
2012 A. Popp Entrepreneurial Families ii.27 A massive..undergrowth of functions and infrastructure emerged;..carters and canal carriers..coaching inns and commercial hotels.
canal lock n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > water > body of water > channel of water > [noun] > navigable waterway > canal > lock or chamber
lock1590
sasse1642
lock pit?1761
canal lock1768
lock chamber1795
chamber1837
lock pena1864
1768 G. Chalmers Let. to W. Pulteney on Forth & Clyde Navigation 25 The general loss of a tide in entering to or from the Canal lock.
1860 J. Redpath Public Life Capt. John Brown 258 They asked me the news, and I gave the information that I received at the canal lock and on the road.
1979 Associated Press (Nexis) 3 Jan. Thousand [sic] of Chinese grass carp have been dumped in the Panama Canal in the hope that they will clog the gates of the canal locks.
2012 Huddersfield Daily Examiner (Nexis) 6 July 5 A vicious thug stabbed a dog twice in the head—and then tried to hang it in a Huddersfield canal lock.
canal man n.
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1818 L. Hunt Foliage p. lxxxv To encounter a throng of Canal-men, and hod-men.
1828 Fall Brunswick Theatre 1 Rivermen, canalmen, and their families.
1916 R. Kay Go ahead Boys & Mysterious Old House 206 Suddenly..in the crowd he discovered the canal-man.
2009 T. McNeese Erie Canal vii. 85 In the summer of 1819, the canal men were beset by heat, humidity, and mosquitoes.
C2. Instrumental.
canal-watered adj.
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1869 C. H. T. Crosthwaite Notes North-Western Provinces India 86 Assessing canal-watered estates to the land revenue.
1984 I. Stone Canal Irrigation Brit. India 132 Focussing on the total supply of manure may be misleading..in a discussion of its application to outlying canal-watered fields.
2011 A. Sinha Nitish Kumar & Rise Bihar 288 There are a number of river irrigation projects..that are expected to add to canal-watered area in the north Bihar plains.
C3. † canal moulding n. Obsolete rare (apparently) a moulding (moulding n.1 2b) with a concave semi-tubular profile.
canal basin n. a basin (basin n. 9b) constructed as part of a canal or canal system, typically providing facilities for mooring and loading (or unloading) of boats, and room for them to turn or to pass one another.
ΚΠ
1799 R. Dodd Rep. Proposed Canal Navigation Rivers Thames & Medway 10 To purchasing 48 acres of land at 40l. per acre, for the canal basins, towing-path, &c..£1,920.
1842 N.-Y. Spectator 17 May The canal basin at that place is completely blocked up with canal and tow boats, loading and unloading.
1940 Palestine Post 24 May 3/2 In Port Said today..an occasional khaki painted transport is still to be found in one of the canal basins.
2015 J. Waudby One of Us xiii. 101 I come out alongside a canal basin with houseboats and barges moored up against neat walkways.
canal boat n. a boat used on a canal; esp. (British) a long, narrow boat of the type traditionally used to carry goods on canals (cf. narrowboat n.).
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > vessel of specific construction or shape > flat-bottomed boat > [noun] > canal boat
trekschuit1696
canal boat1770
narrowboat1836
fly-boat1841
monkey boat1885
canaller1887
1770 Gen. Evening Post 18 Aug. That river is made sufficiently deep for the canal boats.
1877 Act 40 & 41 Vict. c. 60 §3 Every canal boat..shall be lettered, marked, and numbered.
1914 T. S. Eliot Let. 14 Oct. (1988) I. 63 As the canal boat carries him westward up the Erie he turns and gazes at the Statue of Liberty disappearing on the horizon.
2011 Wall St. Jrnl. 2 Apr. d3/1 Whenever I fall to daydreaming about the English landscape, I see it from the stern of a canal boat, tiller in hand, the diesel engine churring underfoot.
canal-built adj. now rare (of a vessel) having a body built for or adapted to canal navigation.
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1861 Daily Cleveland Herald 2 Sept. The propeller Detroit..makes her first trip today with a good cargo. She is a canal-built boat, to run on the Dunkirk line.
1880 Iron 14 May 356 It is stated that the Welland Canal can be opened with 12 feet of water next season. This will enable the canal-built vessels to take a full load.
1954 London Calling 21 Nov. 8/1 I even took this canal-built boat down the alarming tideway as far as Gravesend, which really was an adventure because..she had only one engine, and was flat-bottomed.
canal cell n. Botany any of a number of short-lived cells present in either the neck or central cavity of an archegonium, which typically degrade to form the canal through which fertilization takes place.Cf. neck canal cell n. at neck n.1 Compounds 2.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > spore or sporule > cryptogam or plant having spores > [noun] > parts of > cells > other cryptogam cells
canal cell1864
hyaline cell1870
neck cell1877
neck canal cell1887
1864 Nat. Hist. Rev. Apr. 234 Assuming the so-called canal-cell, and with it the membrane of the central cell, to be ruptured at the apex, the lower portion of the membrane of the canal-cell would still..remain as a barrier to prevent the free passage of the spermatozoa.
1936 W. Stiles Introd. Princ. Plant Physiol. xviii. 399 Absorption of water by the walls of the canal cells of the archegonium results in the disappearance of these walls also, leaving a channel for the passage of the spermatozoid to the ovum.
2013 Plant Physiol. 162 1406 The PpSHI genes are required for..the progression of canal cells into a cell death program.
canal estate n. (a) (chiefly South Asian) a property, typically with a house, irrigated by a canal; (b) (chiefly Australian and U.S.) a housing development built along the edge of a canal, chiefly as a result of dredging of wetland.
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1844 Colonial Gaz. 14 Dec. 772/2 [The fire] appears to have reached the back of the canal estates on Sunday last.
1887 W. W. Hunter Imperial Gazetteer India (ed. 2) XII. 75 The people..strive to get a few acres of canal land to cultivate in years of drought; and so great is the burden of this to the dwellers in canal estates, that they will not marry their daughters into rain-land villages.
1941 Allahabad Farmer Mar. 68 [Buffaloes] are therefore found in large numbers in villages where rain water collects, in the canal estates, and along rivers and streams.
1974 Soil & Water June 28/1 Canal estates provide a form of waterfront living carefully worked out to suit Australian needs.
1990 I. Douglas in B. L. Turner et al. Earth Transformed by Human Action (1993) xiii. 223/1 Many immigrants within Australia and the United States move from temperate cities to subtropical coastal canal estates.
2015 Age (Melbourne) (Nexis) 4 July 6 The modern two-storey house..sits on one of the largest blocks in the canal estate.
canal incline n. an incline used instead of a lock or locks for transferring canal boats from one level to another.
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society > travel > travel by water > propelling other than by sail or oars > [noun] > inclined plane or lift for passing boat over
canal lift1831
canal incline1852
boat slide1860
1852 Civil Engineer & Architect's Jrnl. 15 201/1 On the Shropshire canal incline, the weight of the boat, carriage, and load, is about 11 tons.
1902 Encycl. Brit. XXVI. 555/1 Canal inclines were early adopted on canals where loss of water in lockage was of importance.
2011 R. D. Schuiling et al. in V. Badescu & R. B. Cathcart Macro-engin. Seawater Unique Environments 136 It is also possible that a ship railway, canal lift or canal incline might suffice to serve the shipping traffic.
canal lift n. a boat lift used instead of a lock or locks for transferring canal boats from one level to another.
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society > travel > travel by water > propelling other than by sail or oars > [noun] > inclined plane or lift for passing boat over
canal lift1831
canal incline1852
boat slide1860
1831 Reg. Pennsylvania 4 June 353/2 On a rail road, a few inclined planes, executed generally at as little cost, and passed over in as small a space of time as an equal number of locks would require, surmount often twenty times the elevation of an ordinary canal lift.
1876 Minutes Proc. Inst. Civil Engineers 45 107 Hydraulic Canal Lift at Anderton, on the River Weaver.
2007 E. Palmer Sc. Canoe Classics 123 The Falkirk Wheel canal lift is a modern wonder of the world.
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1902 L. V. Lockwood Colonial Furnit. Amer. (new ed.) 56 The moulding..is formed by bordering an applied strip about half an inch wide with a bead-moulding. This is sometimes known as a canal-moulding.
canal rays n. [after German Kanalstrahlen, plural noun (E. Goldstein 1886, in Berliner Berichte 39 691); so called on account of the openings in the cathode through which the ions pass (compare quot. 1957)] Physics (now historical) streams of positive ions which are produced in a high-vacuum discharge tube and move towards the cathode, some of them passing through openings in it (cf. positive rays n. at positive adj. and n. Compounds).Also (chiefly in attributive use) in singular.
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the world > matter > physics > atomic nucleus > radioactivity > ionizing radiation > [noun] > rays penetrating cathode
canal rays1897
1897 Jrnl. Physical Chem. 1 752 A number of substances were subjected to the action of: 1, Cathode rays; 2, Röntgen rays; 3, Becquerel's rays; 4, Goldstein's (canal rays); 5, Hertz (discharge) rays.
1904 E. Rutherford in Technics July 12/2 The rays from radium are very similar to those produced when a strong electric discharge is sent through a vacuum tube... The α rays are very analogous to the ‘canal’ rays discovered by Goldstein.
1916 Sci. Abstr. A. 19 154 The inhomogeneity of the field in the canal-ray tube.
1957 Encycl. Brit. XVIII. 882 c/1 Goldstein first observed..streams of luminous gas back of a perforated cathode..as if..ionizing particles were coming through the holes..and ionizing the gas... These radiations..were first called kanalstrahlen, or canal rays.
2004 B. Bunch & A. Hellemans Hist. Sci. & Technol. 422/1 Later canal rays will be found to consist of ions that have had electrons stripped in producing the cathode ray.
canal-side (a) n. the side of a canal; the area beside a canal; (b) adj. of, belonging to, or situated on a canal-side.
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1691 W. Walsh Dialogue conc. Women 6 I challenge you to the private Walk by the Canal-side, to defend their Cause.
1745 St. James's Evening Post 20 Apr. 3/2 There was a strong Party of French, in a Wood..not far from the Canal Side.
1873 Dark Blue Jan. 563 I had ordained on the evening in question a stroll along the canal side.
1887 Aurelia (Iowa) Sentinel 3 Feb. 2/5 The canal-side houses are very inviting.
1930 Altoona (Pa.) Mirror 13 Mar. 18/4 There is an hour of mandolin tinkling and beer drinking in the canal-side cafe.
1977 D. Owen Canals to Manch. v. 60 A few derelict buildings still stand by the canalside.
2002 D. Aitkenhead Promised Land xx. 198 People could..afford to live in a canal-side apartment as opposed to a towerblock.
canalwise adv. by means of a canal; with regard to, or in the manner of, a canal or canals.Earliest in figurative context. N.E.D. (1888) records this word as canal-ways, based on a misreading of quot. 1831.
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1831 Westm. Rev. Jan. 99 If the Chinese should be found some morning to have..conveyed their moral government canal-wise to the other side of the Great Wall.
1908 S. R. Crockett Deep Moat Grange xi. 93 There is..always some water in the Lane, which trenches the meadows and runs canalwise through the fringing woods.
1973 Cumberland (Maryland) Evening Times 30 Apr. 11/6 We are now at a critical period of time if we hope to have anything canalwise by the Bicentennial celebration in 1976.
2015 H. May Rough Cut i. 4 Canal wise, there was little ahead, or behind for that matter, for many miles.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2017; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
canalv.
/kəˈnal/, U.S. /kəˈnæl/ 1.
a. transitive. To cut a canal or canals in, through, or across (land); to provide with a canal or canals. Now rare.
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the world > the earth > water > body of water > channel of water > [verb (transitive)] > convert into canal
canal1792
canalize1830
the world > the earth > water > body of water > channel of water > [verb (transitive)] > furnish with canals
canalize1860
canal1870
1792 G. W. Lemon Dugdale's Hist. Imbanking & Draining Fens iv. 7/2 The beds of the rivers were scoured, and the lands canaled [1662 trenched].
1829 A. Royall Pennsylvania I. 123 I am pleased to hear they are canaling and rail-roading the whole country.
1870 R. W. Emerson Society & Solitude vii. 131 Canalling the American Isthmus.
1913 South Carolina Hist. & Geneal. Mag. Apr. 68 The forest growth had to be removed, and then the land had to be..canalled, ditched and banked into smaller subdivisions.
2010 D. Mitchell Legacy ix. 224 Canalling the Isthmus of Corinth..[mirrored] the exploits of Periander.
b. transitive. To make (a body of water) navigable as or like a canal; to convert into or circumvent with a canal.
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1799 Act S. Blodget locking Amoskeag Falls (State of New Hampsh.) (single sheet) He has been at very great expense in Locking and Canalling said Falls.
1828 W. Darby View of U.S. I. xi. 458 The Schuylkill River has been completely canalled, from tide water..to the extensive coal mines on its sources.
1905 Daily Chron. 29 July 9/2 The river..has now been canalled, and is controlled by fourteen locks.
1995 Toronto Star (Nexis) 11 Feb. b7 Since Victorian times... huge fortunes have been spent..canalling, channelling, embanking and diking almost everything that flows.
2012 L. M. Crutcher George Keats of Kentucky 103 A rivalry..between factions in Indiana and Kentucky over which side of the falls should be canalled.
2. † a. intransitive. To dig or make canals (along, across, through a place). Obsolete.
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1828 Reg. Deb. Congr. 4 ii. 2251 To canal across lofty mountains must be considered as a physical impossibility.
1829 B. Wright Let. in Publ. Buffalo Hist. Soc. (1879) 2 239 Morris looked only to canaling along the valleys of the natural water courses to Lake Ontario.
1916 Landmark (Statesville, N. Carolina) 25 Aug. 1/2 He is willing for petitioners to canal through his land..if it is done without cost or damage.
b. intransitive. To travel by canal, now esp. recreationally; to engage in canalling (canalling n. 2).
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1913 Sessional Papers Canada 1912–13 (12 Parl., 2nd Sess.) XII: Pt. ii. No. 19 a. 719 When you are canalling you never know, what is going to get in the way.
1969 M. Feld Sabbatical Year 71 Towpaths and tiddly bridges where Inland Waterways people canalled along.
1998 Post Standard (Syracuse, N.Y.) (Nexis) 23 Apr. 33/3 So we ended up calling a couple who were canalling and persuading them to let us borrow the boat.
2007 Age (Melbourne) 11 Aug. 3 Telling stories, their greatest journeys, circumnavigating Warwickshire or canalling south through France on some summer's idyll.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2017; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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