affinen.adj.

Brit.

/əˈfʌɪn/, U.S.

/əˈfaɪn/

Forms: 1500s affyne, 1500s– affine.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French affin; Latin affīnis.

Etymology: < (i) Anglo-Norman and Middle French, French affin (noun) relative by marriage (1223 in Old French as afin ), ally, associate (1334), (adjective) closely connected or linked (1270 in Old French in sense ‘similar’; obsolete after the 16th cent.; reborrowed in the mid 19th cent.); and its etymon (ii) classical Latin affīnis (adjective) bordering (on), related by marriage, closely related, connected, in post-classical Latin also preserving finiteness (1748 in Euler in mathematical context: see note), (noun) neighbour, relation by marriage, accomplice < af- , variant of ad- (see af- prefix) + fīnis end, border (see fine n.¹). Compare Spanish afín (late 13th cent. (as †affin ) as noun, early 19th cent. as adjective), Portuguese afim (1565 as adjective; also as noun), Italian affine (1330 as noun, 1743 as adjective), and also German affin , adjective (late 18th cent.; 1835 or earlier in specific use in mathematics). Compare earlier affinity n.With the specific use in mathematics compare:1748 L. Euler Introductio in analysin infinitorum II. xviii. 239 Quia Curvæ hoc modo ortæ inter se quandam Affinitatem tenent, has Curvas affines vocabimus. [Since curves originating in this manner show some kind of affinity to each other, we shall call these curves ‘affine’.]

A. n.

1. A relative by marriage. Now chiefly Anthropology.With extended use in quot. 1893 cf. affinity n. 3.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > [noun] > relative by marriage

affinea1509

connection1780

affinal1883

a1509 King Henry VII in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1824) 1st Ser. I. 55 His Cousyn and affyne the King of Spayne.

?1555 T. Paynell tr. J. L. Vives Office of Husband sig. O.v^v Hurtfull pleasure of thyne affines and kynsmen.

1660 Bp. J. Taylor Ductor Dubitantium I. ii. ii. 304 Brothers and Sisters and their affines or allies, their Husbands and wives respectively.

1725 N. Bailey tr. Erasmus All Familiar Colloquies 60 They are call'd, Affines, Kinsmen, who are ally'd not by Blood, but Marriage.

1736 ‘Sempronius’ Let. 12 May in S. Keimer Caribbeana (1741) II. 152 Those relations the Husband has by Marriages that have happen'd..are his Affines.

1842 Amer. Biblical Repository Oct. 431 Three classes of relatives embraced in the table, viz., a man's own blood relatives, the blood relatives of his wife, and affines, meaning..such as have become relatives by being married to relatives.

1891 Central Law Jrnl. 32 443/1 The consanguinei of the wife are the affines of the husband, and vice-versa.

1893 Spectator 6 May 592/1 Because they [sc. a son and his father's goddaughter] are in some sense close spiritual affines.

1950 M. Wilson in A. R. Radcliffe-Brown & C. D. Forde Afr. Syst. Kinship & Marriage 124 The crux of Nyakyusa ideas of marriage: relations between affines (abako) are ideally permanent—a divorce should never occur; a dead husband should be replaced by his heir, a dead wife by her younger sister or brother's daughter.

1964 Amer. Anthropologist 66 1259 A senior affine may not always be avoided.

2009 Nature 17 Dec. 862/2 In the simplest (and implicitly oldest) systems, these networks are structured by a binary classification of relatives into two classes: unmarriageable kin and marriageable affines.

†2. More generally: a person or thing that is connected or linked to something else. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1538 T. Elyot Dict. Affines, in fieldes betokeneth adioynyng.

1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VII f. l^v He that coulde but onely reade..shoulde likewise as affines and alyes to the holy orders be saued, and committed to the Bishoppes pryson.

B. adj.

1. Closely connected or linked. Frequently with to, †unto.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > [adjective] > closely

nareOE

nighOE

neara1375

necessarya1382

germanea1449

native1488

near of kin1491

tender1508

near akinc1515

cousin1590

affine1614

own1671

tight-knit1832

the world > relative properties > relationship > [adjective] > related or connected > closely related

speciala1398

sib?1507

affined1586

cousin1590

affine1614

incorporatea1616

vehementa1626

intimate1692

affinitive1745

affiliate1800

affinal1834

proximate1985

1614 W. Raleigh Hist. World i. i. x. §6. 193 (heading) The name of Belvs, and other names affine vnto it.

1649 W. Charleton in tr. J. B. van Helmont Ternary of Paradoxes Prolegomena sig. f4 Whatever soundeth but analogous or affine, that doth Reason positively judge, consonant and homogeneous to verity.

1657 R. Tomlinson tr. J. de Renou Medicinal Materials i, in Medicinal Dispensatory sig. Nn Thymelæa indeed, and Chamelæa, are affine both in form and nature.

1883 Academy 13 Oct. 240/1 [The statement is] free from that acrimonious spirit in which writers of a creed more affine to that of the Church of England frequently indulge when criticising her traditions.

1927 C. C. Martindale Relig. of World 67 Man with one part of himself was affine to the rest of creation, and with another, was affine to God.

1988 A. Comfort in Guardian (Nexis) 13 May 28/3 What Foucault actually does is to go through the philosophers most affine in style to the liberal-arts exercise.

2. Mathematics. Of a transformation: that preserves collinearity, relationships of parallelism, and ratios of distance; (of geometry) dealing with properties unchanged by such a transformation; relating to or involving such transformations.In affine geometry the concept of angle is undefined, and comparison of straight lines in different directions cannot be carried out (these two facts being equivalent to the third and fourth postulates of Euclid not holding).

ΚΠ

1895 Ann. Math. 9 65 Let us find the differential equations of the first order which are invariant under the G₁ of the affine transformations in the plane.

1919 Amer. Math. Monthly 26 200 They may be called geometries in the sense of Klein and properly specified by the word affine.

1923 A. S. Eddington Math. Theory Relativity vii. 214 If a displacement AB is equivalent to CD, then AC is equivalent to BD. This is the necessary condition for what is called affine geometry.

1935 Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 38 595 A one-to-one transformation of a region Γ..is affine, if it carries three parallel pencils in Γ into three parallel pencils.

1966 L. M. Milne-Thomson Theoret. Aerodynam. (ed. 4) xv. 278 If we choose λβ² = ν, the mapping will be affine.

1972 M. Kline Math. Thought xxxviii. 918 Affine geometry is the set of properties and relations invariant under the affine group.

2003 M. Kraak & F. Ormeling Cartography (ed. 2) v. 74/1 An affine transformation converts all coordinates of a specific data set into the coordinates of another coordinate system.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2012; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

affinev.

Brit.

/əˈfʌɪn/, U.S.

/əˈfaɪn/

Forms: late Middle English 1600s 1800s– affine, 1500s affyne (Scottish).

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymons: French afiner, affiner.

Etymology: Originally < Anglo-Norman and Middle French afiner, affiner (French affiner ) to purify (1223 in Old French in a theological context with reference to the purification of the soul, a1282 or earlier with reference to the purification of metal, also with other substances as object) < classical Latin affīnare to refine (frequently from 13th cent. in British and continental sources) < af- , variant of ad- (see af- prefix) + fīnis end (see fine n.¹). In later use apparently reborrowed < French affiner. Compare also Middle French, French raffiner (see note at refine v.). Compare Old Occitan afinar , Catalan afinar (14th cent.), Spanish afinar (13th cent.), Portuguese afinar (15th cent.), Italian affinare (last quarter of the 12th cent.); also German (rare) affinieren (1506). Compare earlier fine v.³

†1. transitive. To refine (metal). Obsolete (rare after 16th cent.).

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with metal > work with metal [verb (transitive)] > refine > refine gold or silver

affine?1473

concentrate1873

?1473 W. Caxton tr. R. Le Fèvre Recuyell Hist. Troye (1894) I. lf. 8 To melte metall and to affine gold.

1575–6 in J. H. Burton Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1878) 1st Ser. II. 512 Ane quantitie of the said [copper and lead] ure to be affynit for ane pruif.

1591 in M. Napier Mem. J. Napier of Merchiston (1834) 230 Quhat free proffeit his majestie will ressave upone ilk stane wecht [of bullion] being affynit and prentit.

1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. xxxiii. vi. 473 Verie proper it [sc. quicksilver] is therefore to affine gold.

1857 London Q. Rev. Oct. 104 An enormous quantity of old silver has been treated in this way, and the gold has been extracted from it. In Paris alone, quantities worth two hundred millions of francs were for some time annually exposed to this operation, or affined, to use the technical term.

2. transitive. To refine (raw sugar) by means of affination (affination n. 2).

ΚΠ

1907 N. I. Stone Promotion of Commerce in Europe & U.S. 93 It is not practicable to affine sugar of a very small or of a very irregular grain.

1932 Facts about Sugar Sept. 408/1 Its use for washing or affining raw sugar.

1978 D. Smith Cane Sugar World xxi. 115/1 The sugar is..affined in the high-grade raw sugar centrifugals, and then subjected to melting and the other processes of the regular refining procedure.

2003 M. A. Godshall in J. A. Kent Riegel's Handbk. Industr. Chem. (ed. 10) ix. 343 Refined sugar crystals are recovered from the mother liquor by centrifuging the massecuite in equipment similar to that used for affining raw sugar.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2012; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	affine
释义	affinen.adj. Brit. /əˈfʌɪn/, U.S. /əˈfaɪn/ Forms: 1500s affyne, 1500s– affine. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French affin; Latin affīnis. Etymology: < (i) Anglo-Norman and Middle French, French affin (noun) relative by marriage (1223 in Old French as afin ), ally, associate (1334), (adjective) closely connected or linked (1270 in Old French in sense ‘similar’; obsolete after the 16th cent.; reborrowed in the mid 19th cent.); and its etymon (ii) classical Latin affīnis (adjective) bordering (on), related by marriage, closely related, connected, in post-classical Latin also preserving finiteness (1748 in Euler in mathematical context: see note), (noun) neighbour, relation by marriage, accomplice < af- , variant of ad- (see af- prefix) + fīnis end, border (see fine n.¹). Compare Spanish afín (late 13th cent. (as †affin ) as noun, early 19th cent. as adjective), Portuguese afim (1565 as adjective; also as noun), Italian affine (1330 as noun, 1743 as adjective), and also German affin , adjective (late 18th cent.; 1835 or earlier in specific use in mathematics). Compare earlier affinity n.With the specific use in mathematics compare:1748 L. Euler Introductio in analysin infinitorum II. xviii. 239 Quia Curvæ hoc modo ortæ inter se quandam Affinitatem tenent, has Curvas affines vocabimus. [Since curves originating in this manner show some kind of affinity to each other, we shall call these curves ‘affine’.] A. n. 1. A relative by marriage. Now chiefly Anthropology.With extended use in quot. 1893 cf. affinity n. 3. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > [noun] > relative by marriage affinea1509 connection1780 affinal1883 a1509 King Henry VII in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1824) 1st Ser. I. 55 His Cousyn and affyne the King of Spayne. ?1555 T. Paynell tr. J. L. Vives Office of Husband sig. O.v^v Hurtfull pleasure of thyne affines and kynsmen. 1660 Bp. J. Taylor Ductor Dubitantium I. ii. ii. 304 Brothers and Sisters and their affines or allies, their Husbands and wives respectively. 1725 N. Bailey tr. Erasmus All Familiar Colloquies 60 They are call'd, Affines, Kinsmen, who are ally'd not by Blood, but Marriage. 1736 ‘Sempronius’ Let. 12 May in S. Keimer Caribbeana (1741) II. 152 Those relations the Husband has by Marriages that have happen'd..are his Affines. 1842 Amer. Biblical Repository Oct. 431 Three classes of relatives embraced in the table, viz., a man's own blood relatives, the blood relatives of his wife, and affines, meaning..such as have become relatives by being married to relatives. 1891 Central Law Jrnl. 32 443/1 The consanguinei of the wife are the affines of the husband, and vice-versa. 1893 Spectator 6 May 592/1 Because they [sc. a son and his father's goddaughter] are in some sense close spiritual affines. 1950 M. Wilson in A. R. Radcliffe-Brown & C. D. Forde Afr. Syst. Kinship & Marriage 124 The crux of Nyakyusa ideas of marriage: relations between affines (abako) are ideally permanent—a divorce should never occur; a dead husband should be replaced by his heir, a dead wife by her younger sister or brother's daughter. 1964 Amer. Anthropologist 66 1259 A senior affine may not always be avoided. 2009 Nature 17 Dec. 862/2 In the simplest (and implicitly oldest) systems, these networks are structured by a binary classification of relatives into two classes: unmarriageable kin and marriageable affines. †2. More generally: a person or thing that is connected or linked to something else. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1538 T. Elyot Dict. Affines, in fieldes betokeneth adioynyng. 1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VII f. l^v He that coulde but onely reade..shoulde likewise as affines and alyes to the holy orders be saued, and committed to the Bishoppes pryson. B. adj. 1. Closely connected or linked. Frequently with to, †unto. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > [adjective] > closely nareOE nighOE neara1375 necessarya1382 germanea1449 native1488 near of kin1491 tender1508 near akinc1515 cousin1590 affine1614 own1671 tight-knit1832 the world > relative properties > relationship > [adjective] > related or connected > closely related speciala1398 sib?1507 affined1586 cousin1590 affine1614 incorporatea1616 vehementa1626 intimate1692 affinitive1745 affiliate1800 affinal1834 proximate1985 1614 W. Raleigh Hist. World i. i. x. §6. 193 (heading) The name of Belvs, and other names affine vnto it. 1649 W. Charleton in tr. J. B. van Helmont Ternary of Paradoxes Prolegomena sig. f4 Whatever soundeth but analogous or affine, that doth Reason positively judge, consonant and homogeneous to verity. 1657 R. Tomlinson tr. J. de Renou Medicinal Materials i, in Medicinal Dispensatory sig. Nn Thymelæa indeed, and Chamelæa, are affine both in form and nature. 1883 Academy 13 Oct. 240/1 [The statement is] free from that acrimonious spirit in which writers of a creed more affine to that of the Church of England frequently indulge when criticising her traditions. 1927 C. C. Martindale Relig. of World 67 Man with one part of himself was affine to the rest of creation, and with another, was affine to God. 1988 A. Comfort in Guardian (Nexis) 13 May 28/3 What Foucault actually does is to go through the philosophers most affine in style to the liberal-arts exercise. 2. Mathematics. Of a transformation: that preserves collinearity, relationships of parallelism, and ratios of distance; (of geometry) dealing with properties unchanged by such a transformation; relating to or involving such transformations.In affine geometry the concept of angle is undefined, and comparison of straight lines in different directions cannot be carried out (these two facts being equivalent to the third and fourth postulates of Euclid not holding). ΚΠ 1895 Ann. Math. 9 65 Let us find the differential equations of the first order which are invariant under the G₁ of the affine transformations in the plane. 1919 Amer. Math. Monthly 26 200 They may be called geometries in the sense of Klein and properly specified by the word affine. 1923 A. S. Eddington Math. Theory Relativity vii. 214 If a displacement AB is equivalent to CD, then AC is equivalent to BD. This is the necessary condition for what is called affine geometry. 1935 Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 38 595 A one-to-one transformation of a region Γ..is affine, if it carries three parallel pencils in Γ into three parallel pencils. 1966 L. M. Milne-Thomson Theoret. Aerodynam. (ed. 4) xv. 278 If we choose λβ² = ν, the mapping will be affine. 1972 M. Kline Math. Thought xxxviii. 918 Affine geometry is the set of properties and relations invariant under the affine group. 2003 M. Kraak & F. Ormeling Cartography (ed. 2) v. 74/1 An affine transformation converts all coordinates of a specific data set into the coordinates of another coordinate system. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2012; most recently modified version published online December 2021). affinev. Brit. /əˈfʌɪn/, U.S. /əˈfaɪn/ Forms: late Middle English 1600s 1800s– affine, 1500s affyne (Scottish). Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymons: French afiner, affiner. Etymology: Originally < Anglo-Norman and Middle French afiner, affiner (French affiner ) to purify (1223 in Old French in a theological context with reference to the purification of the soul, a1282 or earlier with reference to the purification of metal, also with other substances as object) < classical Latin affīnare to refine (frequently from 13th cent. in British and continental sources) < af- , variant of ad- (see af- prefix) + fīnis end (see fine n.¹). In later use apparently reborrowed < French affiner. Compare also Middle French, French raffiner (see note at refine v.). Compare Old Occitan afinar , Catalan afinar (14th cent.), Spanish afinar (13th cent.), Portuguese afinar (15th cent.), Italian affinare (last quarter of the 12th cent.); also German (rare) affinieren (1506). Compare earlier fine v.³ †1. transitive. To refine (metal). Obsolete (rare after 16th cent.). ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with metal > work with metal [verb (transitive)] > refine > refine gold or silver affine?1473 concentrate1873 ?1473 W. Caxton tr. R. Le Fèvre Recuyell Hist. Troye (1894) I. lf. 8 To melte metall and to affine gold. 1575–6 in J. H. Burton Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1878) 1st Ser. II. 512 Ane quantitie of the said [copper and lead] ure to be affynit for ane pruif. 1591 in M. Napier Mem. J. Napier of Merchiston (1834) 230 Quhat free proffeit his majestie will ressave upone ilk stane wecht [of bullion] being affynit and prentit. 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. xxxiii. vi. 473 Verie proper it [sc. quicksilver] is therefore to affine gold. 1857 London Q. Rev. Oct. 104 An enormous quantity of old silver has been treated in this way, and the gold has been extracted from it. In Paris alone, quantities worth two hundred millions of francs were for some time annually exposed to this operation, or affined, to use the technical term. 2. transitive. To refine (raw sugar) by means of affination (affination n. 2). ΚΠ 1907 N. I. Stone Promotion of Commerce in Europe & U.S. 93 It is not practicable to affine sugar of a very small or of a very irregular grain. 1932 Facts about Sugar Sept. 408/1 Its use for washing or affining raw sugar. 1978 D. Smith Cane Sugar World xxi. 115/1 The sugar is..affined in the high-grade raw sugar centrifugals, and then subjected to melting and the other processes of the regular refining procedure. 2003 M. A. Godshall in J. A. Kent Riegel's Handbk. Industr. Chem. (ed. 10) ix. 343 Refined sugar crystals are recovered from the mother liquor by centrifuging the massecuite in equipment similar to that used for affining raw sugar. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2012; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.adj.a1509v.?1473
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