campaignn.

Brit.

/kamˈpeɪn/, U.S.

/kæmˈpeɪn/

Forms: Also 1600s–1700s campagne, 1600s campagn, campaine, campaigne.

Etymology: < French campagne country, open country, champaign, ‘the field’, campaign, which in the course of the 16th cent. took the place of the earlier champagne in all its senses (except as the proper name of a French province). It was introduced into English in the 17th cent., and at first occasionally used in all the senses of the earlier champaign n. and adj., but was at length differentiated, and restricted to the military sense, for which it is now the proper term. The forms campagna, -agnia, -ania were also in 17th cent. use (see above). Littré treats 16th cent. French campagne as a substitution of the northern or Picard dialect form for the Parisian champagne ; but there can be no doubt that it was actually an adaptation of Italian campagna (common in the military sense in 16th cent., e.g. Caro Virgil's Æn. xii. 563 ‘Turno la campagna aprendo’, Turnus opening the campaign), and may have been taken into French first in military phraseology, and gradually extended to other senses, the advantage of a form which could not be confounded with the name of the province Champagne perhaps conducing to the result. For ultimate etymology see champaign n. and adj., campania n.

†1. A tract of open country; a plain; = champaign n. and adj. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > land > landscape > level land > [noun] > level place or plain

fieldeOE

wong971

field landOE

woldc1220

flat1296

plainc1325

field placec1384

champaign?a1400

floor?a1400

smeethc1440

plain-land1487

weald1544

champian1589

camp1605

level1623

campaign1628

planure1632

campania1663

esplanade1681

flatland1735

vlakte1785

steppe1837

1628 T. Hobbes tr. Thucydides Peloponnesian War (1822) 130 The River Achelous..running through..most part of the campagne of Acarnania.

1703 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion II. vi. 34 There was between the Hill and the Town a fair Campaigne.

1717 S. Garth in J. Dryden et al. tr. Ovid Metamorphoses xiv. 494 Where Tyberrouls majestick..And fattens, as he runs, the fair Campain.

1765 L. Sterne Life Tristram Shandy VII. v. 19 The outworks stretch a great way into the campaign.

†2. Open country as opposed to hills, woods, etc.; country as opposed to town; = champaign n. and adj.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > land > landscape > level land > [noun] > the open

fieldOE

openc1485

champian1579

campaigna1667

a1667 A. Cowley Dangers in Much Company in Wks. (1710) II. 762 To be sure not to venture his Person any longer in the open Campaign, to retreat and entrench himself.

1684 Scanderbeg Redivivus ii. 9 For that the Countrey is there Composed of vast Campagn and level woods.

c1698 H. Maundrell Let. in Journey to Jerusalem (1703) sig. T3 We hunt in the most delightful Campaign.

1706 tr. J. B. Morvan de Bellegarde Refl. upon Ridicule 194 They that see you in the Campaign in the Summer.

3. Military. The continuance and operations of an army ‘in the field’ for a season or other definite portion of time, or while engaged in one continuous series of military operations constituting the whole, or a distinct part, of a war. (In German Feldzug.)The name arose in the earlier conditions of warfare, according to which an army remained in quarters (in towns, garrisons, fortresses, or camps) during the winter, and on the approach of summer issued forth into the open country (nella campagna, dans la campagne) or ‘took the field’, until the close of the season again suspended active operations. Hence the name properly signifying the ‘being in the field’, was also applied, now to the season or time during which the army kept the field, and now to the series of operations performed during this time. In the changed conditions of modern warfare, the season of the year is of much less importance, and a campaign has now no direct reference to time or season, but to an expedition or continuous series of operations bearing upon a distinct object, the accomplishment or abandonment of which marks its end, whether in the course of a week or two, or after one or more years. The history of the sense is seen in early Dictionaries; e.g.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > military operations > [noun] > campaign

campagna1652

campaign1656

campania1679

champaign1684

1656 T. Blount Glossographia (at cited word) A word much used among Souldiers, by whom the next Campaine is usually taken for the next Summers Expedition of an Army, or its taking the field.

1721 N. Bailey Universal Etymol. Eng. Dict. Campain, [in Military Affairs] the space of time every Year, an Army continues in the Field, during a War.

1730 N. Bailey et al. Dictionarium Britannicum Campain,..a summer's war.

1755 S. Johnson Dict. Eng. Lang. Campaign, the time for which any army keeps the field, without entering into quarters.

1667 S. Pepys Diary 28 June (1974) VIII. 300 Several commanders that had not money to set them out to the present Campagne.1693 tr. J. Le Clerc Mem. Count Teckely i. 37 And prepared themselves to open the Campagn in good time.1702 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion I. i. 49 After he had made two or three Campaigns..he came in the leisure of the Winter to visit his Friends in England.1708 J. Swift Predict. for 1708 8 It will be a Glorious Campaign for the Allies.1790 R. Beatson Naval & Mil. Mem. II. 218 The want of success in the last campaign.1850 R. W. Emerson Napoleon in Representative Men vi. 239 In the Russian campaign,..he said, ‘I have two hundred millions in my coffers, and I would give them all for Ney’.

4. transferred.

†a. A naval expedition; a voyage or cruise. Obsolete. (So French campagne, Italian campagna.)

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > hostilities at sea > naval battle > [noun] > naval expedition

campaign1708

1708 J. F. Bion Acct. Torments 3 Being several Campaigns, Chaplain aboard one of the Galleys.

b. An expedition or excursion into the country; a summer's trip or sojourn.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > outing or excursion > [noun] > type of

summering1606

campaign1748

shoemaker's holiday1768

water-party1771

marooning1773

maroon1779

junket1814

pleasure cruise1837

straw ride1856

camp1865

pleasure cruising1880

hanami1891

mystery tour1926

mystery trip1931

awayday1972

gimmick1998

1748 H. Walpole Corr. I. 123 A campaign at Twickenham furnishes as little matter for a letter as an abortive one in Flanders.

1749 E. Montagu Let. (1813) III. 82 The waters are good..the place agreeable, and you cannot make a better summer's campaign.

1789 ‘P. Pindar’ Subj. for Painters 59 A man in rather an exalted station..Made frequent curiosity campaigns; Sometimes caught grass-hoppers.

c. Ironworks. The period during which a furnace is in continuous operation.

ΚΠ

1873 Trans. Amer. Inst. Mining Engineers 1871–3 1 98 By their corrosive action on the lining..they shorten a campaign or run to a few days.

1881 Trans. Amer. Inst. Mining Engineers 1880–1 9 115 Campaign, the period during which a furnace is continuously in operation.

a. figurative. Applied to any course of action analogous to a military campaign, either in having a distinct period of activity, or in being of the nature of a struggle, or of an organized attempt aiming at a definite result.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > [noun] > instance of > an effort > sustained

campaign1770

offensive1943

1770 ‘Junius’ Stat Nominis Umbra (1772) II. xxxix. 104 They..rest from the..labours of the campaign.

1785 C. Macklin Man of World iii. 41 Their amorous equipage for the nuptial campaign.

1868 C. Dickens Let. 26 Aug. (2002) XII. 174 I am now preparing for a Final Reading Campaign.

1887 Pall Mall Budg. 31 Mar. 3 A campaign is being carried on in Paris..against the interlopers who sell tickets at the doors of the theatres.

b. esp. in Politics, an organized course of action designed to arouse public opinion throughout the country for or against some political object, or to influence the voting at an election of members of the legislature. Frequently attributive. Originally U.S.

ΚΠ

1809 J. Pearson Let. 30 July in Papers of John Steele (1924) II. 601 The electioneering campaign having become much warmer than I had anticipated.

1844 Talladega (Alabama) Dem. Watchtower 12 June 2/6 We issue our Campaign Paper to meet the wants of numerous Associations.

1857 S. Bowles Let. 16 Feb. in G. S. Merriam Life & Times S. Bowles (1885) I. xxv. 291 We should get those amendments out of the way before we strike out for the summer campaign.

1880 Webster's Dict. Suppl. Campaign, (U.S. Politics) the season of excitement and effort preceding an election; canvass.

1880 Daily Union (San Diego) 1 Sept. 1/1 He will take care of the Indiana campaign expenses, with the understanding that he be not called on to contribute to the campaign fund for other states.

1882 Nation 21 Dec. 522/3 Garfield seems to have reposed great confidence in Dorsey as a campaign manager.

1884 Boston (Mass.) Jrnl. 20 Sept. The attempt of the Republicans to introduce the tariff as one of the issues of the campaign.

a1888 Mod. The electoral campaign has now begun in earnest.

1907 Daily Mail 14 Jan. 7/3 A born campaign-manager.

1968 W. Safire New Lang. Politics 62/2 Just as there is an unwritten law that takes for granted campaign exaggerations, there is also an unwritten law that a candidate may not afterward disown his campaign statements.

c. The Plan of Campaign in Ireland, entered upon in the winter of 1886–7, a method of conducting operations against landlords who refused to lower rents, according to which the tenants in a body were to pay what they considered the fair rent into the hands of a political leader, charged to retain it until the landlord should accept the sum offered, less any amount subsequently expended in maintaining the struggle.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > politics > [noun] > political campaign

Plan of Campaign1886

1886 United Ireland 20 Nov. 272/2 The ‘Plan of Campaign’ as laid down in United Ireland of October 23rd.

1886 Pall Mall Gaz. 24 Nov. 2/1 The plan of campaign is..the proposal that whenever a landlord refuses to settle at the abatement proposed by his tenants..the reduced rent of all the tenantry is to be banked with an unknown individual, who is to act as paymaster and dole out weekly allowances to such of the tenants as are evicted by the landlord for non-payment of rent.

†6. Short for campaign-coat n., campaign-lace n. at Compounds 2. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1690 Mundus Muliebris Campaine, a narrow kind of lace.

1692 T. Tryon Good House-wife (ed. 2) i. 7 A Flannel Shirt, and a Wastcoat, Doublet, Coat, and Campaign, a Gown over all lin'd.

Compounds

attributive and in other combinations.

C1. Of the nature of open country; belonging to the open country.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > land > tract > [adjective] > common or unenclosed

champian1580

campaign1628

the world > food and drink > farming > farm > farmland > [adjective] > common or unenclosed land

champian1580

commonable1617

campaign1628

unhedged1648

unhurdleda1711

intercommonable1808

1628 T. Hobbes tr. Thucydides Peloponnesian War (1822) 129 The campagne country beyond Strymon.

1634 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World (new ed.) II. 84 The Campaign Rose bloweth early and is very forward.

1768 G. White Let. 30 Mar. in Nat. Hist. Selborne (1789) 43 The stone curlew..abounds in all the campaign parts of Hampshire and Sussex.

1882 A. Elwes tr. H. C. de B. Capello & R. Ivens From Benguella to Yacca II. iv. 77 We plunged into the vast campaign country to the north.

C2. Of, belonging to, or used on a military campaign. (Some of these were perhaps merely catch names referring to the famous campaigns of Marlborough.)

campaign-coat n.

ΚΠ

1677 London Gaz. No. 1180/4 Wearing a brown serge Sute, and a brownish Campaine Coat.

1699 B. E. New Dict. Canting Crew Campaign-coat, originally only such as Soldiers wore, but afterwards a Mode in Cities.

1725 New Canting Dict. Campaign-coat, in a Canting Sense, the ragged, tatter'd..Coat, worn by Beggars and Gypsies, in order to move Compassion.

campaign-lace n.

ΚΠ

1682 London Gaz. No. 1769/4 A green Mohair Silk Petticoat, with a Campain Gold and Silver Lace.

campaign-oven n.

ΚΠ

1708 J. Kersey Dict. Anglo-Britannicum Campaign-Oven, a portable Oven..us'd by Confectioners.

1727 N. Bailey Universal Etymol. Eng. Dict. II Campaign oven, a portable Oven made of Copper, of a convenient Length, and about 3 or 4 inches high, being raised on Feet, so that Fire may be kindled underneath, and on the Cover or Lid of it are Ledges to hold Fire also.

campaign-perriwig n.

ΚΠ

1693 London Gaz. No. 2840/4 A Highway Robber..with a Campagne Perriwig.

campaign-shoes n.

ΚΠ

1691 Satyr against French 7 Our stockings must be Mill'd, our Shooes Campaign.

campaign-wig n.

ΚΠ

1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory ii. xviii. §118 A Campaign Wig, hath Knots or Bobs (or a Dildo on each side) with a Curled Forehead, a Travelling Wig.

1860 F. W. Fairholt Costume in Eng. (ed. 2) (Gloss.) at Campaine A wig called a ‘campaign-wig’ was introduced from France about 1712. It was plain, and close-fitting.

Draft additions April 2011

campaign hat n. chiefly North American a type of hat having a wide brim and high, peaked crown, used in the uniforms of various military and police forces and other organizations; cf. field hat n. at field n.¹ Compounds 5, lemon-squeezer n. (b) at lemon n.¹ Compounds 2.

ΚΠ

1848 Louisville (Kentucky) Daily Jrnl. 16 May 2/2 Yesterday a fine hat was presented us by Messrs. Prather & Cochel. It is a specimen of the ‘campaign hat’ which they are introducing for summer wear.

1872 N. Amer. & U.S. Gaz. 13 Aug. 2/3 White Berlin gloves and campaign hats having been added to the uniform of enlisted men in the army, the yearly allowance of these items to each soldier is fixed at eight pairs of gloves and one hat.

1933 E. A. Powell Slanting Lines of Steel xviii. 287 Military police with..scarlet bands encircling their rakish campaign hats.

1976 W. W. Warner Beautiful Swimmers ix. 219 He..was dressed in a khaki uniform..with a wide-brimmed campaign hat.

2005 J. MacGregor Sunday Money vi. 159 I jogged over to a Georgia state cop... Looking at him, with that squared-away campaign hat and those razor creases in his uniform.., you could see that he wasn't about to answer casual questions.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1888; most recently modified version published online March 2021).

campaignv.

Brit.

/kamˈpeɪn/, U.S.

/kæmˈpeɪn/

Etymology: < campaign n.

1. intransitive. To serve in, or go on, a campaign. Also figurative and transferred.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > military operations > [verb (intransitive)] > campaign

make1702

campaign1766

1701 [implied in: J. Collier tr. Marcus Aurelius Conversat. with Himself 186 This Campaining, Tempestuous Life you are engaged in. (at campaigning n.)].

1766 G. Canning tr. M. de Polignac Anti-Lucretius v. 401 Without an host what General could campaign?

1801 R. Musgrave Hist. Irish Rebell. p. vi. (T.) The officers, who campaigned in the late rebellion.

1871 B. Jowett tr. Plato Dialogues II. 231 He..feeds his heroes when they are campaigning on soldiers' fare.

1885 Pall Mall Gaz. 20 Feb. 2/2 You will campaign in the Soudan.

2. transitive (nonce-use.)

ΚΠ

1768 L. Sterne Sentimental Journey I. 114 An old soldier..campaign'd and worn out to death in the service.

Draft additions March 2017

a. intransitive. Politics. Of a candidate: to stand for election (for a particular position). Also: to solicit votes from electors in a constituency for a particular candidate or party; to canvass.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > office > appointment to office > choosing or fact of being chosen for office > choose for office [verb (intransitive)] > offer oneself as candidate

stand1542

to put up1705

offer1766

run1806

candidate1848

campaign1884

announce1892

society > authority > office > appointment to office > choosing or fact of being chosen for office > election of representative body by vote > proceedings at election > [verb (intransitive)] > canvass

canvass1681

randy1709

rand1740

campaign1884

1884 Washington Post 28 Sept. 4/1 Unlike a number of politicians and statesmen in this country, who are now campaigning, Mr. Gladstone has not been out among the people to influence their votes.

1936 Brandon (Manitoba) Daily Sun 3 Nov. 8/2 He knew all the ropes from having campaigned..for governor twice.

1976 D. Austin Ghana Observed x. 129 An unexpected and nostalgic sight: propaganda vans..campaigning for Busia's Progress Party.

1995 D. Nicholls Lost Prime Minister v. 67 Lady Dilke had campaigned for her husband despite being in the early stages of pregnancy.

2001 N.Y. Times 12 Aug. i. 35/1 As he campaigns for the Democratic mayoral nomination he seems to take genuine delight in the arcana of municipal government and finance.

2012 E. Laybourne Monument 14 (2013) i. 4 Once in sixth grade I'd volunteered to go door to door with them campaigning for Cory Booker.

b. intransitive. To engage in activism supporting or opposing a particular social or political cause. With preposition, as against, for, to.

ΚΠ

1939 Fortune Oct. 126/1 Nazi propaganda had campaigned against female employment for years.

1978 N.Y. Times 30 Mar. b2/4 He has campaigned against marijuana decriminalization, ‘topless’ bars, [etc.].

1994 Observer 13 Feb. (Life Suppl.) 10/1 Draper is keen to tell me about his current work with the Cypherpunks—digital activists campaigning to protect on-line privacy.

2004 H. Kennedy Just Law (2005) viii. 182 Women campaigned to have ‘stalking’ criminalised.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1888; most recently modified version published online September 2019).

单词	campaign
释义	campaignn. Brit. /kamˈpeɪn/, U.S. /kæmˈpeɪn/ Forms: Also 1600s–1700s campagne, 1600s campagn, campaine, campaigne. Etymology: < French campagne country, open country, champaign, ‘the field’, campaign, which in the course of the 16th cent. took the place of the earlier champagne in all its senses (except as the proper name of a French province). It was introduced into English in the 17th cent., and at first occasionally used in all the senses of the earlier champaign n. and adj., but was at length differentiated, and restricted to the military sense, for which it is now the proper term. The forms campagna, -agnia, -ania were also in 17th cent. use (see above). Littré treats 16th cent. French campagne as a substitution of the northern or Picard dialect form for the Parisian champagne ; but there can be no doubt that it was actually an adaptation of Italian campagna (common in the military sense in 16th cent., e.g. Caro Virgil's Æn. xii. 563 ‘Turno la campagna aprendo’, Turnus opening the campaign), and may have been taken into French first in military phraseology, and gradually extended to other senses, the advantage of a form which could not be confounded with the name of the province Champagne perhaps conducing to the result. For ultimate etymology see champaign n. and adj., campania n. †1. A tract of open country; a plain; = champaign n. and adj. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > land > landscape > level land > [noun] > level place or plain fieldeOE wong971 field landOE woldc1220 flat1296 plainc1325 field placec1384 champaign?a1400 floor?a1400 smeethc1440 plain-land1487 weald1544 champian1589 camp1605 level1623 campaign1628 planure1632 campania1663 esplanade1681 flatland1735 vlakte1785 steppe1837 1628 T. Hobbes tr. Thucydides Peloponnesian War (1822) 130 The River Achelous..running through..most part of the campagne of Acarnania. 1703 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion II. vi. 34 There was between the Hill and the Town a fair Campaigne. 1717 S. Garth in J. Dryden et al. tr. Ovid Metamorphoses xiv. 494 Where Tyberrouls majestick..And fattens, as he runs, the fair Campain. 1765 L. Sterne Life Tristram Shandy VII. v. 19 The outworks stretch a great way into the campaign. †2. Open country as opposed to hills, woods, etc.; country as opposed to town; = champaign n. and adj. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > land > landscape > level land > [noun] > the open fieldOE openc1485 champian1579 campaigna1667 a1667 A. Cowley Dangers in Much Company in Wks. (1710) II. 762 To be sure not to venture his Person any longer in the open Campaign, to retreat and entrench himself. 1684 Scanderbeg Redivivus ii. 9 For that the Countrey is there Composed of vast Campagn and level woods. c1698 H. Maundrell Let. in Journey to Jerusalem (1703) sig. T3 We hunt in the most delightful Campaign. 1706 tr. J. B. Morvan de Bellegarde Refl. upon Ridicule 194 They that see you in the Campaign in the Summer. 3. Military. The continuance and operations of an army ‘in the field’ for a season or other definite portion of time, or while engaged in one continuous series of military operations constituting the whole, or a distinct part, of a war. (In German Feldzug.)The name arose in the earlier conditions of warfare, according to which an army remained in quarters (in towns, garrisons, fortresses, or camps) during the winter, and on the approach of summer issued forth into the open country (nella campagna, dans la campagne) or ‘took the field’, until the close of the season again suspended active operations. Hence the name properly signifying the ‘being in the field’, was also applied, now to the season or time during which the army kept the field, and now to the series of operations performed during this time. In the changed conditions of modern warfare, the season of the year is of much less importance, and a campaign has now no direct reference to time or season, but to an expedition or continuous series of operations bearing upon a distinct object, the accomplishment or abandonment of which marks its end, whether in the course of a week or two, or after one or more years. The history of the sense is seen in early Dictionaries; e.g. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > military operations > [noun] > campaign campagna1652 campaign1656 campania1679 champaign1684 1656 T. Blount Glossographia (at cited word) A word much used among Souldiers, by whom the next Campaine is usually taken for the next Summers Expedition of an Army, or its taking the field. 1721 N. Bailey Universal Etymol. Eng. Dict. Campain, [in Military Affairs] the space of time every Year, an Army continues in the Field, during a War. 1730 N. Bailey et al. Dictionarium Britannicum Campain,..a summer's war. 1755 S. Johnson Dict. Eng. Lang. Campaign, the time for which any army keeps the field, without entering into quarters. 1667 S. Pepys Diary 28 June (1974) VIII. 300 Several commanders that had not money to set them out to the present Campagne.1693 tr. J. Le Clerc Mem. Count Teckely i. 37 And prepared themselves to open the Campagn in good time.1702 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion I. i. 49 After he had made two or three Campaigns..he came in the leisure of the Winter to visit his Friends in England.1708 J. Swift Predict. for 1708 8 It will be a Glorious Campaign for the Allies.1790 R. Beatson Naval & Mil. Mem. II. 218 The want of success in the last campaign.1850 R. W. Emerson Napoleon in Representative Men vi. 239 In the Russian campaign,..he said, ‘I have two hundred millions in my coffers, and I would give them all for Ney’. 4. transferred. †a. A naval expedition; a voyage or cruise. Obsolete. (So French campagne, Italian campagna.) ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > hostilities at sea > naval battle > [noun] > naval expedition campaign1708 1708 J. F. Bion Acct. Torments 3 Being several Campaigns, Chaplain aboard one of the Galleys. b. An expedition or excursion into the country; a summer's trip or sojourn. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > outing or excursion > [noun] > type of summering1606 campaign1748 shoemaker's holiday1768 water-party1771 marooning1773 maroon1779 junket1814 pleasure cruise1837 straw ride1856 camp1865 pleasure cruising1880 hanami1891 mystery tour1926 mystery trip1931 awayday1972 gimmick1998 1748 H. Walpole Corr. I. 123 A campaign at Twickenham furnishes as little matter for a letter as an abortive one in Flanders. 1749 E. Montagu Let. (1813) III. 82 The waters are good..the place agreeable, and you cannot make a better summer's campaign. 1789 ‘P. Pindar’ Subj. for Painters 59 A man in rather an exalted station..Made frequent curiosity campaigns; Sometimes caught grass-hoppers. c. Ironworks. The period during which a furnace is in continuous operation. ΚΠ 1873 Trans. Amer. Inst. Mining Engineers 1871–3 1 98 By their corrosive action on the lining..they shorten a campaign or run to a few days. 1881 Trans. Amer. Inst. Mining Engineers 1880–1 9 115 Campaign, the period during which a furnace is continuously in operation. 5. a. figurative. Applied to any course of action analogous to a military campaign, either in having a distinct period of activity, or in being of the nature of a struggle, or of an organized attempt aiming at a definite result. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > [noun] > instance of > an effort > sustained campaign1770 offensive1943 1770 ‘Junius’ Stat Nominis Umbra (1772) II. xxxix. 104 They..rest from the..labours of the campaign. 1785 C. Macklin Man of World iii. 41 Their amorous equipage for the nuptial campaign. 1868 C. Dickens Let. 26 Aug. (2002) XII. 174 I am now preparing for a Final Reading Campaign. 1887 Pall Mall Budg. 31 Mar. 3 A campaign is being carried on in Paris..against the interlopers who sell tickets at the doors of the theatres. b. esp. in Politics, an organized course of action designed to arouse public opinion throughout the country for or against some political object, or to influence the voting at an election of members of the legislature. Frequently attributive. Originally U.S. ΚΠ 1809 J. Pearson Let. 30 July in Papers of John Steele (1924) II. 601 The electioneering campaign having become much warmer than I had anticipated. 1844 Talladega (Alabama) Dem. Watchtower 12 June 2/6 We issue our Campaign Paper to meet the wants of numerous Associations. 1857 S. Bowles Let. 16 Feb. in G. S. Merriam Life & Times S. Bowles (1885) I. xxv. 291 We should get those amendments out of the way before we strike out for the summer campaign. 1880 Webster's Dict. Suppl. Campaign, (U.S. Politics) the season of excitement and effort preceding an election; canvass. 1880 Daily Union (San Diego) 1 Sept. 1/1 He will take care of the Indiana campaign expenses, with the understanding that he be not called on to contribute to the campaign fund for other states. 1882 Nation 21 Dec. 522/3 Garfield seems to have reposed great confidence in Dorsey as a campaign manager. 1884 Boston (Mass.) Jrnl. 20 Sept. The attempt of the Republicans to introduce the tariff as one of the issues of the campaign. a1888 Mod. The electoral campaign has now begun in earnest. 1907 Daily Mail 14 Jan. 7/3 A born campaign-manager. 1968 W. Safire New Lang. Politics 62/2 Just as there is an unwritten law that takes for granted campaign exaggerations, there is also an unwritten law that a candidate may not afterward disown his campaign statements. c. The Plan of Campaign in Ireland, entered upon in the winter of 1886–7, a method of conducting operations against landlords who refused to lower rents, according to which the tenants in a body were to pay what they considered the fair rent into the hands of a political leader, charged to retain it until the landlord should accept the sum offered, less any amount subsequently expended in maintaining the struggle. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > politics > [noun] > political campaign Plan of Campaign1886 1886 United Ireland 20 Nov. 272/2 The ‘Plan of Campaign’ as laid down in United Ireland of October 23rd. 1886 Pall Mall Gaz. 24 Nov. 2/1 The plan of campaign is..the proposal that whenever a landlord refuses to settle at the abatement proposed by his tenants..the reduced rent of all the tenantry is to be banked with an unknown individual, who is to act as paymaster and dole out weekly allowances to such of the tenants as are evicted by the landlord for non-payment of rent. †6. Short for campaign-coat n., campaign-lace n. at Compounds 2. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1690 Mundus Muliebris Campaine, a narrow kind of lace. 1692 T. Tryon Good House-wife (ed. 2) i. 7 A Flannel Shirt, and a Wastcoat, Doublet, Coat, and Campaign, a Gown over all lin'd. Compounds attributive and in other combinations. C1. Of the nature of open country; belonging to the open country. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > land > tract > [adjective] > common or unenclosed champian1580 campaign1628 the world > food and drink > farming > farm > farmland > [adjective] > common or unenclosed land champian1580 commonable1617 campaign1628 unhedged1648 unhurdleda1711 intercommonable1808 1628 T. Hobbes tr. Thucydides Peloponnesian War (1822) 129 The campagne country beyond Strymon. 1634 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World (new ed.) II. 84 The Campaign Rose bloweth early and is very forward. 1768 G. White Let. 30 Mar. in Nat. Hist. Selborne (1789) 43 The stone curlew..abounds in all the campaign parts of Hampshire and Sussex. 1882 A. Elwes tr. H. C. de B. Capello & R. Ivens From Benguella to Yacca II. iv. 77 We plunged into the vast campaign country to the north. C2. Of, belonging to, or used on a military campaign. (Some of these were perhaps merely catch names referring to the famous campaigns of Marlborough.) campaign-coat n. ΚΠ 1677 London Gaz. No. 1180/4 Wearing a brown serge Sute, and a brownish Campaine Coat. 1699 B. E. New Dict. Canting Crew Campaign-coat, originally only such as Soldiers wore, but afterwards a Mode in Cities. 1725 New Canting Dict. Campaign-coat, in a Canting Sense, the ragged, tatter'd..Coat, worn by Beggars and Gypsies, in order to move Compassion. campaign-lace n. ΚΠ 1682 London Gaz. No. 1769/4 A green Mohair Silk Petticoat, with a Campain Gold and Silver Lace. campaign-oven n. ΚΠ 1708 J. Kersey Dict. Anglo-Britannicum Campaign-Oven, a portable Oven..us'd by Confectioners. 1727 N. Bailey Universal Etymol. Eng. Dict. II Campaign oven, a portable Oven made of Copper, of a convenient Length, and about 3 or 4 inches high, being raised on Feet, so that Fire may be kindled underneath, and on the Cover or Lid of it are Ledges to hold Fire also. campaign-perriwig n. ΚΠ 1693 London Gaz. No. 2840/4 A Highway Robber..with a Campagne Perriwig. campaign-shoes n. ΚΠ 1691 Satyr against French 7 Our stockings must be Mill'd, our Shooes Campaign. campaign-wig n. ΚΠ 1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory ii. xviii. §118 A Campaign Wig, hath Knots or Bobs (or a Dildo on each side) with a Curled Forehead, a Travelling Wig. 1860 F. W. Fairholt Costume in Eng. (ed. 2) (Gloss.) at Campaine A wig called a ‘campaign-wig’ was introduced from France about 1712. It was plain, and close-fitting. Draft additions April 2011 campaign hat n. chiefly North American a type of hat having a wide brim and high, peaked crown, used in the uniforms of various military and police forces and other organizations; cf. field hat n. at field n.¹ Compounds 5, lemon-squeezer n. (b) at lemon n.¹ Compounds 2. ΚΠ 1848 Louisville (Kentucky) Daily Jrnl. 16 May 2/2 Yesterday a fine hat was presented us by Messrs. Prather & Cochel. It is a specimen of the ‘campaign hat’ which they are introducing for summer wear. 1872 N. Amer. & U.S. Gaz. 13 Aug. 2/3 White Berlin gloves and campaign hats having been added to the uniform of enlisted men in the army, the yearly allowance of these items to each soldier is fixed at eight pairs of gloves and one hat. 1933 E. A. Powell Slanting Lines of Steel xviii. 287 Military police with..scarlet bands encircling their rakish campaign hats. 1976 W. W. Warner Beautiful Swimmers ix. 219 He..was dressed in a khaki uniform..with a wide-brimmed campaign hat. 2005 J. MacGregor Sunday Money vi. 159 I jogged over to a Georgia state cop... Looking at him, with that squared-away campaign hat and those razor creases in his uniform.., you could see that he wasn't about to answer casual questions. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1888; most recently modified version published online March 2021). campaignv. Brit. /kamˈpeɪn/, U.S. /kæmˈpeɪn/ Etymology: < campaign n. 1. intransitive. To serve in, or go on, a campaign. Also figurative and transferred. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > military operations > [verb (intransitive)] > campaign make1702 campaign1766 1701 [implied in: J. Collier tr. Marcus Aurelius Conversat. with Himself 186 This Campaining, Tempestuous Life you are engaged in. (at campaigning n.)]. 1766 G. Canning tr. M. de Polignac Anti-Lucretius v. 401 Without an host what General could campaign? 1801 R. Musgrave Hist. Irish Rebell. p. vi. (T.) The officers, who campaigned in the late rebellion. 1871 B. Jowett tr. Plato Dialogues II. 231 He..feeds his heroes when they are campaigning on soldiers' fare. 1885 Pall Mall Gaz. 20 Feb. 2/2 You will campaign in the Soudan. 2. transitive (nonce-use.) ΚΠ 1768 L. Sterne Sentimental Journey I. 114 An old soldier..campaign'd and worn out to death in the service. Draft additions March 2017 a. intransitive. Politics. Of a candidate: to stand for election (for a particular position). Also: to solicit votes from electors in a constituency for a particular candidate or party; to canvass. ΘΚΠ society > authority > office > appointment to office > choosing or fact of being chosen for office > choose for office [verb (intransitive)] > offer oneself as candidate stand1542 to put up1705 offer1766 run1806 candidate1848 campaign1884 announce1892 society > authority > office > appointment to office > choosing or fact of being chosen for office > election of representative body by vote > proceedings at election > [verb (intransitive)] > canvass canvass1681 randy1709 rand1740 campaign1884 1884 Washington Post 28 Sept. 4/1 Unlike a number of politicians and statesmen in this country, who are now campaigning, Mr. Gladstone has not been out among the people to influence their votes. 1936 Brandon (Manitoba) Daily Sun 3 Nov. 8/2 He knew all the ropes from having campaigned..for governor twice. 1976 D. Austin Ghana Observed x. 129 An unexpected and nostalgic sight: propaganda vans..campaigning for Busia's Progress Party. 1995 D. Nicholls Lost Prime Minister v. 67 Lady Dilke had campaigned for her husband despite being in the early stages of pregnancy. 2001 N.Y. Times 12 Aug. i. 35/1 As he campaigns for the Democratic mayoral nomination he seems to take genuine delight in the arcana of municipal government and finance. 2012 E. Laybourne Monument 14 (2013) i. 4 Once in sixth grade I'd volunteered to go door to door with them campaigning for Cory Booker. b. intransitive. To engage in activism supporting or opposing a particular social or political cause. With preposition, as against, for, to. ΚΠ 1939 Fortune Oct. 126/1 Nazi propaganda had campaigned against female employment for years. 1978 N.Y. Times 30 Mar. b2/4 He has campaigned against marijuana decriminalization, ‘topless’ bars, [etc.]. 1994 Observer 13 Feb. (Life Suppl.) 10/1 Draper is keen to tell me about his current work with the Cypherpunks—digital activists campaigning to protect on-line privacy. 2004 H. Kennedy Just Law (2005) viii. 182 Women campaigned to have ‘stalking’ criminalised. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1888; most recently modified version published online September 2019). < n.1628v.1701
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