calculusn.

/ˈkalkjʊləs/

Forms: Plural calculi, calculuses.

Etymology: Latin; = ‘small stone’, diminutive of calx stone, pebble; also, a stone or counter used in playing draughts, a stone used in reckoning on the abacus or counting board, whence, reckoning, calculation, account; and a stone used in voting, whence, vote, sentence.

1. Medicine. ‘A stone. A generic term for concretions occurring accidentally in the animal body’ ( New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon). Calculi are of many kinds, and receive names from the various parts of the body in which they occur, as renal (in the kidneys), vesical (in the bladder), prostatic (in the prostate), intestinal (in the intestines, chiefly of animals), etc., or from the nature of their composition, as lithic acid, uric acid calculus, etc.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > growth or excrescence > [noun] > concretion

stonec1000

felta1548

toph1598

gravel-stone1606

tophus1607

concretion1646

talusa1728

calculus1732

osteid1855

concrement1885

inolith1886

milkstone1892

1619 W. Sclater Expos. Thess. (1627) I. To Rdr. 5 That flagellum studiosorum, Calculus Renum.]

1732 J. Arbuthnot Pract. Rules of Diet iv. 420 A Human Calculus, or Stone.

1760 tr. Keysler's Trav. IV. 339 Bezoar is..a stone or calculus taken from a species of the East and West Indian goats.

1793 M. Baillie Morbid Anat. xiv. 204 Calculi when divided..exhibit most commonly a laminated structure.

1847–9 Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. IV. i. 85/1 The oriental bezoard, a resinous intestinal calculus.

1880 Med. Temp. Jrnl. Oct. 6 Biliary calculi are not infrequently due to this influence.

†2. Computation, calculation. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > arithmetic or algebraic operations > [noun]

fellowship1552

rule of two1612

calculus1684

numeration ortivea1690

operation1713

sum1803

1684 T. Burnet Theory of Earth i. 166 Suppose the abyss was but half as deep as the deep ocean, to make this calculus answer, all the dry land ought to be cover'd with mountains.

1693 E. Halley in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 17 654 Were this Calculus founded on the Experience of a very great number of Years.

1817 S. T. Coleridge Biogr. Lit. 140 For the purposes of mathematical calculus it is indifferent which force we term negative, and which positive.

3. Mathematics. A system or method of calculation, ‘a certain way of performing mathematical investigations and resolutions’ (Hutton); a branch of mathematics involving or leading to calculations, as the differential adj. and n., integral adj. and n. calculus, etc. The differential calculus is often spoken of as ‘the calculus’.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > calculus > [noun]

calculus1672

fluxions1702

summatory calculus1704

infinitesimal calculus1801

rheometry1841

1672 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 7 4017 I cannot yet reduce my Observations to a calculus.

1753 Philos. Trans. 1751–2 (Royal Soc.) 47 62 Mr. Clairant..kept his calculus a profound secret.

1796 C. Hutton Math. & Philos. Dict. (new ed.) I. 234 We say the Arithmetical or Numeral Calculus, the Algebraical Calculus, the Differential Calculus, the Exponential Calculus, the Fluxional Calculus, the Integral Calculus, the Literal or Symbolical Calculus, etc...Algebraical, Literal or Symbolical Calculus is..the same with algebra.

1804 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 94 219 If the introduction of the new calculi, as they have been called, has extended the bounds of science.

1837 T. Carlyle French Revol. III. ii. i. 95 Science, which cannot, with all its calculuses, differential, integral, and of variations, calculate the Problem of Three gravitating Bodies.

1846 J. S. Mill Syst. Logic (ed. 2) iii. xxiv. §6 The general problem of the algebraical calculus.

1854 G. Boole Investig. Laws Thought i The exhibition of logic in the form of a calculus.

1878 ‘G. Eliot’ College Breakfast Party in Macmillan's Mag. July 167 Fount of spirit force Beyond the calculus.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1888; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	calculus
释义	calculusn. /ˈkalkjʊləs/ Forms: Plural calculi, calculuses. Etymology: Latin; = ‘small stone’, diminutive of calx stone, pebble; also, a stone or counter used in playing draughts, a stone used in reckoning on the abacus or counting board, whence, reckoning, calculation, account; and a stone used in voting, whence, vote, sentence. 1. Medicine. ‘A stone. A generic term for concretions occurring accidentally in the animal body’ ( New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon). Calculi are of many kinds, and receive names from the various parts of the body in which they occur, as renal (in the kidneys), vesical (in the bladder), prostatic (in the prostate), intestinal (in the intestines, chiefly of animals), etc., or from the nature of their composition, as lithic acid, uric acid calculus, etc. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > growth or excrescence > [noun] > concretion stonec1000 felta1548 toph1598 gravel-stone1606 tophus1607 concretion1646 talusa1728 calculus1732 osteid1855 concrement1885 inolith1886 milkstone1892 1619 W. Sclater Expos. Thess. (1627) I. To Rdr. 5 That flagellum studiosorum, Calculus Renum.] 1732 J. Arbuthnot Pract. Rules of Diet iv. 420 A Human Calculus, or Stone. 1760 tr. Keysler's Trav. IV. 339 Bezoar is..a stone or calculus taken from a species of the East and West Indian goats. 1793 M. Baillie Morbid Anat. xiv. 204 Calculi when divided..exhibit most commonly a laminated structure. 1847–9 Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. IV. i. 85/1 The oriental bezoard, a resinous intestinal calculus. 1880 Med. Temp. Jrnl. Oct. 6 Biliary calculi are not infrequently due to this influence. †2. Computation, calculation. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > arithmetic or algebraic operations > [noun] fellowship1552 rule of two1612 calculus1684 numeration ortivea1690 operation1713 sum1803 1684 T. Burnet Theory of Earth i. 166 Suppose the abyss was but half as deep as the deep ocean, to make this calculus answer, all the dry land ought to be cover'd with mountains. 1693 E. Halley in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 17 654 Were this Calculus founded on the Experience of a very great number of Years. 1817 S. T. Coleridge Biogr. Lit. 140 For the purposes of mathematical calculus it is indifferent which force we term negative, and which positive. 3. Mathematics. A system or method of calculation, ‘a certain way of performing mathematical investigations and resolutions’ (Hutton); a branch of mathematics involving or leading to calculations, as the differential adj. and n., integral adj. and n. calculus, etc. The differential calculus is often spoken of as ‘the calculus’. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > calculus > [noun] calculus1672 fluxions1702 summatory calculus1704 infinitesimal calculus1801 rheometry1841 1672 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 7 4017 I cannot yet reduce my Observations to a calculus. 1753 Philos. Trans. 1751–2 (Royal Soc.) 47 62 Mr. Clairant..kept his calculus a profound secret. 1796 C. Hutton Math. & Philos. Dict. (new ed.) I. 234 We say the Arithmetical or Numeral Calculus, the Algebraical Calculus, the Differential Calculus, the Exponential Calculus, the Fluxional Calculus, the Integral Calculus, the Literal or Symbolical Calculus, etc...Algebraical, Literal or Symbolical Calculus is..the same with algebra. 1804 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 94 219 If the introduction of the new calculi, as they have been called, has extended the bounds of science. 1837 T. Carlyle French Revol. III. ii. i. 95 Science, which cannot, with all its calculuses, differential, integral, and of variations, calculate the Problem of Three gravitating Bodies. 1846 J. S. Mill Syst. Logic (ed. 2) iii. xxiv. §6 The general problem of the algebraical calculus. 1854 G. Boole Investig. Laws Thought i The exhibition of logic in the form of a calculus. 1878 ‘G. Eliot’ College Breakfast Party in Macmillan's Mag. July 167 Fount of spirit force Beyond the calculus. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1888; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.1672
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