-adosuffix

Etymology: Partly < Spanish -ado, masculine singular of the past participle of verbs in -ar < classical Latin -ātus -ate suffix², and partly < its equivalent Portuguese -ado. Compare -ade suffix.Early modern English words in -ado are formed in a number of different ways, most of which first appear within a few decades of each other around the mid 16th cent. Direct borrowings from Spanish include frizado n. and renegado n. Direct borrowings from Portuguese include crusado n.¹ and pintado n. In some cases it is unclear whether a word was borrowed from Spanish or Portuguese (compare e.g. crusado n.²). Very often forms in -ado appear as variants of words which etymologically show different endings, and in a number of cases the form in -ado has become the usual modern form. Early alterations of English words in -ade (see -ade suffix) are succado n. and ambuscado n.; in the case of strappado n. the remodelling apparently occurred at the time of the original borrowing. A large number of such alterations also affect borrowings of words from Spanish (or occasionally Portuguese) ending in -ada , the feminine form corresponding to -ado (compare -ade suffix). Compare e.g. camisado n., carbonado n.¹ Early alterations of unrelated suffixes are seen in mockado n.¹ and poignado n. Examples of more irregular formations are stoccado n. and tornado n. Entirely new formations within English are found from the 17th cent., but are comparatively rare: compare friscado n., gambado n.², march panado v., mockado n.², muscado n.², scabbado n., scrubbado n., swashado n.