| 释义 |
yolkn.1 Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: yellow adj., a velar suffix. Etymology: < yellow adj. + a velar suffix, probably -ock suffix.The Old English word probably shows eo by back mutation (before syncopation of the original u of the suffix). The later α. and β. forms can be explained as showing different developments of this diphthong. However, it is also likely that forms of the word continued to be influenced by forms of yellow adj. The pronunciation /jɛlk/ (compare β. forms) is reported by several early modern orthoepists, and considered by some, but by no means all, as nonstandard (see E. J. Dobson Eng. Pronunc. 1500–1700 (ed. 2, 1968) II. §73). Noah Webster ( Dissertations (1789) 123) notes (approvingly) that it is the general pronunciation in the U.S. This pronunciation survives in both British and American regional use. The spelling yelk continued to be found in general published written use (including in scientific sources) into the early 20th cent. (compare examples at sense 1a). 1. the world > food and drink > food > eggs > [noun] > egg-yolk the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > reproductive substances or cells > [noun] > ovum or ootid > yolk α. eOE (Royal) (1865) i. ii. 38 Wiþ þeoradle on eagum..hænne æges geolocan & merces sæd & attrum. OE Ælfric (Royal) (1997) ii. 196 Sceawa nu on anum æge, hu þæt hwite ne bið gemengd to ðam geolcan, & bið hwæðere an æg. c1300 St. Michael (Laud) 635 in C. Horstmann (1887) 317 Ase þe ȝwyte of þe Eye goth a-boute þe ȝeolke. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. xii. xix. 629 Þe chikoun is ibredde of þe white and inorischid wiþ þe ȝolke. a1425 (a1400) (Galba & Harl.) (1863) 6446 Alle erthe by skille may likend be..tille an egge yholke. a1475 (Lansd.) (1998) I. l. 5203 (MED) God made þe worlde of þe liknesse Of an egge..By þe white wiþynne vnderstonde I Þat is bitwene þe erthe and sky; By þe ȝolke..Take I þe erthe þat is lowest. 1486 sig. bviv Tempere it with clere wyne and with the yolke of an egge. 1561 J. Hollybush tr. H. Brunschwig f. 36v Geue hym also to eate suppes of Almonde, and the yolkes of soft egges potched in hote water. 1604 J. Marston ii. iv. sig. Dv Seauen and thirty yowlks of Barbarie hennes eggs. 1666 J. Davies tr. C. de Rochefort i. xxi. 135 These [Tortoise] egges are round, and about the bigness of a Tennis-ball; they have white and yolk like Hens-egges, but the shell is not so hard, but soft, feeling as if it were wet parchment. 1667 Third Advice in 18 An Addle-egg with double Yoalk. a1756 E. Haywood (1771) 158 Beat up the yolks of three eggs. 1774 O. Goldsmith II. 29 At each end of this are two ligaments, called chalazoæ..which..keep the white and the yolk in their places. 1842 Ld. Tennyson Audley Court in (new ed.) II. 43 A pasty costly-made, Where quail and pigeon, lark and leveret, lay,..with golden yolks Imbedded and injellied. 1877 E. S. Dallas 376 Remoulade..may be..described as a Mayonnaise made with hard-boiled yolks of eggs. a1933 J. A. Thomson (1934) II. 920 Vitamin A, soluble in fat, occurs in liver, oils, butter, yolk of egg, and many vegetables. 1991 R. C. Noble in (1995) ii. 20 The yolks of the two reptilian eggs appear to show notable differences in their distributions of the major fatty acids. 2008 Apr. 32/1 Make a crème anglaise with mascarpone, yolks and sugar. the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > seed > [noun] > parts of > albumen 1795 J. E. Smith 27 Vitellus—yolk—(Gærtner) closely attached to the Embryo in some plants, and seeming to nourish it at the beginning of vegetation. 1803 B. S. Barton i. 205 The Vitellus, or Yolk, is placed between the embryo and the albumen, and is different both from the cotyledons and the albumen. 1842 C. W. Johnson 231/1 Vitellus, the yolk, like the albumen, serves to nourish the embryo in the commencement of germination. 1817 July 244 The yolk [in spiders' eggs] has no proper membrane. 1836 W. E. Shuckard tr. H. Burmeister iii. i. 337 This fluid is the yolk [Ger. der Dotter], (vitellus,) a yellow, whitish, or green, thick granulated mass. 1842 W. Baly tr. J. Müller II. viii. ii. 1511 The yolk must be regarded not as mere nutritive matter, but in the light of a body having life; since the cells composing it take an essential part in the formation of the embryo. 1850 R. Owen in 30 Mar. 232/3 The yolk..is thus seen to consist of a germ-yolk and a food-yolk. 1879 tr. E. Haeckel I. ii. 28 Cephalopods, the embryo of which has a bag of yelk protruding from the mouth. 1889 P. Geddes & J. A. Thomson viii. 101 The yolk..is more or less readily distinguished from what is often called the formative protoplasm. 1928 C. S. Whitehead & C. A. Hoff (new ed.) i. iv. 152 The female germ-cell or egg, after being impregnated by the male sperm-cell or spermatozoon, is known as the embryonic cell. It consists of a vitellus , or yelk , and its cover, called the vitelline membrane. 1991 S. J. Gould xviii. 270 Yolk, the egg's food supply, accumulates at one end of the ovum, called the vegetal pole. 2007 213 110/2 Species with small eggs and little or no yolk usually have complete and equal cleavage divisions. the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > quality of being the best > [noun] > best part the world > space > relative position > central condition or position > [noun] > central part > central or innermost part 1340 (1866) 96 (MED) Þe herte of þo traue wes þe holy zaule Ine huam wes þe preciouse yolk [c1450 Bk. Vices & Virtues tydynge] of þe wysdome of god. c1450 (c1400) (Huntington) (1942) 97 (MED) Þei..witeþ neuere what it is but þe schelle wiþ-oute, þat is þe lettre; þat is good, but it is litle worþ as aforȝens þe ȝelke þat is wiþ-ynne so swete. c1460 (?c1400) Prol. l. 732 (MED) I can nat peynt my tale..But telle ȝewe þe ȝolke, and put þe white a-way. a1500 tr. A. Chartier (Rawl.) (1974) 123 (MED) The divine Pater Noster..is the ȝolke and þe ensaumple on which all prayers ben forged. 1532 (c1385) Usk's Test. Loue in iii. f. ccclixv Of loue (quod she) wol I nowe ensample make, sithen I knowe the heed knotte in that yelke. 1614 T. Gentleman 12 Then being the very heart of Summer, and the very yoalke of all the yeare. 1656 R. Dingley 208 All's but the white of an egge, if Christ the yelk..be wanting. 1658 W. Sanderson 4 It [sc. light] twinckles in a Star..Epitomises and abbreviates its self in a spark; Ruddy in the yolke of the Fire, pale and consuming in a Candle. 1695 J. Sage Pref. sig. e8 The true yolk of the Mystery. 1724 A. Ramsay On Pride in (new ed.) 50 Chance gi'es them of Gear the Yowk, And better Chiels the Shell. a1882 R. W. Emerson in (1892) Jan. 28/1 Linnæus, like a naturalist, esteeming the globe a big egg, called London the punctum saliens in the yolk of the world. 1987 S. Olds 25 With His Arm in the yolk of my soul up to the elbow. 1998 S. Brown tr. A. Men x. 124 The Church confesses in Jesus the Son of God, the Word of the Existent, God in action, Who seemed to penetrate the very yolk of creation. †3. the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > stone > a stone > [noun] > concretionary or nodular 1665 R. Hooke 94 That which we may call the white was pretty whitish neer the yelk, but more duskie towards the shell; some of them I could plainly perceive to be shot or radiated like a Pyrites or fire-stone. 1710 R. Sibbald App. i This [Rocking] Stone was broken by the Usurper's Soldiers, and it was discovered then, that its Motion was performed by a Yolk extuberant, in the middle of the Under-surface of an Upper-stone, which was inserted in a Cavity in the Surface of the Lower-stone. 1811 J. Ramsay 3 Those whinstone nodules..called yolks, on account of their toughness. 1886 J. Barrowman 74 Yolk coal, or Yolks, free or soft coal. society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > glass and glass-like materials > [noun] > glass > pane 1802 Nov. 400 Instead of abominable, stinking, nasty hovels..with a bit of sieve and yolk of glass to admit the fresh air and the light of day..they are now pleasant, cheerful habitations, with casement windows of a proper size. 1808 J. Jamieson (at cited word) Those round, opaque and radiated crystallizations, which are found in window-glass, in consequence of being too slowly cooled, are generally termed yolks in S[cotland]. 1901 W. Laidlaw 34 They [sc. windows] were of yolks of darkish green, Sae dim they didna need a screen. the world > animals > invertebrates > subkingdom Metazoa > grade Triploblastica or Coelomata > class Gastropoda > [noun] > superorder Branchifera > order Prosobranchiata > section Holostomata > family Neritidae > genus Nerita or shell of 1797 G. Humphreys 21 Vitellus—Le Jaune D'Œuf—Yolk of Egg. 1815 S. Brookes 157 Yolk of Egg, Nerita Vitellus. Compoundsthe world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > reproductive substances or cells > [adjective] > ovum > yolk 1836 45 408 The germinal vesicle does not follow in the Mammalia and in man, the same relations in size as in the bird, where in this respect, it is proportioned to the yolk-ball. 1842 W. Baly tr. J. Müller II. viii. i. i. 1511 The sharks and rays may therefore be distinguished even by the form of the yolk-cells of their ova. 1857 P. H. Gosse xi. 330 The yelk-globe, fastened by its twisted chalazæ, is suspended in a glairy fluid (albumen). 1878 F. J. Bell & E. R. Lankester tr. C. Gegenbaur 18 Special particles—yolk--granules—may appear in its protoplasm. 1914 15 495 In the same primordial germ-cell fixed with osmic acid some of the yolk spheres will be intensely black while others will be brown or yellowish. 1951 L. B. Hyman II. 119 The yolk glands may discharge directly into the oviducts as in triclads, in which case the oviducts are more properly termed ovovitelline ducts. 1969 E. Shikata in xx. 229 The virus particles entered the oocytes at the yolk-forming stage. 2007 80 1060 The fertilized egg is oval or globular and dark green in colour. It is filled with a granular yolk mass. C2. 1807 W. Lawrence tr. J. F. Blumenbach xxvii. 478 A small, round, milk-white spot, called the tread of the cock, (citatricula or macula), is formed on the surface of the yolk-bag [Ger. des Dotters]. 1905 11 Nov. 395 With the disappearance of the yolk-bag the ‘fry’ stage is entered upon. 2012 N. Murtagh (rev. ed.) ii. 7 The chalazae (twisted strings by which the yolk bag is held in position) are also added at this stage. the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > conception > [noun] > synapsis or yolk-division 1853 (Royal Soc.) 143 374 The germinal vesicle soon disappears, and when the ova are now examined, the phenomenon of yelk-cleavage may be distinctly perceived in them. 2006 295 251/1 Despite that yolk cleavage and ion uptake seem to be the main osmotic effectors for oocyte hydration, the timing when these processes occur during maturation is not well established. 1684 J. Phillips tr. N. A. de La Framboisière i. 40 D. How many sorts of Choler are bred in the Veins contrary to Nature? C. Three sorts; the pale, the yolk-colour'd [L. vitellina], and the black. 1869 G. M. Hopkins (1959) 189 The other evening..there was a slash of glowing yolk-coloured sunset. 1979 5 117 Beyond the barn he could see her Clarence, a faint billow of yolk colored exhaust trailing behind the tractor. 2010 23 June 39/5 The stunning bird's foot trefoil, its clusters of yolk-coloured flowers sometimes splashed with red. the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > conception > [noun] > synapsis or yolk-division 1852 9 28 Under these circumstances the development of the mollusks commences, and is first recognizable by the occurrence of the phænomena of yelk-division. 1912 15 537 Suppression of yolk division without suppression of protoplasmic, nuclear, or centrosomal division. 2013 M. Raineri & E. Tammiksaar in P. Pontarotti i. 13 Each of these bodies contains its nucleus which derives from the nucleus of the fertilized egg by a continuous process of nuclear division preceding and conditioning yolk division. the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > reproductive substances or cells > [noun] > ovum or ootid > yolk > yolk duct 1827 R. T. Gore in tr. C. G. Carus III. 44 A portion of the Intestine of a Hen, with a vestige of the yolk-duct..attached to it. 1965 29 528/2 In ducklings, a considerable quantity of yolk becomes obvious in that section of the gut below the yolk duct between 24 and 48 hours of age. 2013 B. M. Carlson (ed. 5) vii. 119/2 In a small percentage of adults, traces of the yolk duct persist as a fibrous cord or an outpouching of the small intestine known as Meckel's diverticulum. 1834 (Royal Soc.) 124 537 The other two modes in which the foetus of the Torpedo is nourished, analogous to what is witnessed in the chick in ovo, first by means of vessels conveying blood, passing from the yolk membrane. 1953 H. S. Davis (1965) iii. 35 The shell is separated from the yolk membrane by the narrow, perivitelline space filled with perivitelline fluid. 2005 74 1053/2 Any remaning albumin and the yolk membranes were removed by rolling the [frozen] yolk on absorbent paper. the world > animals > invertebrates > subkingdom Metazoa > grade Triploblastica or Coelomata > class Gastropoda > [noun] > superorder Branchifera > order Prosobranchiata > section Holostomata > family Neritidae > genus Nerita or shell of 1713 J. Petiver 2/2 Yelk-Nerit. 1794 P. A. Nemnich III. 719 Nerita vitellus,..the yelk nerite. the world > animals > invertebrates > subkingdom Metazoa > grade Triploblastica or Coelomata > class Gastropoda > [noun] > superorder Branchifera > order Prosobranchiata > section Holostomata > family Neritidae > genus Nerita or shell of 1796 P. A. Nemnich V. 945 Yolk nerita, nerita vitellus and albumen. the world > animals > fish > parts of fish > [noun] > cells in ovum 1872 H. Power tr. W. Waldeyer in II. xxv. 199 The most external germinal layer, from which the greatest part of the epidermoid structures are developed, on both sides of Ecker's yolk plug (Dotterpfropf). 1959 T. R. E. Southwood & D. Leston 299 Fertile eggs [of the bug Capsus ater] commence to develop at once and the grey band of the yolk plug forms just below the operculum about 2 weeks after laying. 2001 27 1779 For the morphometric analysis we measured standard length and then weighed each specimen (after towel drying), removed the yolk plug, and re-weighed the specimen to determine the mass of the yolk plug. the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > reproductive substances or cells > [noun] > ovum or ootid > yolk > sac 1831 10 111 Sketch showing the relative position, size, &c. of the allantois and yolk-sac, &c. in the fœtus of the sheep about three weeks old. 1971 86 248 Glycogen stores were not appreciably reduced in heart, muscle or liver tissues during the 1st 31 days of fasting, while the yolk sac was completely consumed. 2014 A. Roberts 18 The fact that, as a tiny embryo, you had a yolk sac, even a small, un-yolky one, reveals something about your ancestry and the links between embryology and evolution. the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > conception > [noun] > synapsis or yolk-division 1857 L. J. R. Agassiz I. i. i. 75 The Rhizopods..may represent, in the type of Mollusks, the stage of yolk segmentation of Gasteropods. 1954 29 Jan. 161/2 At about the 24th hr the yolk segmentation begins and the yolk mass is divided by thin membranes into many large cells. 2008 I. M. Suthers et al. in I. M. Suthers & D. Rissik viii. 217 The characters that can be used to identify eggs are the egg size and shape, number, position and pigmentation of oil globules, the degree of yolk segmentation, [etc.] 1872 2 157 No yolk skin was observed, neither any micropyle. 1927 No. 162. 13 Solid, yellowish yolks without trace of shell or any membranes aside from the vitelline membrane or yolk skin. 2001 J. A. Brock & R. Bullis in C.-S. Lee & E. M. Donaldson 146 The principal clinical manifestations are erosion of the yolk skin, spinal deformities, [etc.] the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > reproductive substances or cells > [noun] > ovum or ootid > yolk > yolk duct 1884 R. Barnes & F. Barnes I. iv. 93 The small intestine has elongated so as to form a loop, from the apex of which the slender yolk-stalk still arises. 1900 Feb. 7 The thin..yolk-stalk carrying the vitelline artery. 2006 148 828/1 The embryos were clearly connected by a shared yolk stalk, indicating that they must have originated from a single yolk. 1893 H. G. Wells 136 There are no free larval stages such as occur in the case of the crab or frog, where the yolk store is less abundant. 1969 38 801 Young leeches attached themselves to their parents after hatching, and remained thus for some time after their yolk store had been used up. 2004 P. H. O'Farrell in i. 18 A frog such as Xenopus has an egg that is large (1 mm in diameter) by some standards, with substantial yolk stores. Derivatives 1662 tr. F. Plater et al. (new ed.) iii. ii. xi. 664/1 And it [sc. a Dysentery] is worst when yellow, or yolk-like Choller [L. bilis..vitellina], or green, like Verdegreece, or black is voided. 1745 13 The yolk-like Part was hollow in some, but filled in others with a darkish brown and porous Substance, like a Kind of Pitch. 1827 R. T. Gore tr. C. G. Carus II. ii. ii. 380 A yolk-like organ, which, very probably in this case also, is derived from the Ovary alone. 1920 26 219 Contents [of the cyst] were composed of dried yolk-like material surrounded by an amber-colored clear fluid. 2003 29 Nov. w11 A crisp white wine..to cut the buttery, yolk-like roe of the female crab. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2016; most recently modified version published online June 2022). yolkn.2 Origin: Apparently a word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Apparently the reflex of an unattested Old English noun *ēowoc (compare the derivative ēowocig yolky adj.1), cognate with Middle Dutch ieke , eike grease in wool ( > eik n.; Dutch regional (Flanders) †iek ), Middle Low German ēk pus (German regional (Low German) eek , ekk mucus secretion in the corner of the eye) < the Germanic base of ewe n.1, with a velar suffix. Compare eik n.In α. forms apparently influenced by association with yolk n.1, perhaps on account of its yellowish colour. It is uncertain whether the following (from a remedy for a horse with inflamed lungs) shows a transferred use of this word (if so, implying earlier currency):1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 686 The panch of a sucking pig being taken out and mingled with the yolke which sticketh to the inner parts of the skin. the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > group Ruminantia (sheep, goats, cows, etc.) > genus Ovus > [noun] > Ovus Aries (domestic sheep) > body and parts of > fleece > lanolin in 1767 tr. J. Hellot i. iv. 24 But this Diminution in Weight, varies in Proportion to the more or less Yolk contained in the Wool, and in Proportion to its being more or less scoured. 1778 J. Cowan 19 It's waters are peculiarly adapted for every part of that business, as their great softness enables them to scour the yelk from the wool. 1805 J. Luccock 81 The power of producing a copious supply of healthy and nutritious yolk is one of the most important qualities of wool-bearing animals. 1886 Mar. 470 It is now very well understood that sheep carrying plenty of yoke are best adapted to dry climates. 1910 5 Nov. 56/2 The American Vermont had..been imported in considerable numbers with a view to increasing the yolk and strength of the wool. 1981 J. Halliday & J. Halliday in K. Thear & A. Fraser (1988) iv. 76/2 Shearing is sometimes more difficult with the Angora as its fleece yields no yolk to lubricate the cutter against the comb and the shearer may need to grease it artificially. 2008 U. McGovern (2009) 28 Several days were left between washing and shearing for the fleece to dry and for the natural grease, known as ‘yolk’, to recoat the fibres of the wool. Compounds General attributive. 1807 V. ii. viii. 515 In proportion as the water in the boiler wastes, the loss is repaired by the gradual addition of fresh yolk-water, as every portion of wool is taken out. 1839 A. Ure 144 Too long a continuance of the wool in the yolk water, hurts its quality very much, by weakening its cohesion, causing the filaments to swell, and even to split. It is said then to have lost its nerve. 1910 July 433/2 The wool being subjected to the action of an electric current while it is moved about in a vat filled with yolk water. 1808 C. Vancouver xiv. 343 Eight pounds of yoak wool to the fleece. 1861 1 July 8/5 There has been but little inquire for yolk wool, and the prices are at from 10d to 10½d per lb. 1909 25 June The heavy yolk wool (Vermont) has from 15 to 20 drops of natural moisture. Phrasesthe world > textiles and clothing > textiles > wool > [adverb] > greasy or unwashed 1767 tr. J. Hellot i. iv. 24 They generally scour a Bale of Wool at once; if it weighed 250 Pounds in the Yolk [Fr. en suain], it generally loses 60 lb in scouring. 1843 A. Beatty 38 These [breeds] bear fleeces from 8 to 11 pounds, in the yolk. 1901 17 May 5 [Wool] in ‘the yoke’..was only fetching about 4½d. a lb. 1951 H. P. R. Finberg v. 146 The practice..of shearing wool ‘in the yolk’, was already established in the fourteenth century. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2016; most recently modified version published online June 2022). <  n.1eOE n.21767 |
