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单词 writhe
释义

writhen.

Brit. /rʌɪð/, U.S. /raɪð/
Forms: Middle English wriþe, Middle English–1600s wrythe, 1500s 1700s– writhe; Scottish pre-1700 writhe, pre-1700 1800s wryth, pre-1700 1800s wrythe, 1700s writh, 1800s wride (south-western), 1900s– vryth (north-eastern), 1900s– vrythe (north-eastern).
Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: writhe v.
Etymology: < writhe v., probably partly as an alteration of wreath n.Some Scots forms could alternatively reflect derivation directly from forms of wreath n. with long open ē ; compare Scots gryte , variant of great adj. and see discussion at that entry.
1. A wreath (in various senses).
†a. Something twisted or formed into a circular shape; a twisted band; = wreath n. 1. Obsolete.
ΘΠ
the world > space > shape > curvature > coil > [noun] > condition of being twisted spirally > spirally twisted object
wreathOE
writhec1400
wreathing1600
twist1604
writh1650
c1400 (?a1300) Kyng Alisaunder (Laud) (1952) l. 5714 (MED) His rigge was bristled as wiþ sharp siþen; Teeþ he had so wreþen wriþen.
1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid v. x. 25 The writhe of gold, or chane lowpit in ringis.
1548 N. Udall et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. I. Luke vii. 74 To brede [her hair] with wrythes of golde enterlaced emong it.
1569 T. Underdowne tr. Heliodorus Æthiop. Hist. ix. 127 [Each] hathe a round Wrythe vpon his head, in which their Arrowes are set in order.
†b. A flexible branch interwoven among rods or stakes; = wreath n. 3. Obsolete. rare.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > wood > wood of specific trees > [noun] > willow > twig or rod of
osierc1175
wanda1300
persha1398
withya1400
wicker14..
winding1405
withe1465
yedder1512
writhe1552
writh1810
skein1837
1552 R. Huloet Abcedarium Anglico Latinum Wrythes, or any thing that may be wrythed about like a willow or osier, vitilia, ium.
c. Scottish. A bank or drift of snow; a snowdrift; = wreath n. 9a. Now rare.In quot. 1952 in a place name.Also more fully writhe of snow, snow writhe (cf. snow-wreath n. 1).
ΚΠ
1594 J. Monipennie Certeine Matters composed Together sig. G4 Vnder a wryth of snow they sleepe sound.
1716 West-Country Intelligence (Glasgow) 19 Jan. 12 He was found yesterday half a Mile off the Road, in a Writh of Snow.
1804 R. Couper Poetry Sc. Lang. I. 217 See ye him pressing through the wrythe: Ay drifts the snaw.
1824 J. Mactaggart Sc. Gallovidian Encycl. 287 Some think they sank in a snaw wride.
1952 W. M. Alexander Place-names Aberdeenshire 245 The Cuidhe Crom is called in Scot. ‘the Crookit Vrythe’ (crooked wreath).
d. A twist or coil in something; a twisted or curled formation; spec. a curl or coil of smoke, flame, etc.; = wreath n. 4.
ΘΠ
the world > space > shape > curvature > coil > [noun] > condition of being twisted spirally > a spiral twist
wrest?c1550
writhe1745
twiddle1849
1745 Hooke's Micrographia Restaurata 24 The two Clefts or Channels, which as it were divide the Beard, its whole Length, into two unequal Parts, they wind very oddly in the inward Part of the Writhe.
1834 M. Bloxham Paradise Regained ii. 46 The spiral flames O'er-arching, mid a writhe of lurid fire.
1857 J. Ruskin Arrows of Chace (1880) I. 219 The castle sate its rock as a strong rider sits his horse,—fitting its limbs to every writhe of the flint beneath it.
1874 R. St. J. Tyrwhitt Our Sketching Club 164 The writhe in his mustache.
2010 C. Russell Long Glasgow Kiss vi. 142 I drew on the cigarette and contemplated the silver-grey writhes of smoke.
2.
a. An act of writhing; a twisting or writhing movement of the body or face (spec. as a result of pain, distress, etc.); a contortion.
ΘΠ
the world > movement > motion in specific manner > writhing or twisting movement > [noun] > an act of
wresta1400
wringa1500
throwa1522
writhe1611
wry1616
twistlea1796
squinch1893
1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Torse,..a wrest, wrinch; wrythe.
1767 ‘Coriat Junior’ Another Traveller! I. 185 Men who..could watch the excruciating writhes..of others.
1796 Instr. & Regulations Cavalry 40 The head or leading flank..whose writhes and turnings are followed by every other part of the body [of troops].
1812 A. Chalmers Biogr. Dict. V. 312 He..expired..without a writhe in his countenance.
1889 F. Hume Professor Brankel's Secret in Belgravia Christmas 210 The writhe of pain passing over his face vanished and left him with his usual countenance.
1890 R. Broughton Alas! xvi The silent writhe with which Jim receives this piece of information.
1933 Shadow Mag 1 Nov. 35/2 With a writhe of agony, he plunged head foremost from the touring car.
1988 Sun Herald (Sydney) (Nexis) 10 Jan. (Late ed.) (Your Sunday section) 102 He will teach her how to ‘soul dance’, a cross between a wriggle and a writhe.
2013 N. Griffith Hild xiv. 219 She..push[ed] herself off the tree with a writhe of her spine.
†b. A sudden sharp feeling of pain; a twinge. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > pain > types of pain > [noun] > sudden pain
stitchc1000
showera1300
shutea1300
gridea1400
gripa1400
shota1400
stounda1400
lancing1470
pang1482
twitch?1510
shooting1528
storm1540
stitching1561
stub1587
twinge1608
gird1614
twang1721
tang1724
shoot1756
darting1758
writhe1789
catch1830
lightning pain1860
twitcher1877
rash1900
1789 A. Young Jrnl. 8 July in Trav. France (1792) i. 133 I had some writhes of it [sc. rheumatism] before I entered Champagne.
†3. Degree of tautness; tension. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > constitution of matter > hardness > types of hardness > [noun] > tautness > degree of or tension
brace1669
tension1685
writhe1879
1879 G. Grove Dict. Music I. 135 A body..of parchment, strained upon a hoop to the required writhe or degree of stiffness for resonance.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2021).

writhev.

Brit. /rʌɪð/, U.S. /raɪð/
Forms: 1. Present stem. Old English wriþan, Old English wriðan, late Old English wryðan (in prefixed forms), early Middle English riþaþ (3rd singular indicative, perhaps transmission error), early Middle English wriþ (3rd singular indicative, in prefixed forms), early Middle English wriðe, early Middle English wryð (3rd singular indicative, in prefixed forms), early Middle English wryðe, early Middle English wyrþ (imperative singular, in prefixed forms), Middle English writ (probably transmission error), Middle English writh (3rd singular indicative), Middle English wriþe, Middle English writthe, Middle English wryþe, Middle English wryththe, Middle English–1600s writh, Middle English–1600s wryth, Middle English–1600s wrythe, Middle English– writhe, 1500s wrieth, 1500s wriethe; English regional (northern and north-west midlands) 1800s wrive (Lancashire), 1800s wrythe; Scottish pre-1700 vryth, pre-1700 wricht, pre-1700 writh, pre-1700 wryith, pre-1700 wryth, 1800s– writhe. 2. Past tense. a. Strong. (i). Originally 1st and 3rd singular indicative.

α. Old English wraþ, Old English (early Middle English in prefixed forms) wrað, early Middle English wræð (south-west midlands), Middle English wrath, Middle English wrathe (northern), Middle English wraythe (northern); Scottish pre-1700 wraith.

β. early Middle English wroð, Middle English wrooth, Middle English wroth, Middle English wroþ, Middle English wrothe.

γ. 1500s writhe (northern); Scottish pre-1700 wryith, pre-1700 wryth.

(ii). Plural indicative.

α. Old English wriðon, early Middle English uurythen, Middle English writhen, Middle English wriþyn, Middle English wrythen, Middle English wryþen.

β. Middle English wrethen.

b. Weak. Middle English–1600s wrythed, Middle English– writhed; also Scottish pre-1700 writhit, pre-1700 writhyt, pre-1700 wryithit, pre-1700 wrythit, pre-1700 wrythyd. 3. Past participle. a. Strong.

α. (a) Old English gewriþen, Old English gewriðen, Old English gewryðen, Old English wriðen, Old English–Middle English wriþen, early Middle English ȝewriþan, early Middle English ȝewriþen, Middle English iwrithen, Middle English iwriþen, Middle English iwrythen, Middle English writhun, Middle English writhyn, Middle English wryþen, Middle English wrythyn, Middle English ywrithen, Middle English ywriþen, Middle English ywriðen, Middle English ywrythen, Middle English–1600s writhen, Middle English–1600s wrythen, 1500s–1600s writhin; Scottish pre-1700 writhyn, pre-1700 wrythin, pre-1700 wrythyn; (b) Middle English iwrithe, Middle English wriþ, Middle English writhe, Middle English wriþe, Middle English wryte (perhaps transmission error), Middle English ywrithe, Middle English ywrythe, Middle English ywryþe.

β. (a) Old English wreoþen, Middle English wreþen, Middle English wrethin, Middle English wrethyn, Middle English wrethyne, Middle English–1600s wrethen, late Middle English wrecchyn (transmission error), late Middle English wreyin (transmission error), 1500s–1600s wreathen; (b) Middle English iwrethe, Middle English werthe, Middle English wrethe, Middle English ywrethe, Middle English ywreþe.

γ. 1500s wrothonne.

b. Weak. Middle English–1600s wrythed, Middle English– writhed; also Scottish pre-1700 writhit.
Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.
Etymology: Cognate with North Frisian (Amrum) wriis , (Karrharde) writhe to twist, wring, Old High German rīdan to wind, turn (Middle High German rīden , German regional (southern and Austria) reiden to twist, tie), Old Icelandic ríða to wind, twist, tie, wring Old Swedish vriþa to wind, twist, wring (Swedish vrida ), Old Danish writhæ to wind, twist, wring (Danish vride ) < the same Indo-European base as Lithuanian riesti to bend, curve, warp, risti to roll, probably ultimately < an ablaut variant (with different root extension) of the Indo-European base of worth v.1 Compare later wreathe v.In Old English a strong verb of Class I; analogical extension of the dental fricative ð to all forms (already in Germanic) has obliterated any trace of Verner's Law alternation (compare mithe v.). Strong forms are continued in Middle English and survive (in the past participle) into the 17th cent. However, weak forms are already attested in Middle English and gradually come to supersede the strong inflection. Notes on forms. The digraph spellings in the strong past tense singular forms, Middle English (northern) wraythe and Older Scots wraith, may reflect Scandinavian influence (compare Old Icelandic reið , past tense of ríða ), if they are not simply reverse spellings after the merger of the reflexes of Middle English ā and ai . The rare strong past tense plural form Middle English wrethen with stem vowel e instead of i (see Forms 2a(ii)β) shows levelling from past participle forms with e ; compare the development of wreathe v. Middle English forms of the strong past participle with stem vowel e (see Forms 3aβ) are of diverse origin: partly (i) continuing the characteristically Anglian Old English form wreoþen (with eo < earlier io with back mutation before a dental consonant), whose early Middle English reflex wrĕþen underwent subsequent lengthening in open syllables yielding wrēþen with long open ē (compare the early modern English spelling wreathen); and partly (ii) deriving from the forms at Forms 3aα. by northern Middle English lengthening of ĭ in open syllables, i.e. wrĭþen yielding wrēþen with long close ē. Compare the parallel development of forms of wreath n. Occasional Middle English forms (e.g. wyrþ at Forms 1, werthe at Forms 3aβ) show apparent metathesis (if they are not simply scribal errors). Semantic note. In attested Old English, senses belonging to branch I. predominate (compare also the prefixed forms below); however, this may be simply an accident of the historical record. Prefixed forms. In Old English the prefixed form gewrīþan (compare y- prefix) is also attested in the same senses (and survives into early Middle English as iwrithe ); compare also awrīþan to bind up (compare a- prefix3), bewrīþan to bind round, to encircle (compare be- prefix), forwrīþan to bind up (compare forwrithen adj. at for- prefix1 1h(b)), oferwrīþan to wrap round (compare over- prefix), onwrīþan to bind up (compare on- prefix), tōwrīþan (see to-writhe vb. at to- prefix2 1), unwrīþan unwrithe v.
†I. Senses relating to enfolding, encircling, or securing.
1. transitive. To envelop or enfold (something); to bind up, wrap. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > wrapping > wrap [verb (transitive)]
bewindOE
writheOE
windc1175
bewrap?c1225
lapa1300
umbelaya1300
umbeweave1338
wlappec1380
enwrapa1382
wrapa1382
inlap1382
envelop1386
forwrapc1386
hapc1390
umbeclapa1400
umbethonrea1400
umblaya1400
wapc1420
biwlappea1425
revolve?a1425
to roll up?a1425
roll?c1425
to roll ina1475
wimple1513
to wind up?1533
invest1548
circumvolve1607
awrap1609
weave1620
sheet1621
obvolve1623
embowdle1625
amict1657
wry1674
woold1775
overwrap1815
wrapper1885
wrapper1905
weve-
OE West Saxon Gospels: Luke (Corpus Cambr.) x. 34 Þa genealæhte he & wrað his wunda & onaget ele & win.
OE Poenitentiale Pseudo-Egberti (Laud) iii. xvi. 46 Ne þa wanhalan ge ne lacnedon, ne [read &] þa ðe forbrocene wæron þa ge ne wriðon.
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. xii. v. 609 Þey..makeþ honycombes iwounden and iwrithen wiþ wax.
a1475 Bk. Curtasye (Sloane 1986) l. 685 in Babees Bk. (2002) i. 322 Þen brede he brynges, in towelle wrythyn.
2.
a. transitive. To confine or tie up (someone) with a rope, bond, etc.; to bind, fetter. Also figurative. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > fastening > binding or tying > bind or tie [verb (transitive)] > bind
writheOE
binda1325
fret1401
restrainc1425
band1488
plet1575
strapple?1611
OE Beowulf (2008) 964 Ic him [read hine] hrædlice heardan clammum on wælbedde wriþan þohte.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 8682 Ȝe mote uaste heom wriðen mid strongen sæil-rapen.
c1400 (?c1380) Patience l. 80 (MED) Pynez me in a prysoun, put me in stokkes, Wryþe me in a warlok, wrast out myn yȝen.
c1425 (c1400) Laud Troy-bk. l. 9088 In hir loue was he so writhen, That he myght not his wille refrayn.
b. transitive. To secure or fix (something) in place with a fastening such as a pin. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > industry > working with tools or equipment > fastening > fasten [verb (transitive)] > with pins or pegs
biprenec1275
pinc1390
pin1449
key1577
peg1598
cotter1649
writhe1683
nog1711
cotterel1747
1683 J. Pettus tr. L. Ercker i. 12 in Fleta Minor i Assay Ovens made..of strong Armor-plate, and writhen with Ironpins.
3. transitive. To surround or encircle (something) with a wreath or other twisted material. Also with about. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > surrounding > surround or lie around [verb (transitive)] > surround with > as with something twisted
wreathe1509
writhea1522
a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1957) v. v. l. 12 A mantil brusyt with gold, With purpour selvage writhyn mony fold.
a1727 I. Newton Chronol. Anc. Kingdoms Amended (1728) ii. 227 A Caduceus writhen about with two serpents.
II. Senses relating to twisting, coiling, or turning.
4.
a. transitive. To twist or coil (something); to arrange in a coiled or twisted form. Frequently with preposition or adverb. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > intertwining or interweaving > intertwine or interweave [verb (transitive)]
wind971
braidc1000
writheOE
biwevec1300
enlacec1374
winda1387
tracec1400
bredec1440
knit1470
embraid1481
interlace1523
entrail?1530
wreathea1547
beknit1565
twist1565
wand1572
embroid1573
mat1577
complect1578
intertex1578
inweave1578
lace1579
plight1589
entwine1597
bewreath1598
interweave1598
implicate1610
twine1612
complicatea1631
implex1635
intertwine1641
plash1653
enwreathe1667
raddle1671
intertwist1797
pleach1830
impleach1865
the world > space > shape > misshapenness > put out of shape [verb (transitive)] > distort
wresta1000
writheOE
miswrencha1393
wrya1586
divert1609
crumple1615
rumple1636
contort1705
screwa1711
distort1751
twist1769
shevel1777
gnarl1814
the world > space > shape > curvature > coil > [verb (transitive)]
writheOE
foldc1330
wrall1398
wreathec1425
enrol1530
twind1548
involve1555
wring1585
invilup1592
rolla1616
entortill1641
convolve1650
coila1691
circumflex1851
serpentine1883
convolute1887
swirl1902
whorl1904
the world > space > shape > misshapenness > put out of shape [verb (transitive)] > distort > twist and bend
writheOE
awarpc1300
warpa1400
skeller1691
coffer1784
the world > space > shape > curvature > coil > [verb (transitive)] > twist spirally
writheOE
wethe1398
wind1398
withe1398
turna1450
cralla1475
twirk1599
twirla1625
twire1628
twist1714
wisp1753
twistle1788
twizzle1788
screw1834
twistify1835
OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 155 Torqueo ic wriðe..; of ðam gefeged distorqueo ic towriðe.
?a1160 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1137 Me dide cnotted strenges abuton here hæued & uurythen it ðat it gæde to þe hærnes.
c1390 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Vernon) (1867) A. vi. l. 9 He bar a bordun I-bounde wiþ a brod lyste, In A weþe-bondes wyse i-wriþen aboute.
a1475 J. Russell Bk. Nurture (Harl. 4011) in Babees Bk. (2002) i. 131 Take boþe endis of þe towelle..and wrythe an handfulle..next þe bred myghtily, and se þat thy wrappere be made strayt.
1568 W. Turner Herbal (rev. ed.) ii. 128 The floures grew very thyck together as they were writhen about the stalcke.
1635 J. Hayward tr. G. F. Biondi Donzella Desterrada 149 Never was there..serpent wrythen up so suddenly.
1643 in Sir J. Temple Irish Rebell. (1646) 117 They would take and writh wyths about their heads.
1745 tr. L. J. M. Columella Of Husbandry iii. xviii Twisting and writhing the head of a shoot.
1827 R. Pollok Course of Time I. v. 229 The Worm that never dies, writhing its folds In hideous sort.
1866 C. Rossetti Prince's Progress 6 Who twisted her hair..And writhed it shining in serpent-coils.
1933 H. Walpole Vanessa ii. 234 A fat snake with a flickering tongue which writhed its coils around a shrieking woman and her child.
b. intransitive. To twist or turn; (of smoke, flames, etc.) to move with a twisting or coiling motion. Also: to twine or coil round, around, or about something.In quot. a1500 figurative: to change or be mutable.Senses relating to twisting or contorting the body are treated at branch III.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > shape > curvature > coil > [verb (intransitive)]
twinec1300
foldc1330
writhea1413
twind1575
spire1607
wreathe1776
coil1798
scroll1868
threada1879
a1413 (c1385) G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (Pierpont Morgan) (1882) iii. l. 1231 As a-bowte a tre with many a twyste, Bytrent and wryþe the soote wode bynde, Gan eche of hem in armes oþer wynde.
a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. xiii. 131 This warld fowre neuer so..: Now in weyll, now in wo, And all thyng wrythys.
1545 R. Ascham Toxophilus ii. f. 4 Elles the one ende [of a bow-string] shall wriethe contrary to the other.
1795 R. Southey Joan of Arc (1853) iii. 33 I saw The pictured flames writhe round a penanced soul.
1820 R. Southey Lodore 61 Flying and flinging, Writhing and ringing,..this way the Water comes down at Lodore.
1893 M. Cholmondeley Diana Tempest xvi [He] lit the paper, and..watched it writhe under the little chuckling flame.
1921 D. Maxwell Dweller in Mesopotamia ix. 118 The effect of these kilns with their great columns of heavy, black smoke, writhing and coiling up into the still sky, was indescribable.
2003 Coventry Evening Tel. (Nexis) 20 Oct. (Features section) Mist writhed around the tombstones.
†c. transitive. To force out (smoke or fire) in twists or coils. Obsolete.In quot. of a volcano.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > shape > curvature > coil > [verb (transitive)] > force (smoke) out coils
writhe?c1425
?c1425 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Cambr. Ii.3.21) (1886) i. met. iv. 7 Veseuus..writith [perhaps read writhith; ?c1400 BL Add. 10340 wircheþ; L. torquet] owtthorw his brokene chymynees smokynge fyres.
†d. transitive. To turn (something) into a wreath or other coiled or twisted form. Also with to. Obsolete.In quot. 1582 figurative.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > shape > curvature > coil > [verb (transitive)] > twist spirally > fashion by
writhe1582
1582 R. Mulcaster 1st Pt. Elementarie v. 23 If the pliable mind be vnwiselie writhen to a disfigured shape.
1851 J. Ruskin Stones of Venice I. i. 17 The Arab..points the arch and writhes it into extravagant foliations.
1879 J. A. Symonds Sketches Italy & Greece (ed. 2) 291 Snow lies..writhed into loveliest wreaths.
†5.
a. transitive. To make (a wreath or similar coiled or twisted form) by plaiting, entwining, or twisting; to plait. Also with together. Obsolete.Frequently with reference to Christ's crown of thorns.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > intertwining or interweaving > intertwine or interweave [verb (transitive)] > form by
wind971
writheOE
weave1495
contex1542
wreathea1547
twista1592
comply?1611
inweave1667
entwine1697
OE [implied in: Cynewulf Elene 24 Garas lixtan, wriðene wælhlencan. Wordum ond bordum hofon herecombol. (at writhen adj. 1)].
a1300 Passion our Lord l. 383 in R. Morris Old Eng. Misc. (1872) 48 Of one wrase of þornes he wryþen hym one crune.
a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) John xix. 2 Kniȝtis writhen [E.V. c1384 Douce 369(2) foldinge] a coroun of thornes.
?1510 Treatyse Galaunt (de Worde) sig. Aiv Theyr typpettes be wrythen lyke to a chayne.
a1557 J. Cheke tr. Gospel St. Matthew (1843) xxvii. 29 Writhing together a crown of thistels.
1563 J. Shute First Groundes Archit. sig. Divv The other Astragalus..shalbe wrothonne like a wreath.
b. transitive. To unite or combine (two or more things) by twisting, entwining, or interweaving; to join (something) with another; to intertwine. Frequently with together. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > intertwining or interweaving > intertwine or interweave [verb (intransitive)]
writhec1275
entertain1481
interlace1596
weave1613
lace1762
intertwine1782
interknit1818
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 12963 Þat weore twælf swine..mid wiðen..y-wriðen al to-gadere.
a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Judges xvi. 9 As if a man brekith a threed of herdis, writhun [E.V. a1425 Corpus Oxf. sponnen] with spotle.
a1450 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (Bodl.) xvii. cl Al schrubbes and treen wiþ prickes..beþ ywounde and ywrethe togedres, and biclippiþ..euriche oþer.
1565 T. Cooper Thesaurus Nerui tortiles,..stringes writhed together.
1598 Floure & Leafe in T. Speght Wks. G. Chaucer f. 366/1 The hegge also..With sicamour was set and eglatere Wrethen in fere so wel.
1671 J. Webster Metallographia xiii. 209 Thick truncks, which were writhen variously amongst themselves.
1876 Monthly Packet Dec. 230 She sat in a wonderful chair, the legs and arms of which looked like petrified snakes writhed together in a thick twist.
1901 R. H. Barbour Captain of Crew (1906) xi. 111 The floor was a mess of débris; shoes and garments from the hooks were writhed together madly.
†6. transitive. To turn or wrench (something) round or to one side. Obsolete.Sometimes spec. with reference to turning the head, eyes, etc.; cf. branch III.Quot. OE could alternatively be interpreted as showing the past participle of prefixed Old English gewrīþan; see etymological note.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > direction > direct [verb (transitive)] > turn (something) to a (different) direction > from normal direction
writheOE
wreathec1429
wryc1460
vertc1590
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > sideways movement or a sideways movement > cause to move sideways [verb (transitive)] > twist or wrench to the side
writheOE
wreathec1429
OE Homily (Corpus Cambr. 162) in H. L. C. Tristram Vier Altenglische Predigten aus der Heterodoxen Trad. (Ph.D. diss., Freiburg) (1970) 167 And eft hi gesawon synfulra manna sawla on witum earmlice fram deoflum gewriðene.
a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Lev. i. 15 Whanne the heed is writhun [E.V. a1425 Corpus Oxf. crokid aȝen] to the necke.
?1550 H. Llwyd tr. Pope John XXI Treasury of Healthe sig. a.iv If the eyes be wrythen a syde.
1584 T. Bedingfield tr. C. Corte Art of Riding 101 An angrie horsse..that dooth wryth his head from one side to the other.
1603 P. Holland tr. Plutarch Morals 141 A yoong wench hath him sure enough by the necke, and doth writhe him which way she list!
1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Æneis x, in tr. Virgil Wks. 511 Æneas writh'd his Dart, and stopp'd his bawling Breath.
1713 R. Steele Englishman No. 1. 5 There may be a Way of appearing Wise by writhing the Head.
7.
a. transitive. With adverb or preposition: to twist or wrench (something or someone) off or away. Also figurative.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > place > removal or displacement > remove or displace [verb (transitive)] > by twisting, wrenching, or turning
wringc1330
writhea1393
wrya1586
wrench1697
twist1785
a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vii. l. 5341 He his necke hath wriþ [emended in ed. to writhe; a1425 Bodl. 902 wriþe] atuo.
1490 W. Caxton tr. Boke yf Eneydos x. sig. Cvii There myghte ye see..crampons of yron wrythen a sondre.
c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy (2002) f. 176 But god..wrangis in his wrathe writhis to ground.
1570 J. Foxe Actes & Monumentes (rev. ed.) I. 5/2 Here the Bishops began first to writhe out theyr elections & theyr neckes a litle from the Emperours subiection.
?a1600 in F. J. Child Eng. & Sc. Pop. Ballads (1890) III. 413/34 Then he writhe the gold ring of his ffingar.
1606 J. Marston Parasitaster v. H 4 b Cupid.., Whose force writh'd lightning from Ioues shaking hand.
1684 S. E. Answer Remarks upon Dr. H. More 224 Before their heads be writhen off.
1887 D. C. Murray One Trav. Returns xvii Writhing the water from their auburn hair.
2009 Times (Nexis) 5 Mar. (ed. 1) 18 They writhed her treasured engagement ring from her finger and snatched £220 from her purse.
†b. transitive. With preposition: to insert (something or someone) into a space by twisting. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > place > placing or fact of being placed in (a) position > insertion or putting in > insert or put in [verb (transitive)] > with twisting
to wring in1579
writhe1583
wrest1597
to worm in1605
warp1803
wrestle1821
1583 P. Barrough Methode of Phisicke i. xliv. 52 You may wryth a linnen clothe..in the nosethrilles.
1593 T. Nashe Christs Teares G 2 b This desolatiue-Trumpet of Ierusalem; a weake breath or two I will writhe into it.
1601 B. Jonson Every Man in his Humor iii. ii. 9 He had so writhen himselfe into the habit of one of your poore Disparuiew's . View more context for this quotation
1651 N. Biggs Matæotechnia Medicinæ Praxeωs Ep. Ded. sig. b The apish Prentices of some old dotard Citizen, who have as much wit as their Masters, and that, like knotty and crabbed blocks has been writhed into them.
?1790 Lady E. Fenn Lilliputian Spectacle II. 63 The Pelican..the Author..describes..as being larger than the Swan, web-footed, and having a pouch under the bill, capable of containing fifteen quarts of water, and which can be writhed under the hollow of the bill.
†8. figurative.
a. transitive. To divert or deflect (someone or something) towards or away from a person, course of action, etc.; to cause to turn away or incline towards another. Cf. wrench v. 4b. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > inaction > not doing > abstaining or refraining from action > abstain or refrain from (action) [verb (transitive)] > avoid or shun > turn aside from > cause to
writhea1400
wrya1400
reflecta1500
reverta1500
withstand1508
reversec1540
declinea1555
evert1569
deflecta1575
divert1609
bias1628
blank1640
avert1697
shunt1858
sidetrack1887
ride1908
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 28101 Wit grochyng strijf and wit bakbite, Wrangwys haue i wryþen wyte.
c1480 (a1400) St. Agatha 97 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) II. 361 For to wryth agathis wil fra cryst.
a1505 R. Henryson Bludy Serk 107 in Poems (1981) 161 Sa suld we wryth all syn away.
1534 R. Whittington tr. Cicero Thre Bks. Tullyes Offyces ii. sig. M.2 Pleasures fayre..ofte tymes writhe the bygger partes of the soule fro vertue.
1561 T. Norton & T. Sackville Gorboduc i. ii Lest the fraude..Of flattering tongues..wrythe them to the wayes of youthfull lust.
1642 King Charles I Let. to Mayor of Bristol 2 The rebellious instigation..to writhe and bend your inclinations to oppose Me.
1655 H. Vaughan Silex Scintillans (ed. 2) ii. 12 Desire that never will be quench'd, Nor can be writh'd, nor wrench'd.
1684 S. E. Answer Remarks upon Dr. H. More Pref. sig. bv The Remarker..has writhen and forced his Wit and Invention to personate [etc.].
b. intransitive. To turn or be converted to, from, etc., a course of action, way of life, etc. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > change > change to something else, transformation > be transformed [verb (intransitive)]
wortheOE
awendOE
golOE
turnc1275
changec1300
runc1384
to run into ——c1384
fare1398
writhea1400
transmewc1400
returnc1475
transume1480
convert1549
transform1597
remove1655
transeate1657
transmute1675
make1895
metamorphose1904
shapeshift1927
metamorphize1943
metamorphosize1967
morph1992
a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) l. 130 To many maner synnes hyt [sc. handling] wryþys.
a1425 (c1300) in C. Horstmann Altengl. Legenden (1881) 2nd Ser. 187 His wife kome þan..wiþ rewfull grate Als scho wald all to watir writhe.
a1450 (?1419–20) Friar Daw's Reply (Digby) l. 633 in P. L. Heyworth Jack Upland (1968) 92 Þei ben bastard braunches þat..wriþyn wrongli away from Holy Chirche techinge.
1564 T. Becon New Catech. in Wks. 337 b He writhed with his hande from doyinge wrong.
†9. figurative.
a. transitive. To strain, distort, or pervert the meaning of (a text, passage, etc.); to twist. Cf. wrench v. 7, wrest v. 5, 6, wring v. 9b. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > misinterpretation > distortion or perversion of meaning > pervert or distort [verb (transitive)]
crooka1340
deprave1382
pervertc1390
strainc1449
drawc1450
miswrest?a1475
bewrya1522
wry?1521
to make a Welshman's hose ofa1529
writhea1533
wrest1533
invert1534
wring?1541
depravate1548
rack1548
violent1549
wrench1549
train1551
wreathe1556
throw1558
detorta1575
shuffle1589
wriggle1593
distortc1595
to put, set, place, etc. on the rack1599
twine1600
wire-draw1610
monstrify1617
screw1628
corrupt1630
gloss1638
torture1648
force1662
vex1678
refract1700
warp1717
to put a force upon1729
twist1821
ply1988
a1533 Ld. Berners tr. A. de Guevara Golden Bk. M. Aurelius (1546) sig. Hh.iv They haue..writhen and enlarged the discipline of Justyce.
1546 Bp. S. Gardiner Declar. True Articles 43 The pelagians..searched out places of scripture, and writhed them violently..to their purpose.
1565 T. Cooper Thesaurus at Torqueo To wreste & writhe the law.
1624 W. Bedell Copies Certaine Lett. vi. 106 The Ladies Psalter, wherein that which is spoken of God by the Spirit of God is writhed to her.
1662 H. Hibbert Syntagma Theologicum 199 Wresting and writhing mens writings to another meaning.
1764 A. Purver in New & Literal Transl. Bks. Old & New Test. II. 124/1 How has the Scripture been writhed about, by being in such frequent Use, as the common Words of Language are anomalous!
1864 E. S. Wiggins Archit. of Heavens xi. 227 It is..remarkable..how the Scripture text has been writhed..by the greater number of the interpreters of Genesis, to carry out preconceived, and yet unfounded notions.
b. transitive. To misinterpret or twist the words of (a person). Cf. wrest v. 5c. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > misinterpretation > misinterpret [verb (intransitive)]
dwelec900
misweena1325
misconceivec1395
misunderstanda1400
misthinka1530
missavour1540
mistake1548
writhe1561
misconstrue1581
misapprehend1658
misconstruct1678
misobserve1693
1561 T. Norton tr. J. Calvin Inst. Christian Relig. i. xiv. f. 47 Stephen and Paule.., howe soeuer they be writhed, yet must..so be vnderstanded.
1563 J. Foxe Actes & Monuments 1429/2 It is shame for you to wrast and wrieth the doctors as you do.
III. Senses relating to contorting the body or limbs.
10.
a. intransitive. To contort the body as a result of some strong feeling or emotion, such as pain, distress, or ecstasy; to roll or squirm about as a result of such emotion. In later use also (with or without implication of physical movement): to experience such emotion; to suffer severe embarrassment, mental discomfort, etc.Also with around or about, and also frequently with prepositional phrase specifying the feeling or emotion, e.g. they were writhing in pain.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in specific manner > writhing or twisting movement > writhe or twist [verb (intransitive)] > writhe in pain or distress
writhe?a1200
wry1340
wringc1485
?a1200 (?OE) Peri Didaxeon (1896) 31 Hwile he riþaþ, swylce he on dueorge sy.
a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) I. 327 Sir Bewmaynes had no reste, but walowed and wrythed for the love of the lady of that castell.
a1500 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Nero) viii. l. 1776 Al brym he belyt in to brethe, And wrythit al in wedand wrethe.
1713 J. Addison Cato iii. v Let them..be..empal'd, and left To writhe at leisure round the bloody stake.
1797 Sporting Mag. Dec. 154/1 A woman of fashion, after losing her money, has sat writhing in all the agonies of bad luck.
1798 S. Lee Young Lady's Tale in H. Lee Canterbury Tales II. 431 [She was] writhing under the wound.
1841 C. Dickens Old Curiosity Shop i. xiii. 157 Mr. Brass, after writhing about..was by this time awake also.
1846 A. Marsh Father Darcy II. iii. 74 His heart writhing with hatred.
1931 Amer. Mercury Jan. 14/1 Able middle-weights..gasped and writhed with envy to see this Vermonter..go about with such democratic amiability.
1984 Financial Times (Nexis) 10 Mar. (Books section) 14 Four naked bodies writhing around in something approaching late 1960s ecstasy.
1992 Daily Tel. 21 May 21 Henderson found his patient writhing in agony in the road.
2015 MailOnline (Nexis) 23 July A poll..asked 2,000 UK parents of children between the ages of five and 20, what were the sure ways to leave their children writhing in shame.
b. intransitive. More generally: (of a person or animal) to move in a sinuous manner; to change posture by twisting; to twist about.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in specific manner > writhing or twisting movement > writhe or twist [verb (intransitive)]
wendOE
throwOE
to-writhec1000
windc1000
wrenchc1050
writhec1300
wrenka1400
wrestle?a1400
chervec1440
wring1470
wrele1513
wriggle1573
wrincha1625
curla1637
twingle1647
twine1666
twirl1706
retort1720
c1300 Body & Soul (Laud Misc. 108) (1889) 49 Þi wretche wit so þunne, Þat ay was wriþinde as a wond.
c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) l. 1200 Þen he wakenede & wroth & to-hir-warde torned.
1588 R. Greene Pandosto sig. C4 The Babe..wrythed with the head, to seeke for the pap.
1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Serpeger, to..wrigle, writhe, or goe waiuing, &c., like a serpent.
1814 W. Wordsworth Excursion vi. 263 The Indian bird That writhes and chatters in her wiry cage. View more context for this quotation
1996 J. Whedon in Buffy the Vampire Slayer: Script Bk. (2000) 1st Season I. 45 (stage direct.) Kids writhe about to the music with healthy abandon.
2002 J. Cohen & I. Stewart Evolving Alien xiii. 322 Observation of ribbonfish, lines of dolphins or seals, basking sharks, perhaps giant squid writhing at the surface.
11.
a. intransitive. Of a person, animal, or part of the body: to proceed or change position with a writhing or twisting motion. Usually with preposition or adverb. Also figurative and in extended use.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > progressive motion > specific manner of progressive motion > move progressively in specific manner [verb (intransitive)] > with sinuous or writhing motion
writhec1275
wriggle1602
squirm1759
worm1802
eel1922
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 3354 Þe king..him wræð [c1300 Otho leop] to ase he hine wolde anho.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) l. 4276 At þe ende wol priue loue out wriþe.
c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) l. 533 Wylde wormez to her won wryþez in þe erþe.
c1440 (?a1400) Morte Arthure l. 1093 (MED) All falterde þe flesche in his foule lippys, Ilke wrethe as a wolfe-heuede, it wraythe owtt at ones!
?1529 R. Hyrde tr. J. L. Vives Instr. Christen Woman ii. xii. sig. o.ij Whan thou wrythest awaye from the steppe children, callyng ye mother.
1849 E. Bulwer-Lytton King Arthur xi. clii Struggling for speech, the pale lips writhed apart.
1859 Ld. Tennyson Merlin & Vivien 237 in Idylls of King Vivien..Writhed toward him, slided up his knee [etc.].
1891 F. Tennyson Poems 369 Snakes writhed to their holes.
1999 D. Mitchell Ghostwritten 315 Kemal writhed out from under the umbrella plant with surprising alacrity.
2010 Evening News (Norwich) (Nexis) 23 Dec. After writhing free from officers, he was pinned to the floor and taken to Bethel Street police station.
b. transitive. to writhe one's way: to make one's way by twisting or contorting the body.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > progressive motion > specific manner of progressive motion > move or cause to move progressively in specific manner [verb (transitive)] > make (way) by writhing or wriggling
worm1822
to writhe one's way1836
swiggle1837
slime1842
wriggle1863
snake1879
1836 T. Gaspey Self-condemned xxxvii. 222 He was..not the grovelling reptile that gently writhes his way to plant his envenomed sting [etc.].
1862 J. G. Wood Illustr. Nat. Hist. (new ed.) II. 326 The snake which has writhed its way to the Mocking Bird's nest.
1967 S. Styles Mallory of Everest viii. 126 The snow plastered in the bed of the chimney above gave no foothold and he writhed his way up it as if it was a rock climb.
2006 B. Meltzer Bk. of Fate (2007) xcv. 491 Eventually writhing his way to a kneeling position, he was trying to look strong, but..the pain was taking its toll.
12.
a. transitive. To contort or twist (the body, limbs, etc.). Also reflexive: to contort or twist (oneself). Also with adverb.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in specific manner > writhing or twisting movement > writhe or twist [verb (transitive)]
wresta1000
throwOE
twingec1000
wringc1000
wrench?c1225
writhec1400
wreathec1425
wryc1460
screw1600
twist1769
the world > movement > motion in specific manner > writhing or twisting movement > writhe or twist [verb (reflexive)]
winda1400
wring1548
writhe?1569
c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. vii. l. 66 He wroth hus fust vp-on wratthe.
1565 T. Cooper Thesaurus at Torqueo To writhe one's necke.
?1569 T. Underdowne tr. Heliodorus Æthiopian Hist. iv. f. 56v And so I lefte them there, yet pipinge and dauncinge.., sometime bendinge their bodyes downewarde, and like suche as were inspired with some God, writhinge them selues.
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost vi. 328 Then Satan first knew pain, And writh'd him to and fro convolv'd. View more context for this quotation
1691 R. Baxter Certainty Worlds of Spirits 166 Some Reapers..were hurt, writhen, and one killed with a Whirlwind.
1711 E. Budgell Spectator No. 161. ⁋3 A Country Girl..writhing and distorting her whole Body.
1791 E. Darwin Bot. Garden: Pt. I i. 75 The alarmed Goddess..Writhes her fair limbs.
1814 W. Brown Hist. Propagation Christianity II. 434 In the fall, his hip was writhed.
1815 W. Scott Lord of Isles vi. xxxii. 267 The mountaineer Yet writhed him up against the spear.
1895 S. R. Crockett Men of Moss-hags xxiii. 169 The creature writhed himself in glee.
1940 M. C. Perley Without my Gloves xix. 269 Many people assumed repelling attitudes, working their arms, and writhing their bodies in an altogether horrifying passion.
2013 Times (Nexis) 30 Nov. (ed. 1) (Features section) ‘Maaaaaan, that feels so goooood!’ he says, closing his eyes and writhing his hips slightly before laughing.
b. transitive. To screw up or distort (the face or features).
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > external parts of body > head > face > face with expression or expression > face with expression [verb (transitive)] > distort
wringa1300
fleer?a1400
writhec1425
cringe1594
screw1601
scringe1608
grin1681
to screw up1692
prim1707
frown1775
wring1806
wreathe1813
squinch1840
c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) iii. l. 2722 List Fortune a-wronge hir face wriþe, To loke on hym with a froward chere.
a1505 R. Henryson Test. Cresseid 189 in Poems (1981) 117 The god of ire,..Wrything his face with mony angrie word.
1545 R. Ascham Toxophilus ii. f. 29v Some make a face with writhing theyr mouthe.
1548 T. Cooper Bibliotheca Eliotæ (rev. ed.) Intorquere mentum, to writhe or wreste the chynne.
1610 Bible (Douay) II. Prov. xix. 1 Better is a poore man..then a rich writhing his lippes.
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost x. 569 They..writh'd thir jaws. View more context for this quotation
1755 S. Johnson Dict. Eng. Lang. at Distortion Irregular motion by which the face is writhed.
1864 Ld. Tennyson Boadicea 74 [They] Madly dash'd the darts together, writhing barbarous lineaments.
1911 F. H. Gribble Rachel xiv. 132 These evil forces..writhed her regal face to a demoniac mask.
1978 K. Laumer Retief At Large 436 The PM expressed confusion by writhing his features dizzyingly.
2010 S. Hunter Price of Glory 305 He writhed his mouth into a parody of the familiar mocking grin.
†13. transitive. To utter (something) with a writhing movement. Frequently with out. Obsolete.Often with direct speech as object.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > speech > speak, say, or utter [verb (transitive)] > with a movement
writhe1859
move1938
the mind > language > speech > manner of speaking > say in a particular manner [verb (transitive)] > with a movement
writhe1859
squirm1889
move1938
1859 M. Betham-Edwards Now or Never xlvii. 385 ‘I—I don't know,’ writhed out the conscience-stricken girl.
1889 A. C. Gunter That Frenchman! xxi. 290 As they drag her back..she writhes out to Ora..: ‘They'll do the same for you.’
1902 J. C. Snaith Wayfarers xii Sir Thomas would grunt and wriggle and writhe his tipsy protests.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2021; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
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