woughn.1
/wəʊ//wɔː/ Obsolete exc. dialect.
1. A wall of a house; a partition.
ΘΚΠ
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > wall of building > [noun] > interior or partition-wall
woughc888
wallOE
middle wallc1384
parclose1387
partitionc1450
screena1475
hallan1490
parpen wall1506
parpal walla1525
midwall1589
partition wall1605
inwall?1611
parpalling1621
screen work1648
sconce1695
stud partition1775
screening1850
scrap screen1873
parclose screen1889
α.
β. c893 tr. Orosius Hist. v. xv. 250 He oft..slog mid his heafde on þone wag.971 Blickl. Hom. 151 Hie þa wurdon sona ablinde..& heora heafdu slogan on þa wagas.OE Beowulf 1662 Þæt ic on wage geseah wlitig hangian ealdsweord eacen.c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 6825 Þatt hirne stan. Þatt band ta tweȝȝenn waȝhess.c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 6815 An waȝhe off cristess kirrke.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 5078 Heo letten alle þa scrud at þere dure werpen vt wascen þe waȝes [c1300 Otho wowes].1340 R. Rolle Pricke of Conscience 6619 A purtrayd fire on a waghe, Þat es paynted outher heghe or laghe.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 7667 Þe king þan hent a sper scarp To stair him thoru vnto þe wau [Gött. wawe, Fairf. wagh, Trin. Cambr. wowe].a1400–50 Wars Alex. 3222 Ȝit ware þe wawes of þe wanes,..Polischid all of pure gold.γ. c1200 Vices & Virtues 95 Cariteð arist up fram ðe grundwalle, and beclepð all ðe wouh.c1290 St. Dunstan 132 in S. Eng. Leg. 23 Þe harpe he heng vp bi þe wouh.a1300 K. Horn (Cambr.) 970 Þe se bigan to þroȝe Vnder hir woȝe.1303 R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne 1144 Þys olde man was broght so logh Þat he lay ful colde besyde a wogh.1340 Ayenbite (1866) 72 Betuene ham and paradys ne is bote a lyte woȝ.1382 J. Wyclif Psalms lxi. 4 As to a boowid woughe, and to a ston wal put doun.c1440 Pallad. on Husb. i. 785 Hym liketh best a daubed wough, and he Wol haue a wal of cley and stoon.a1450 Mirk's Festial 181 An adyrcope..come of þe woch.c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 4773 In the castell..all was bare as a bast, to þe bigge woghes.1674 J. Ray N. Countrey Words in Coll. Eng. Words 54 A Wogh, a Wall, Lanc.1703 R. Thoresby Let. 27 Apr. in J. Ray Corr. (1848) 430 A Wogh, any partition, whether of boards or mud-walls, or laths and lime; as a boardshed-wogh, studded wogh.1763 ‘T. Bobbin’ Toy-shop (new ed.) 46 I crope under a Wough.1846 E. Bulwer-Lytton Lucretia III. ii. xix. 139 She lived agin the wogh yonder, where you see that gent. coming out.δ. ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 132 Þet is hire licome beo inwið þefouwer waȝes.a1250 Owl & Nightingale 1528 Wowes west and lere huse.1303 R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne 4272 Here mayst thou bettyr slepe a throwe Than sytte and loke vppon a wowe.1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 324 Ther was nothing hem betwene, Bot wow to wow and wall to wall.c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) l. 1531 In þe palays pryncipale vpon þe playn wowe.c1400 Laud Troy Bk. 18388 Troye is doune & ouer-throwen, Tour & bour, walle & wowen.c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 533/1 Wowe, wal [v.rr. wowe or wall], paries, murus.c1450 Godstow Reg. 551 j. yerde bitwene the wowes.a1470 Dives & Pauper (1496) v. iii. 198/1 God lykeneth flaterers to theym that playstren & paynten walles and wowes without.c888 Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. xxxvi. §7 Swa swa ælces huses wah bið fæst ægðer ge on ðære flore ge on ðæm hrofe.
c1000 Ælfric Homilies I. 288 Him ne wiðstent nan ðing, naðer ne stænen weall ne bryden wah.
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 1015 An waȝhe rifft Wass spredd fra wah to waȝhe.
a1240 Sawles Warde in Old Eng. Hom. I. 247 Is eauer hire unþeaw forte sechen in-ȝong abute þe wahes to a murðrin hire þrinne.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 12920 He nom þare halle wah [v.r. wað] and helden hine to grunde.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Coll. Phys.) l. 23216 Paintid fire..Þat apon a wah war wroht.
a1500 Bernardus de Cura Rei Famuliaris 160 Quhile þa ly by þe wacht.
2. Mining. The side of a vein.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > minerals > mineral deposits > [noun] > vein > edge or side
wough1653
skirt1747
1653 E. Manlove Liberties & Customes Lead-mines Derby 234 If..woughs be strete, the Miner then may fire.
1653 E. Manlove Liberties & Customes Lead-mines Derby 259 Water holes, Wind holes, Veyns, Coe-shafts and Woughs.
1681 T. Houghton Compl. Miner (E.D.S.) 44 Woughs, the walls or sides, sometimes of hard stone, and sometimes soft.
1836 R. Furness Astrologer i, in Wks. (1858) 135 Where wough or rider, twitch'd a leading fast, There he was matchless at a tearing blast.
Compounds
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > equipment > building and constructing equipment > fastenings > [noun] > nail > nails for other specific uses
stay-nail1296
wough-nailc1300
strake-nail1334
wall-nail1344
traverse nail1348
doornail1350
gad-nail1375
lath-nail1388
clout-nail1463
lattice-nail1480
lath-brod1536
sheathing-nail1611
bellows-nail1731
weight nail1850
panel pin1867
wheeler1873
fencing-nail1874
brattice-nail1880
toggle1934
c1300 in J. E. T. Rogers Hist. Agric. & Prices (modernized text) I. 498 [On the Irish estates we find a kind of nail called] ‘woh’ or ‘wouwe-nails’.
1331 in Topham Colleg. Chap. St. Stephen (1834) 67 Eidem pro 1000 de Wounail empt' pro quadam interclus' in dicta domo faciend'.
1411 in J. E. T. Rogers Hist. Agric. & Prices (modernized text) III. 447 Wogh prig nails.
Categories »
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1928; most recently modified version published online December 2021).
† woughn.2
Obsolete.
1. Wrong, evil; injury, harm.
ΘΠ
the mind > goodness and badness > badness or evil > [noun]
woughc888
naughteOE
manOE
evilness1000
fakenOE
witherfulnessc1200
lithera1225
villainy?c1225
lithernessa1240
unwrastshipa1250
felonyc1290
shrewheadc1290
litherhead1297
illa1300
wicknessa1300
follyc1300
iniquity13..
shrewdom13..
wickhedec1305
shrewdheadc1315
shrewdnessc1315
unwrastnessc1315
wickednessa1340
malicea1382
unequityc1384
lewdnessa1387
mischiefa1387
wickedleka1400
wickedredea1400
badnessc1400
shrewdshipc1400
shrewnessc1425
ungoodlihead1430
wickdomc1440
rudenessc1451
mauvasty1474
unkindliness1488
noughtinessa1500
perversenessa1500
illnessc1500
filthiness?1504
noisomeness1506
naughtiness?1529
noughtihoodc1540
inexcellence1590
improbity1593
flagition1598
meschancy1609
scelerateness1613
pravity1620
meschantnessa1630
flagitiousness1692
flagitiosity1727
nefariousness1727
bale-fire1855
ill-conditionedness1866
iniquitousness1870
society > morality > moral evil > wickedness > [noun]
woughc888
manOE
evilness1000
evilc1040
un-i-thora1200
witherfulnessc1200
mixshipc1225
quedeship?c1225
lithernessa1240
unwrastshipa1250
felonyc1290
shrewheadc1290
litherhead1297
wickedheada1300
wicknessa1300
follyc1300
shrewdom13..
wickhedec1305
shrewdheadc1315
shrewdnessc1315
unwrastnessc1315
wickc1330
wickednessa1340
quedehead1340
quedeness1340
lewdnessa1387
felona1400
wickedleka1400
wickedredea1400
badnessc1400
shrewdshipc1400
shrewnessc1425
wickdomc1440
noughtinessa1500
naughtiness?1529
sinfulness1530
noughtihoodc1540
meschancy1609
scelerateness1613
meschantnessa1630
nefariousness1727
devilness1853
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > disregard for truth, falsehood > lack of truth, falsity > [noun] > being astray, error
woughc888
dwalec950
dwildOE
wharfedlaikc1175
dwele?c1225
dwelth?c1225
misfarea1387
wilsomenessa1400
mistake1635
fallacy1645
solecism1649
mistakenness1865
α.
β. c888 Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. xl. §7 Englas..nanes wos [v.r. woges] ne wilniað.c897 K. Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care xlv. 343 Hie..nyllað wietan mid hwelcum woo [v.r. wo] hie hit gestriendon.c924 Let. in Birch Cartul. II. 236 Ic him wolde fylstan to ryhte and næfre to nanan wo.c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 165 Al riht is leid and wogh arered.a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 544 For þat were swiche a woȝh þa neuer wolde be mended.a1400–50 Wars Alex. 2812 As me is wa for þi woȝe & þi wrange bathe.c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) l. 1550 Þus hym frayned þat fre and fondet hym ofte, Forto haf wonnen hym to woȝe.γ. ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 102 Woch þet me deð us oðer of word. oðer of werc.c1230 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Corpus Cambr.) (1962) 98 Wel is us for þe dahes þet tu lahedest us wið oðer monne wohes [a1250 Nero wouhwes].c1320 Cast. Love 1117 Ȝif þou wole a-menden his wouȝ, Þou most deþ þolen þorw strong pyne I-nouȝ.c1330 R. Mannyng Chron. Wace (Rolls) 7279 Of two þynges wakned hys wough.a1450 Le Morte Arth. 1333 Her hertes was full of sorow and woughe.c893 tr. Orosius Hist. vi. x. 264 Þa sæde him hiora an,..þæt he woh bude.
c1000 Ags. Ps. (1835) xciii. 4 Hi..woh meldiað.
c1250 Death 261 in Old Eng. Misc. 184 Lete us hatie þat woh and luuie þat riȝte.
c1250 Orison 16 in Old Eng. Misc. 160 Þu brohtest dai and eve niȝt, Heo broȝte woht, þu broȝtest riȝt.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 5781 Þat wes swiðe muchel woh.
c1300 Harrow. Hell (Harl.) 52 Mon haþ do me shome ynoh wyþ word ant dede in heore woh.
2. In phrases:
a. to do or work wough. Also const. to, on (a person) or with dative.
ΘΠ
the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > do harm [verb (intransitive)]
woundc897
to do or work wough?c1225
to do (work, make) scathec1275
annoy1340
nuisec1350
harm1362
scathe1488
to make violence to (also on, etc.)1529
prank1530
damnify1621
endamage1635
(a)
(b)1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) 7687 Vor no mon ne durste him wiþsegge, he wroȝte muche wou.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Coll. Phys.) l. 24340 To me his moder did þai þat mis Þai wroht on him þis woh.c1400 (?c1380) Pearl l. 622 Þay laften ryȝt & wroȝten woghe.1508 Golagros & Gawane (Chepman & Myllar) sig. bviv The wyis wroght vthir grete wandreth and weuch.1508 Golagros & Gawane (Chepman & Myllar) sig. dii To wirk him wandreth or wough.c1550 Hunting Cheviot xxvi, in F. J. Child Eng. & Sc. Pop. Ballads (1889) III. vi. 308/2 He wrought hom both woo and wouche.?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 124 For þolemod is þe wel abereð þe woch þet me him deð.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 11205 Þat ne scal þe king woh don.
1338 R. Mannyng Chron. (1810) 119 To William did he wouh, He did brenne Helwelle, & William broþer slouh.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 15828 Wit þair bastons bete þai him, and did him mikel wogh.
c1400 Rowland & O. 119 For here schall no man do the woghe, till aughte dayes ben a-goo.
b. to have wough: to be in the wrong.
ΘΠ
society > morality > rightness or justice > wrong or injustice > seem wrong [verb (intransitive)] > be in the wrong
to have wough?c1225
to have the wrongc1330
to be or put in the wronga1400
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > disregard for truth, falsehood > lack of truth, falsity > be mistaken, err [verb (intransitive)]
dwelec900
haltc900
marOE
slidea1000
misfangOE
missOE
to have wough?c1225
misnimc1225
misrekec1275
mis-startc1275
err1303
to go wrongc1340
misgo1340
slipc1340
snapperc1380
forvay1390
to miss of ——c1395
to make a balkc1430
to run in ——1496
trip1509
fault1530
mistake1548
misreckon1584
misstep1605
warpa1616
solecize1627
hallucinate1652
nod1677
to go will1724
to fare astray (misliche, amiss)a1849
slip1890
skid1920
?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 44 Me Leoue sire þu hauest woch.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 2515 Þu hauest woh [c1300 Otho woþ] & [he] haueð riht.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 1662 Leiuedi þu haues mochel wouh [c1300 Otho woþ].
c1275 Passion of Our Lord 332 in Old Eng. Misc. 46 Seye þu me soþ, Yf þu ert gywene kyng oþer hi habbeþ woh.
c1330 (?a1300) Sir Tristrem (1886) l. 1531 Þai seiȝen he hadde þe riȝt, Þe steward hadde þe wouȝ.
c1400 Solomon's Bk. Wisd. 284 Ac so wys clerk ne worþ þer non, Þat ne schal haue to don ynouȝ, fforto disputen aȝeins hym þeiȝ he haue þe wouȝ.
c. mid or with wough: wrongfully. (Old English also on wóh.)
ΘΠ
society > morality > moral evil > wrong conduct > wrongly or in error [phrase]
mid or with woughc885
c885 Ælfred's Will in Birch Cartul. II. 177 Þæt ic mine mægecild oððe yldran oððe gingran mid wo fordemde.
c960 Laws Edgar ii. iv & se þe oðerne mid woge forseggan wile, þæt he [etc.].
c1175 Lamb. Hom. 29 Þas ruperes and þas reueres þet nemeð oðres monnes eahte mid wohe.
a1240 Lofsong in Old Eng. Hom. I. 205 Summe tide ich habbe iheued of oðer monnes mid woh.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 12382 Of Frolle þan kinge. þat þu mid woȝe at Paris a-sloȝe.
c1290 Beket 1239 in S. Eng. Leg. 142 [They] tolden þe kinge of al þe wo þat seint thomas hadde with wouȝ.
c1300 Arth. & Merl. 4806 Wiþ gode riȝt & no wouȝ.]
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 161 Herode kyng wit wogh For crist sak þe childer slogh.
a1400 Guy Warw. 5080 Ich on of hem þat he toke, he slouȝ, Were it wiþ riȝt, were it wiþ wouȝ.
d. without(en) wough: truly.
ΘΠ
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > [adverb]
mid or with (‥) soothc888
soothfastlya890
soothfastc950
rightOE
yeaOE
soothlyOE
soothOE
trulyc1225
soothrightc1275
purec1300
verament1303
verily1303
purelyc1325
verimentc1325
indeedc1330
veirec1330
soothfully1340
faithlyc1350
of very (due) right?a1366
leallya1375
amenc1384
in soothnessc1386
verya1387
in certaina1400
truea1400
without(en) wougha1400
in veirec1400
in deedc1405
without famec1430
in veramentc1450
utterlyc1460
veritably1481
veritable1490
voirably1501
seriously1644
quite1736
quite1881
a1400 Guy Warw. 6876 Ich it seye, wiþouten wouȝ.
14.. Sir Beues (S.) 2135 Certes, madame, with our wowȝ.
c1400 Merlin 1415 (Kölbing) Herkneþ alle, wiþ owte wouȝh, Y schal ȝow telle, why y louȝh.
c1420 Chron. Vilod. 1172 Suche virtuose werkus he wolde welle do Fulle sotelyche wt-owte ony wothe [rhyme bothe].
c1420 Chron. Vilod. 2100.
c1450 Le Morte Arth. 1638 Withe Syr mador, with-outen woughe, Full sone acordement gon they make.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1928; most recently modified version published online December 2021).
woughn.3
/wʊf/ The bark of a dog or other animal.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > by noises > voice or sound made by animal > [noun] > bark or yelp
yelp?a1513
bark1550
youp1808
wough1824
yawp1824
yap1826
boof1906
wow1913
the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Canidae > dog > [noun] > sound made by > bark
bark1550
yaff1609
bow-wow1785
wough1824
wuff1824
yamph1832
yaffle1836
1824 J. Mactaggart Sc. Gallovidian Encycl. 481 Wouch, the same with bouch, a dog's bark.
1850 M. Reid Rifle Rangers II. xxii. 200 The hound, with a short ‘wough’ dropped in upon his head.
1898 Longman's Mag. May 67 Little squirrels..have quite a large vocabulary,..a bark or wough when suddenly alarmed.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1928; most recently modified version published online December 2020).
† woughadj.
Obsolete (or dialect)1866 J. E. Brogden Provinc. Words Lincs. 141 The woodman said that the stuff was kind, but all I've seen was oogh inclined.
1. Crooked, bent.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > shape > misshapenness > [adjective] > crooked
wough862
crumba1100
wrongc1175
crooked?c1225
crochedc1300
forcrookedc1305
miscrookeda1398
crumpleda1400
kirkeda1425
camshoch1513
crooken1589
awry1728
thraward1814
ajee1816
ahoo1828
crinkly-crankly1850
unstraight1860
cockeye1891
cockeyed1899
crookedy1907
862 Grant in Birch Cartul. II. 114 Ðanne fram langan leage to ðam won stocce.
c897 K. Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care xi. 67 Sio micle nosu & sio woo.
a1000 Laws Æthelb xliv Gif muð oþþe eage woh weorðeþ.
a1100 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 146/38 Diuortia, diuerticula, mistlice woge wegas.
a1250 Owl & Nightingale 813 Þe fox..can paþes riȝte & woȝe.
2. Wrong, evil, bad. Also absol.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > goodness and badness > badness or evil > [adjective]
woughc888
litherc893
frakeda900
sinnyc950
unrighteouseOE
baleOE
manOE
unfeleOE
ungoodc1000
unwrasta1122
illc1175
nithec1175
wickc1175
hinderfulc1200
quedec1275
wickedc1275
wondlichc1275
unkindc1325
badc1330
divers1340
wrakefula1350
felonousc1374
flagitiousc1384
lewdc1386
noughta1387
ungoodly1390
unquertc1390
diverse1393
felona1400
imperfectc1400
unfairc1400
unfinec1400
unblesseda1425
meschant?c1450
naughtyc1460
feculent1471
sinister1474
noughty?1490
ill-deedya1500
pernicious?1533
scelerous1534
naught1536
goodlyc1560
nefarious1567
iron1574
felly1583
paganish1587
improbate1596
malefactious1607
villain1607
infand1608
scelestious1609
illful1613
scelestic1628
inimicitious1641
infandous1645
iniquous1655
improbous1657
malefactory1667
perta1704
iniquitous1726
unracy1782
unredeemed1799
demoralized1800
fetid1805
scarlet1820
gammy1832
nefast1849
disvaluable1942
badass1955
bad-assed1962
society > morality > moral evil > wickedness > [adjective] > perverse > depraved or perverted
woughc888
forraughtc1175
perverteda1382
perversionatec1475
perversed1488
perverta1500
depravate?1520
reprobate1557
prave1564
Gomorrhean1581
depraved1593
wronged1619
prevaricate1635
pravitious1649
pravous1653
depravea1711
turpitudinous1935
c888 Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. xxxviii. §3 Hit is wog þæt hi mon læte unwitnode.
OE Riddle 39 24 Long is to secganne hu hyre ealdorgesceaft æfter gongeð, woh wyrda gesceapu.
OE Beowulf 1747 Wom wundorbebodum wergan gastes.
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 1375 Þær cristess mennisscnesse. Drannc dæþess drinnch o rode treo. Forr ure woȝhe dedess.
?c1225 Ancrene Riwle (Cleo.: Scribe B) (1972) 2 Wið vte cnoste & dolke of woh inwit & of wreȝinde.
c1250 Owl & Night. 164 Schild þine svikeldom vram þe liȝte, & hud þat woȝe [v.r. wowe] among þe riȝte.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 2162 Þat is woh [c1300 Otho woþ] & na-wiht riht.
c1330 (?a1300) Sir Tristrem (1886) l. 1730 Her wening was al wouȝ, Vntroweand til hem to.
a1400 Octouian (Weber) 1050 Florentyn naȝt forsok hyt, Þey hyt wer woȝ.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1928; most recently modified version published online December 2021).
† woughint.
Obsolete. rare.
= waugh int., wow int.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > suffering > sorrow or grief > lamentation or expression of grief > cry of grief > [interjection] > specific cry of grief
woeeOE
wellawayeOE
weilac1000
wellawayOE
wellaOE
woe is meOE
wummec1175
wia1200
outa1225
alas?c1225
walec1275
ac1300
whilec1402
ochonea1425
wellesay?1440
wannowec1450
helas1484
ah1509
ocha1522
ah me!a1547
wougha1556
eh1569
welladay1570
how1575
wellanear1581
ay me!1591
lasa1593
wella, welladay1601
good lack!1638
oime1660
pillaloo1663
wellanearing1683
lack-a-day1695
wasteheart1695
walya1724
lackadaisy1748
ochree1748
waesucks1773
well-a-winsa1774
ullagone1819
wirra1825
mavrone1827
wirrasthru1827
ototoi1877
wurra1898
a1556 N. Udall Ralph Roister Doister (?1566) iii. iv. sig. E.iijv Wough, she is gone for euer, I shall hir no more see.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1928; most recently modified version published online June 2021).
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n.1c888
n.2c885n.31824
adj.862int.a1556